...Many believe that birth order has an effect on personality. It might be one way to gain an understanding of why your family members, friends, and co-workers behave the way they do. The family is the first social system to which a child is exposed so birth order plays a significant role in a child’s life. But birth order does not clarify everything about human behavior, personality is also affected by numerous influences such as tradition, family size, the environment of the upbringing, education, gender, years between children and etc. There are four basic groupings of birth order: the oldest, the only, the middle, and the youngest. Each group has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. The birth order factor is not always precise, but it does give some signs about why people are the way they are. First born children are often looked up to by the other children in the family, and as a result, will automatically take on a role of leadership. They are considered natural born leaders who will take charge, whether on the soccer field or in the classroom, and want everything to be just right. Most first born are perfectionists, this may also mean they struggle to admit when they are wrong. Ambitious, organized, and dominant are other first born traits. Firstborns like to be in control....
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...Critique printed version ISSN 0102-7972 Psychol. Reflex. Crit. vol.23 no.2 Porto Alegre 2010 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722010000200002 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY The influence of gender and birth order on parenting practices Gender and birth order the moderators parenting Izabela Tissot Sampaio Antunes Federal University of Santa Catarina * , Mauro Luís Vieira ABSTRACT This study evaluated gender and birth order as moderating variables of parenting practices and perception of parental preference from the point of view of the children. Participated in the survey 322 adolescents between 13 and 17 years. Parenting Styles Inventory (ESI) and a questionnaire developed by the authors: two instruments for data collection were used. Data were analyzed by non-parametric statistics (MannWhitney and Kruskal-Wallis). By analyzing the results, it was found that: (a) the gender of the children interferes significantly in rates of parenting style, (b) the first-born had significantly higher risk of suffering from negative parenting practices, and (c) the perception of preference parenting is influenced by gender and birth order of the children. Keywords: Gender, Birth Order, Parental Educational Practices. ABSTRACT This study Aimed at Assessing gender and birth order influence on parenting and Perceived parental favoritism from the children perspective. The participants were 322 adolescents aged between 13 and 17 years old. Two instruments were used to...
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...By looking at the empirical research on nature versus nurture and how it takes both nature and nurture to develop the personality, the baffling question of what influences personality development can start to be answered. The unconscious is also proven to have its influence on personality, by events sealed away in the unconscious of the mind, the influences help to develop the personality and the person to become their self. The self is the person who relates to others. It refers to a unique set of traits, behaviors, and attitudes that distinguish a person in their culture. With in every culture are influences on the personality development by the customs that dictate to how a person should act in the culture they live. There are many other influences on the personality development such as, birth order, a person’s genetics and the different ego states that are all different parts, but are the results of the one whole personality. This research paper will explain and reveal the mystery behind one person being motivated and mature and another person that is not. It contains valuable and revealing information that will explain the different influences on the development of the personality that mold a person’s personality to form one, whole and unique person. View of Personality Development Even after years of research, studies and opinions, all the theorists have not agreed on the definition of how the personality develops. Most of the personality theories, however...
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...Theory of Individual Psychology Diana Dias Brandman University Individual Psychology Personality Theory The theory of individual psychology is based on Alfred Adler’s individual psychology proposal. Adler’s personality theory, individual psychology is a theory of human behavior stressing the attempt to overcome feelings of inferiority by benefiting the commitment to accomplish personal goals that have a purpose in the community (Schultz, 113). From his perspective he saw everyone as being social. We are all different individuals but our personalities are different based on our communication with others and our surroundings (Schultz, 113). He also thought the route of our personalities was based on the conscious versus the unconscious because more importantly we are always working on ourselves and managing our future. Summary of major principles One of the first major principles of individual psychology is “The Source for Human Striving.” Due to Alfred Adler’s early experience with his illness he felt he provided more on the inferiority and superiority complexes. In individual psychology inferiority complexes are a natural circumstance of all individuals or otherwise known as all humans striving (Shultz, 116). To overcome the inferiority complex you need to have compensation, which are the effort people need to conquer the feeling of inferiority and to tackle for more high levels of development. According to the individual psychology theory this action starts from...
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...Human development has been and would continue to be a very complex process; from birth to death. Human development spans a broad range of human endeavor that has attempted to understand why human beings to the things they do, grow the way they do, and the potential of human beings. There has been an ongoing debate whether human development is impacted by nature or nurture. If the growth of the individual were to be guided by nature, the individual would take the position that all or most of its behaviors and characteristics are the result of genetics inherited from their parents (Colella, 2013). Meaning that they were fully equipped with all the skills they need in their lives when they are born. On the other hand, if an individual’s growth were guided by nurture only, the individual would think and behave in a certain manner because that is how the individual was taught to do so or from experience (Colella, 2013). In this case the individual is also impacted by the environment surrounding them. Although nature has some impact on human development on an individual, nurture has a greater impact on an individual’s development. It has a bigger affect on human development due to early childhood experiences, acquired intelligences and socialization throughout their life. Early childhood is the most and rapid period of development in a human life. The experiences gained from birth to the four years of age are critical to the complete and healthy cognitive, emotional and physical...
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...Birth order is defined as a person's rank by age among his or her siblings. Birth order is often believed to have a profound affect on ones distinctive character, behavior and intelligence. For our culminating task I chose the topic of birth order because it birth order has a direct relation with the family and is vary relatable topic to everyone. I thought it would be interesting research and learn more about this theory; because it gives insight on to why people the way they are. The research question I sought to find out was: Does birth order effect the combination of characteristics and qualities that form an individual's personality, behavior and intelligence and if so, how does it affect a person's distinctive character? To begin my research I first formed a hypothesis based on my general knowledge and inquiry on the subject. My hypothesis was that the chronological placement of siblings within a family would affect the combination of characteristics and qualities that form an individual's distinctive character, behavior and intelligence. My thinking was that in General, parents are excited and anticipated about their first child and hence, tend to be overly protective and pay more attention, investment, as well as expectation on this child. However, parents’ attention, investment, and expectation vary across children. As the second child arrives in the family, the firstborn may experience dethronement and the same happens to the second born once a third child arrives...
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...ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Throughout the research process, the focus has been to investigate the different aspects of environmental influences on human development among students of UNISEL. During the research process, we have gained a deeper knowledge and understanding on how environmental aspects affect human development. We also discovered that child development not only focuses on one aspect, but also many aspects such as prenatal environment, physical environment, social / cultural environment and emotional environment. We would like to express our utmost gratitude to Mr.Nadraj, our lecturer, for his great guidance, advice and consideration in the process of completing this research on time. His immense contribution and insight have made this project a much more complete one. Also, I would like to extend my appreciation to all who have assisted me in many ways, resulting in this report. The deepest gratitude to all the respondents who were willing to participate in our survey; without their valuable contribution and response, this study would not have been able to be carried out. Thank You! TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction................................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Background................................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Purpose.............................................................................................
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...thought influence the building blocks of such theories. Each theory has its own unique explanation for the differences in individual personality. Such theories assess personal characteristics and overall individual differences from birth to adulthood. Psychologists also utilize personality theories to find the causes and treatment for personality disorders. Many different factors have been found to influence personality development. (jrank.org, nd) Definition of Personality Personality can be defined as the unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, or behavioral characteristics by which each person can be distinguished from other people (Cherry, K. 2012, p3). Personality stems from within an individual and normally remains consistent throughout the person’s lifetime. Some fundamental characteristics of personality can be identified. The first characteristic is consistency. Consistency is the recognizable order and regularity of behaviors of an individual. In other words, that the individual exhibits the same behaviors in any situation. Another characteristic of personality is psychological and physiological; which means that personality stems from psychological processes, but is also predisposed to biological needs and processes. The third characteristic of personality is that it impacts behavior and actions. The focal point of this characteristic is that personality does not only influence how individuals...
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...1. How did Bowlby and Ainsworth characterize affectional bonds, attachments, and internal working models? Bowlby and Ainsworth distinguished between an affectional bond and an attachment, which involves feelings of security and having a safe base. An attachment is deduced from the existence of attachment behaviors. Once established, an attachment relationship becomes the basis of an internal working model that the child applies to future interactions with the attachment figure and with others. 2. What factors influence the parent’s bond to the child? For parents to form a strong bond to their infant, what is most crucial is not immediate contact at birth but the development and repetition of mutually reinforcing and interlocking attachment behaviors. 3. How does the child’s attachment to the parent change across infancy, early childhood, and middle childhood? Beginning around 6 months of age, which signals the presence of a clear attachment. Attachment behaviors become less visible during the preschool years, except when the child is stressed. School-aged children exhibit less safe behaviors than infants and preschoolers do, but extended separations can still be stressful. 4. What are the characteristics of parent-child relationships in adolescence? The child’s basic attachment to the parents remains strong in adolescence, despite an increase in parent-child conflict, the greater independence of the teenager, and the increased role of the peer group. 5. How does...
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...University of Phoenix Material Psychodynamic Personality Theories Matrix Using the text for this course, the University Library, the Internet, and/or other resources, complete the following table. Theory | Assumptions | Reliability | Validity | Application | Psychoanalytic Theory | -First developed by Sigmund Freud.-Negates influenced by free will.-Influenced by genetics as well as the environment.-behavior occurs as a result of internal conflict unresolved from childhood.-behavior is motivated by unconscious motives and desires.-these unconscious motives sometime resulted in what were termed Freudian slips.-occurred as a result of childhood experiences.-proposed that personality is driven by sex and aggression.-states that the mind influences one’s personality.-personality includes the id, ego, and superego. Id- holds aggressive energy, driven by one’s unconscious impulses and desires, seeks immediate gratification. Ego- caught between the id and the superego, works to balance the two and uses defense mechanisms to resolve conflicts and solve problems. Superego- conscious, includes morals, self control and values.Psychosexual stages :-Oral- 0-18 mths-Anal- 2-3 yrs-Phalic- 4-6 yrs-Latency- 7-11 yrs-Genital- 12+ yrs | -Based merely on clinical observations, Freud had no scientific evidence to prove his theory.-Theory was based off of Freud’s background, his personal philosophy, experiences and observations. -No experiments were used to prove his theory, no one could...
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...necessary to survey continually the use of the newly discovered or developers to make changes of existing technology. This fact points the need to document every aspect of computer system. Attention should be turned towards reduced need to understand the technicalities, which the system developers bothered with in order to design and implement a new system. The activities of hospital which includes personal record, drug inventory, disease inventory, death statistics and birth statistics keeps on growing from time to time due to apparent population explosion. These areas can benefit from the information technology tool called computer. The control and management of the data call for database management system (DBMS), which handle structure data that will store manual on card index or cabinet containing files, (Muzzi M, 2010). BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Birth and death records are probably the most valuable source of archive information when trying to unravel family history in England and Wales. Until the summer of 1837, the main source of this information for England and Wales were parish records-details kept books. However in 1836 an act was published requiring that all births and deaths be registered. The idea was that a uniform and consistent system of recording would be...
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...Nature vs. Nurture Troy Crosland WGU Issues in Behavior Science GLT1 Nature vs. Nurture Issues concerning the nature vs. nurture debate are amongst the oldest in science. This debate centers around the argument of biological and genetic contributions as opposed to those imposed on human development from environmental factors. Many scholars such as Descartes and Plato suggest many of our individual traits are inherited from our parents, they happen naturally regardless of any influence from our environment. John Locke and many other prominent thinkers have promoted the idea of tabula rasa (blank slate), which promotes the idea that when born our minds are like a blank slate ready to be shaped by experience and influence from our environment. (Cherry, 2011, p. 1) The controversy surrounding the nature vs. nurture debate is over whether children develop various attributes based on their genetics known as “nature” or is it more associated to how they are raised which is know as “nurture”. (Sessions & Larson, 2011, expression 1) So why does it matter if we are born intelligent, or become intelligent? There are many reasons the nature vs. nurture debate continues, her are a few reasons: * Parenthood/Relationships: If specific attributes are due to environmental factors (nurture), parents and educators can implement the most effective methods discovered in order to get the best results. If said attributes are determined to be more influenced by genetics (nature)...
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...OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER This chapter focuses upon the manager as a feeling, thinking human being. It opens with a description of enduring personality characteristics that influence how managers perform their jobs, as well as how they view other people, their organizations, and the world around them. It then discusses how managers’ values, attitudes, moods, and level of emotional intelligence can impact the way they perform their job. The chapter closes with a discussion of organizational culture and explains how managers both create and influence it. LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Describe the various personality traits that affect how managers think, feel, and behave. (LO1) 2. Explain what values and attitudes are and describe their impact on managerial action. (LO2) 3. Appreciate how moods and emotions influence all members of an organization. (LO3) 4. Describe the nature of emotional intelligence and its role in management. (LO4) 5. Define organizational culture and explain how managers both create, and are influenced by, organizational culture. (LO5) MANAGEMENT SNAPSHOT: PAETEC’S CULTURE OF CARE PAETAC Communications is a privately owned broadband telecommunications company that provides local, long distance, and Internet services in 27 markets across the U.S. In the face of its troubled industry, PAETAC has experienced a phenomenal growth rate. This earned the company the number two spot on Deloitte Technology’s Fast 100 list, which ranks the technology industry’s...
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...Good Leaders Made Or Born? Heather Brown Social Psychology Dr. Alyson Kohl National University Abstract Many studies have taken place to decide whether people are naturally born to lead or whether those traits are developed and taught over time. Different traits combine to make good leaders, such as ambition, intelligence, and self-confidence. In this paper I will discuss whether these traits are naturally within someone or can they be taught over time. Leadership: Are Good Leaders Made Or Born? How is a good leader defined? Are they charismatic, smart, an over achiever? A Leader, is defined as a person who is “appointed, elected, or informally chosen to direct and co-ordinate the work of others in a group”. A leader and leader-ship are two very different things. To lead you need to be able to influence groups of people socially [ (Kassin, Fein, & Markus, 2014) ]. Without influence, it would be hard to have people want to follow you. Leaders influence people to work together to accomplish a variety of goals. Leaders can be found in all aspects of life, at work and at play. Psychologists have conducted studies to identify what traits are common to “natural-born leaders”. Some of the common traits that great leaders have been defined in the Great Person Theory of history ( [ (Kassin, Fein, & Markus, 2014) ]. Ambition, intelligence, and self-confidence are just a few of traits that great leaders throughout time have had in common. The ability to adapt...
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...Intelligence and Birth Order: Are They Connected? Abstract There have been many examinations of birth order and the effect it has on a person’s intelligence. Some researchers feel that first-born children have higher IQ’s than that of their younger siblings. It has been said that first-born children are natural leaders. Siblings of first-born children perceive them to be academically smarter. Eldest children are known to perform higher on standardize testing than younger children in the family. Other researchers have stated that family size/home life, age of mother and circumstances around the birth of each individual child determines where they are intellectually. Researchers need to look at every aspect of the child’s life before they decide which child is smarter. Intelligence and Birth Order: Are They Connected? Birth order is where a person ranks in regards to age among their siblings, from oldest to youngest and vice-versa. There is much debate on the relationship between a person birth order and how intelligent we are. Many studies have been done to determine if there is a link to the firstborn having a higher IQ in general compared to their siblings. Some people would agree that birth order has a profound influence over intelligence; however, others are in opposition to this. The opposition feels that birth order has no effect when it comes to intelligence. Does birth order cause children to have lower or higher intellect or is this caused by factors...
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