...Can the Bacteria in Your Gut Explain Your Mood? The rich array of microbiota in our intestines can tell us more than you might think. By PETER ANDREY SMITHJUNE 23, 2015 Eighteen vials were rocking back and forth on a squeaky mechanical device the shape of a butcher scale, and Mark Lyte was beside himself with excitement. ‘‘We actually got some fresh yesterday — freshly frozen,’’ Lyte said to a lab technician. Each vial contained a tiny nugget of monkey feces that were collected at the Harlow primate lab near Madison, Wis., the day before and shipped to Lyte’s lab on the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center campus in Abilene, Tex. Lyte’s interest was not in the feces per se but in the hidden form of life they harbor. The digestive tube of a monkey, like that of all vertebrates, contains vast quantities of what biologists call gut microbiota. The genetic material of these trillions of microbes, as well as others living elsewhere in and on the body, is collectively known as the microbiome. Taken together, these bacteria can weigh as much as six pounds, and they make up a sort of organ whose functions have only begun to reveal themselves to science. Lyte has spent his career trying to prove that gut microbes communicate with the nervous system using some of the same neurochemicals that relay messages in the brain. Inside a closet-size room at his lab that afternoon, Lyte hunched over to inspect the vials, whose samples had been spun down in a centrifuge to a radiant...
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...consciousness but that influence judgments, feelings, or behavior” and have adapted through evolution (23). Wilson contents that we cannot observe these processes because they are simply inaccessible to us: “a lot of the interesting stuff about the human mind – judgments, feelings, motives – occur outside of awareness for reasons of efficiency, and not because of repression” (8). He argues that this is similar to other processes, such as perceptual processes or even digestion, which we know are happening but are not observable through introspection. In contrast to Freud, modern psychological research suggests that the unconscious cannot be explored no matter how deep you dig. This is not a bad thing, Wilson points out, but it is a reflection of the mind’s power: a lot of information can be processed very quickly and efficiently (although not always accurately) (16). Our minds are parallel processors because we process quite a bit of information unconsciously. Instead of looking inward, Wilson suggests a much more powerful way to self-understanding: observing our behavior (16). In addition to not being able to understand ourselves well through “navel gazing,” we might even be driven by goals from our adaptive unconscious that we are not completely aware of (34). Wilson summarizes: “We know less than we think we do about our own minds, and exert less control over our own minds than we think. And yet we retain some ability to influence how our minds work. Even if the adaptive unconscious...
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...AUTHOR: SIMON SINEK Year of Publication: 2009 Title: START WITH WHY – HOW GREAT LEADERS INSPIRE EVERYONE TO TAKE ACTION Publisher PENGUIN GROUP (USA) INC. Place of Publication: NEW YORK, NEW YORK. USA “Start with Why - How Great Leaders Inspire Everyone to Take Action” by Simon Sinek Sinek, S. (2009). Start with why: How great leaders inspire everyone to take action. Penguin. Word count : 1,566 Executive Summary of paper: This report provides an analysis of the key points developed in Simon Sinek’s book “Start with Why” – How Great Leaders inspire everyone to take action”. Sinek studies the great leaders who have the ability to motivate people by inspiring them to act. The report also highlights the ideas that have strategic significance for the Human Resource profession. In particular, how managers can provide a positive organisational environment in which employees are inspired and motivated to achieve a high level of work performance through the understanding of WHY. Why Start with WHY? Start with Why: How Great Leaders Inspire Everyone to Action by Simon Sinek (2009) is a book about how some organisations and leaders have been able to inspire those around them. Sinek explains in his opening chapter that “there are leaders and there are those who lead” (p.5). This book has been written as a guide to augment a naturally occurring way of thinking that some great leaders have, so that we can all learn from this blueprint. Sinek allows...
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...available on Student CD-ROM) chapter 11: leadership and followership Chapter 11 Summary ▪ Leadership is the process of guiding and directing the behavior of followers in organizations. Followership is the process of being guided and directed by a leader. Leaders and followers are companions in these processes. ▪ A leader creates meaningful changes in organizations, whereas a manager controls complexity. Charismatic leaders have a profound impact on their followers. ▪ Autocratic leaders create high pressure for followers, whereas democratic leaders create healthier environments for followers. ▪ Two distinct dimensions of leader behavior are labeled initiating structure and consideration, alternatively called P-oriented behavior and M-oriented behavior, respectively, in Japan. ▪ The five styles in the Leadership Grid are organization man manager, authority-obedience manager, country club manager, team manager, and impoverished manager. ▪ According to the contingency theory, task-oriented leaders are most effective in highly favorable or highly unfavorable leadership situations, and relationship-oriented leaders are most effective in moderately favorable leadership situations. ▪ The path-goal theory, Vroom-Yetton-Jago theory, and situational leadership model say that a leader should adjust his or her behavior to the situation and should appreciate diversity among followers. ▪ Effective, dynamic followers are competent and active in their work, assertive, independent...
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...HEATHER PENNINGTON The Effects of “Work” Spouse Relationships Social and Ethical Responsibility for Managers Pennington 6/19/2012 Lots of people have a spouse or significant other that they go home to every night after work. You may share you day with your spouse or listen as they share the day with you over dinner in the evening. But you might not be the only spouse that your husband or wife has, you may have the added competition of a work spouse. A work spouse is loosely defined as that person at work who is very close to you; they would be like your best friend in high school. Your work wife/husband is who you go on smoke breaks with, the person that you generally eat lunch with and someone you confide in when you need to vent about your day. There can be several issues with having a work spouse including ruining your marriage and crossing the line to inappropriateness. There is also an upside to having a work spouse that maybe over looked in the general appearance of the relationship. The big question that has to be answered though is it cheating, are you breaking the one of the Ten Commandments by having a work spouse? Are you committing adultery? Having a work spouse can be a rewarding relationship for both people at work and the true and original spouses as long as the boundaries of the relationship are understood by all and taking seriously for the potential harm that can happen. According to Vault.com, a career information website, in...
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...Blackfish does this by providing thorough background information, such as how whale captivity came about, and the behavior of whales that are not in captivity. This comparison of behavior demonstrates to the viewer the reality of SeaWorld’s policies and facilities for the whales. It is also important to know why an argument is being presented, and Blackfish does so and explains the significance of their message. The film includes not only details on the attacks of Dawn Brancheau and Ken Peters, two SeaWorld orca trainers, but also the fact that SeaWorld and other similar aquariums are still operating. The film urges the importance of wide acceptance of this view on whale captivity in order to prevent not only physical harm to more whales, but mental harm that can additionally wreak havoc on humans around the whales. Blackfish makes sure that the viewer knows the importance of their argument, the difference between life and death for whales and whale trainers, which makes the argument even more...
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...ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR UNIT-I: Introduction - Organizational Behavior – Nature – Management Functions – Management Roles – Management Skills – Systematic Study; Foundations of Individual Behavior-Attitudes – Types of Attitudes. Introduction: Definition: Organization Behavior: • A field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness. • OB is a field of study, meaning that it is a distinct area of expertise with a common body of knowledge. • What does it study? ▪ It studies three determinants of behavior in organizations: individuals, groups, and the effect of structure on behavior in order to make organizations work more effectively. • To sum up our definition, OB is concerned with the study of what people do in an organization and how their behavior affects the organization’s performance. Nature Of Organizational Behavior (OB) • Organizational behavior is an applied behavioral science that is built on contributions from a number of behavioral disciplines such as psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology and economics. • So now students let’s see how these disciplines are related to organizational behavior, • Psychology. Psychology is the study of human behavior which tries to identify the characteristics of individuals and provides an understanding why...
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... Values Reflection Paper CJA/474 August 27, 2014 Values Values Reflection Paper In this paper it will identify my core values, also describe the way people acquire and change values. Also, by explaining what values can do for us as well as the values do to us. Lastly, will be explained is how the nature and importance of human values play a role in the workplace. So what are my core values, what do I value most? It turns out that people mean a lot to me and not just my family even though they are first. That with the way that I was taught in my formative years, I was taught the basic right from wrong, use your judgment when needed, take pride in yourself and that work that you do. I realize that I was taught old school and that over the years taking notice in the way that people place values on things that having meaning in their lives. I seem to value the way that I view family and people in respectful manner and empathetic to needs and feelings. But I expect that they can follow my lead and contribute to the cause and...
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...Welcome to VangoNotes for Organizational Behavior, 13th edition by Stephen P. Robbins and Timothy Judge. Chapter 1: What Is Organizational Behavior? Section 1: Big Ideas Do you ever wonder why people at work behave the way they do? Or why you act as you do? Chapter 1 sets the stage for learning what Organizational Behavior is, how it will help you understand yourself and others at work, and what some of the organizational behavior issues are that people are talking about today. Let’s start with interpersonal skills. Practicing managers have long understood the importance of people skills for organizational success in today’s competitive and demanding workplace. Who do we mean by managers? Managers get things done through other people. They do it by planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Managers also fill interpersonal roles, such as being a leader, a liaison, or a figurehead. They serve in informational roles such as monitor, disseminator of information, or spokesperson. Finally, in their role as decision maker they might be entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator. All these roles are important to the functioning of the organization and its people. Who’s the best manager you’ve ever known? Think about the special skills that helped this person to be effective. Researcher Robert Katz has identified three essential sets of management skills. The first set includes technical skills, the ability to apply specialized...
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...Running head: INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY Mary Graham American Intercontinental University PHIL201-1304B-11 Nov 17, 2013 Metaphysics is the attempt to say what reality is. Cosmology or how we think the most real things have come into being and ontology the study of what is. To me what is real the things you can touch, smell, see etc., but you also have things that you can’t see that is real. For example God is real; people believe that the earth is flat etc. We can’t see these things but we believe they are real. The physical, spiritual and psychological worlds are in twine with each other. First of all physical worlds known to humans through their five senses are complemented by the spiritual world or simply spirit world. This is not an imagination but a complete real environment for the human spirit. The spirit world is a separate existence but it interface with the physical world. The humanity aspect of the spiritual world causes a dysfunctional aspect to the psychological impact of the human nature. There are many people who are distant from God and unaware of their conscious evolution to the spirit world and how it operates because of the physical being that is temporarily in this world and so they are not prepare for the spiritual world which is eternity. To me a soul is real but as far as the soul living outside the body no one knows for sure. Some people believe in a soul and some may not. I believe people have free will and our fate is determined by...
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...New York, looked at the statue the first word that came to his mind was “fresh”. When Angelos Delivorrias, director of the Benaki Museum in Athens, first laid eyes upon the statue he felt a wave of immediate disgust. For a long time the validity of the kouros was hotly debated. Finally, the Getty’s case began to fall apart. As it turned out, a lot of the documents used to prove the statue’s authenticity were forged. Also, as experts began to examine the statue in great detail, they came to the realization that it used a hodgepodge of styles from many different places and time periods. Today, the statue is widely considered to be a fake. Fast And Frugal A few years back, a group of scientists at the University of Iowa discovered that human beings experience subconscious reactions (sweaty palms etc…) to negative situations five times faster than it takes our brains to consciously process the same information. Gladwell addresses this experiment by...
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...Test 2 Notes (Ch. 5,6,7,10) Ch. 5 consciousness- an individuals awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal meta cognition- thinking about thinking. The 5 levels of consciousness: Higher-level- highly focused; selective attention Lower-level- automatic processes; little attention, daydreaming Altered States- trauma, drugs, fear, fatigue, meditation, prayer biorhythms- are periodic physiological fluctuations in the body. Circadian rhythms- daily behavioral or physiological cycles (exs: sleep/wake, body temp, blood sugar, and blood pressure). Why we need sleep: For physical restoration, adaptation, growth, and memory. What it does for us: Sleep rests the body and mind. The effects of chronic sleep deprivation: Have trouble paying attention to tasks and solving problems, decreases brain activity. The 5 stages of sleep: Stage 1: drowsy sleep; myoclanic jerk; (theta waves) Stage 2: Muscle activity decreases Stage 3 & 4: delta waves; deep sleep Stage 5: (REM) dreaming occurs (Rapid Eye Movement) Major sleep disorders: insomnia- inability to sleep Nightmares- occur during REM Night Terrors- occur in kids, during stage 4 Narcolepsy- sudden urge to sleep Sleep Apnea- stop breathing during sleep Psychoactive drugs- act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions and change moods. Tolerance- the need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect physical dependence- the physiological...
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...have been week, fragile figures. This assumption has caused the world to ignore male victims, making violence against men one of the biggest problems. Denis Campbell, a designated reporter for the online newspaper “The Observer,” wrote that forty percent of domestic violence victims are male, or about two in five of all victims. It will continue to grow as long as we let it. I consider myself as a feminist. That is why domestic violence was my top research subject. I was under the impression that the only victims were women and men were just simply evil. However, when digging deeper into research I realized that violence against men is dangerously ignored and how the affects are the same. I now feel the need to report this and bring awareness. Starting on the journey of this new topic, I had many unanswered questions. How could a hefty, tall, strong man be victimized by a small, petite woman? The answer relates back to the lesson of “a man never hits a woman.” Yes, most men are capable of overpowering their companion; however, every gentleman knows never to hit a woman. Even if it means taking the abuse. This value also provides women with the upper hand. They can abuse and dictate without rebellion or a fight. Violence against men also branches out farther than just physical. A woman can just as easily use verbal attack and...
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...Too swift arrives as tardy as too slow" (2.6.9-15). While the Friar does not think good things will come from the marriage, as proven when he says he hopes the heavens are happy with Romeo and Juliet’s marriage so nothing unfortunate happens to make them regret their decision (2.6.1-2). Once again, Romeo ignores intuition and instead goes with what he is feeling and tells Friar Lawrence no matter what misfortunes come from his marriage, nothing can take away the joy Juliet brings him and “love-devouring death” can do whatever it pleases so long as Romeo can call Juliet his wife (2.6.3-8). At this point, Romeo is letting his passion overcome reason so much that Jesus Christ himself could come down from Heaven telling him if he married Juliet, the world would end and Romeo would ignore him and continue with the...
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...on kids’ behavior; programs with positive role models can influence viewers to make positive lifestyle changes. However, the reverse can also be true: kids are likely to learn things from TV that parents don’t want them to learn. TV can affect kids’ health, behavior and family life in negative ways. The Amount of Violence on Television According to the renowned psychiatrist Karl Menninger, "We not only tolerate violence it is part of our life. Why over one third of our television programs use it for amusement. There are more than 200 million television sets in America. The average American watches over seven hours a day. For many children, this is more time than they spend in school. The world of television has been alternatively called entertainment and a vast wasteland. It serves as a model of the world around us. What kind of world does it depict? The message is often one of violence. In 1973, the Annenberg School of Communications at the University of Pennsylvania, devised a "violence profile" to measure the amount of violence shown on television. The analysts watched over 33 hours of entertainment programs in a sample week and monitored specific acts of violence. The results indicated that some violence was contained in 70 percent of the programs! The violence could be categorized into three types: - Violence for its own sake - Overtly graphic views of brutality and human suffering - The portrayal of anti-social behavior later...
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