...govern if it retains the confidence of the House of Commons. * It the executive loses the vote of confidence, it has no option but to resign and hence provoking a general elections. * Given that there are two Houses of Parliament, the system is called Bicameral. Composition, Role and Powers of the House of Lords: * It compromises of four types of Lords. * The vast majority is Life Peers, where they have been appointed to the House of Lords by the Prime Minister on his own recommendations and that of other party leaders. * While a smaller number of People’ Peers have been appointed by the House of Lords Appointments Commission. * There are 92 Hereditary Peers. * There is Lords Spiritual, the 26 Bishops of the Church of England. * However they are not elected and therefore does not enjoy democratic legitimacy the powers of the Lords are inferior to those of House of Commons. * This means all they can do to proposed legislation that they disapprove of its delay it for one year. * But they cannot do this to the budget. * According to the Salisbury Convention, they will not oppose proposals that were in the manifesto that the governing party was elected upon. * However they play an important role in parliament: The Lords have a wealth of experience the amendments that they suggest to bills can be taken very seriously by the government. Especially because these amendments are generally made without an obvious party political bias. Lords...
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...The Parliament of the United Kingdom possesses the singular ability to impose law through the creation of legislation. However, the Parliament’s law making power can be delegated or permitted to the other organisations .In the current legal background delegated legislation is of major significance .Compared to the definitive and common Acts of Parliament, which try to set provisions which are considered to be meticulous, the contemporary forms of legislation has a more enabling nature in which the goals of the act and the main objectives are clearly established. The purpose of these acts is to lay down a basic foundation while delegating to ministers to accomplish those goals by creating thorough provision. Thus, law created by a particular person, or body, to whom the Parliaments general law making power has been delegated to, is delegated legislation (Rush & Ottley 2006). Statistically, one can say that the Acts of Parliament is less vital compared to delegated legislation. This is because, in any year, the production of delegated legislation will always surpass the Acts of Parliament. Since majority of delegated legislations are in the form of Statutory Instruments (SIs), the government has the ability to effect changes without referring to the Parliament. The delegated legislation is important for a number of reasons. Firstly, the Parliament does not have time to scrutinize each act that has been amended. To save parliament time, delegated legislation is created to...
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...A GUIDE TO THE CONSTITUTION OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO by The Trinidad and Tobago Humanist Association PREFACE The Trinidad and (www.humanist.org.tt) principle of rational to meeting challenges Tobago Humanist Association is an organisation founded to promote the and ethical thought and action, and devoted on the basis of common humanity. The nation of Trinidad and Tobago has for some time been in a state of political crisis, characterised by ethnic tensions and by an increasing lack of confidence, on the part of the population, in the institutions of State. Many people and groups see the prospect of a lessening of tensions, and the beginnings of a return to social harmony and economic progress, in Constitutional reform. In response to these pressures, the present government has appointed a commission to review the constitution, and the work of that commission is now open for public comment in a series of open meetings. Response to the official draft has been sporadic but largely negative. The best informed commentators have unanimously seen in it an increase in the power of the Executive, although excessive executive power without adequate checks and balances was said to be the major problem of the existing Constitution. Some human rights organisations have detected in it the beginning of sever erosion of fundamental rights. In addition, other groups, including one newly-formed national political party, have prepared their own drafts, and suggestions for reform of particular...
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... financial, physical, informational and human resources) in the public sector to guide the human resource management function optimally [15] 1.2) That human resource management takes place in the public sector and therefore, has a “public” dimension that requires unique skills and competencies [10] 1.1) In any situation, a public sector manager has 4 basic resources at his/her disposal in order to to execute the HR function successfully. These resources are financial, physical, informational and human resources. The most important job of the PSM is to ensure that these resources are used efficiently. Financial resources - salaries, wages, petty cash funds Physical resources - buildings, lecture rooms, computers, cell phones, tables and chairs Informational resources - annual reports, research reports, data on survey questionnaires, post records, leave records, remuneration systems, human resource planning systems, service records, training records, statutes, regulations and instruction codes Human resources - HRM, line function personnel, technical and administrative personnel and other human resource specialists It can be said that human resources plays a larger and more important role than the other resources because PSM in any public sector institution have the responsibility to take decisions on how to use the other resources. All the activities of any enterprise are started and determined by the people who make up...
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...Harvard Law School Jean Monnet Chair Professor J.H.H. Weiler Harvard Jean Monnet Working Paper 1/01 Päivi Leino The European Central Bank and Legitimacy Is the ECB a Modification of or an Exception to the Principle of Democracy? Harvard Law School Cambridge, MA 02138 All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced in any form Without permission of the author. © Päivi Leino 2000 Harvard Law School Cambridge, MA 02138 USA The European Central Bank and Legitimacy Is the ECB a Modification of or an Exception to the Principle of Democracy? Päivi Leino, Åbo Akademi University( M.Pol.Sc. (international law), Åbo Akademi University, Finland; LL.M. candidate, London School of Economics and Political Science. This paper was concluded on August 8, 2000 and subsequent changes have not been considered. The author would like to thank Professor Markku Suksi and Lic.Pol.Sc. Kurt Långkvist for their comments and encouragement. The author has exclusive responsibility for all views, errors and omissions. Comments are invited to Paivi.Leino@abo.fi.) 1. The Sovereign of Monetary Policy The creation of a single market and the continuing concentration and integration at the European level have created phenomena that can neither be governed by nationally based policies nor left to the working of unregulated markets.( Hirst, Paul and Thompson, Grahame (1996), p. 156.) According to the European Court of Justice...
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...House!of!Representatives! Parliament)–!Consists!of!a!group!of!elected!representatives!and!a!person!who!represents!the!Queens.!In!the!federal!parliament!that!person!is!the! Governor>General.!Parliaments!make!the!laws!for!a!country/state! Crown)–!The!monarch!is!represented!by!a!governor/governor>general.!Refers!to!the!position,!power,!or!dominion!of!a!monarch.!The!monarch!as! Head!of!State! Separation)of)Powers)–!The!three!branches!of!power!(executive,!legislative!and!judicial)! Federal)System)–!The!power!to!govern!is!divided!by!the!Commonwealth!and!states.! Bicameral)–!A!bicameral!parliament!consists!of!two!chambers!or!houses! Minister)–!A!minister!is!both!a!member!of!parliament!and!a!member!of!the!executive.!This!means!a!minister!is!usually!in!charge!of!a!government! department!that!is!responsible!for!enacting!the!law! ! Australian Parliamentary System Under!the!Australian!federal!system!of!government,!the!country!is!divided!into!states!and!territories!each!with!its!own!parliament!–!making!a!total!of!9! parliaments.! • Commonwealth,)6)States,)2)Territories! They! are! elected! by! the! people! and! represent! the! needs! of! the! people.! Members! are! also! responsible! to! the! parliament! and! the! people! for! their! actions.!The)APS)is)based)on)the)Westminster)system)that)was)adopted)by)the)Commonwealth)constitution)in)1900,)as)originally)Australia)and)its) states) were) British) Colonies.! The! Commonwealth! and! State! Parliaments! operate! on! a! bicameral...
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...NONE, ONE OR SEVERAL? PERSPECTIVES ON THE UK’S CONSTITUTION(S) DAVID FELDMAN* An inaugural lecture is the occasion when the University of Cambridge can look its gift horse in the mouth, weighing the new professor in the balance against his or her distinguished predecessors. The Rouse Ball Professorship of English Law has been held in the past by a long series of distinguished scholars, from Sir Percy Winfield to my immediate predecessor, Sir Jack Beatson whom we are delighted to welcome back today. Their work has influenced generations of lawyers. They certainly influenced me. Before I encountered Criminal Law: The General Part,1 a great little volume by Professor Glanville Williams, Learning the Law, was my ‘Guide, Philosopher and Friend’ (as it still says on the cover of the latest edition, now edited by my colleague Professor Tony Smith)2 as I approached the study of law. Another Rouse Ball Professor, the late Sir William Wade, had a formative effect on my understanding of land law and administrative law both through his famous books, Megarry and Wade on the Law of Real Property (now edited by a former Fellow of Downing College, Dr. Charles Harpum)3 and Administrative Law (now in the hands of my colleague Dr. Christopher Forsyth),4 not to mention the lectures that I attended as an undergraduate in (softly be it said) the University of Oxford. Two wonderfully stimulating and enjoyable books by the Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor and * Rouse Ball Professor of English Law in...
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...campaigning policies or stating points. The great Margaret Thatcher was a radical woman in politics and was well known for her patriotic typically masculine approach to politics, which to some extent won her the title of “THE IRON LADY”. Today in our politics such a woman has not been seen, however I want to know whether or not female politicians feel the need still to adopt such traits. The masculine approach includes a number of factors in which evokes a sense of aggression and competition, such as referring to sporting matches or even war. This investigation will use four sources from Theresa May (conservative), Dianne Abbot (labour), Nadine Dories (conservative) and Julia Gillard (Australian prime minister). From these it will explore how these four women use their language to win votes and campaign their policies, in terms of the use of discourse, grammar, lexis, pragmatics and previous theories of gender differences. To support my findings gender theorists who have specialised in the differences between female and male conversations and speeches. By applying theories and comparing them to my findings, a clear picture can be built up to reflect todays female language use within politics, showing whether or not there has been an obvious change or this adoption of a masculine approach to language is still used. Firstly in terms of limitations, the amount of texts I have used will affect the overall reliability of my investigation, also the context...
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...EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERNAL CONTROLS IN THE FORESTRY COMMISSION OF GHANA A CASE STUDY ATEBUBU FOREST DISTRICT. A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARDS OF MASTERS IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION. (FINANCE OPTION) KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI GHANA SCHOOL OF BUSINESS COLLEGE OF ART AND SOCIAL SCIENCE BY PRINCE KWAKU ASARE PG8365312 JULY, 2014 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own work towards the award of Masters in Business Administration Accounting option and no part of it has been presented for another degree in this university or elsewhere expect where due acknowledgement has been made in the test. PRINCE KWAKU ASARE ………………….…… ………………….. (CANDIDATE PG 8365312) SIGNATURE DATE Certified by: MR MICHAEL ADUSEI …………………… …………………… (SUPERVISOR) SIGNATURE DATE Certified by: ………………………..…. ……………………… …………………….. HEAD OF DEPARTMENT SIGNATURE DATE DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the almighty God for his guidance and protection throughout the undertaken of this thesis. I also dedicated this work to my late Dad Emmanuel Gyimah,my late Mum Comfort Adwoa Frimah, my late Uncle Kofi Anane and my bossom friend Joseph...
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...The Good Governance Standard for Public Services The Independent Commission for Good Governance in Public Services The Independent Commission for Good Governance in Public Services, chaired by Sir Alan Langlands, worked throughout 2004. Through two rounds of consultation, the Commission drew on the views of a wide range of people with experience of governance, and of service users and citizens, to produce the Good Governance Standard for Public Services. The Standard presents six principles of good governance that are common to all public service organisations and are intended to help all those with an interest in public governance to assess good governance practice. The Independent Commission for Good Governance in Public Services was established and supported by the Office for Public Management (OPM®) and the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA), in partnership with the Joseph Rowntree Foundation. The Good Governance Standard for Public Services The Independent Commission on Good Governance in Public Services Good Governance Standard for Public Services © OPM and CIPFA, 2004 OPM (Office for Public Management Ltd) 252b Gray’s Inn Road London WC1X 8XG tel: 020 7239 7800 fax: 020 7837 5800 email: office@opm.co.uk web: www.opm.co.uk CIPFA (The Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy) 3 Robert Street London WC2N 6RL tel: 020 7543 5600 fax: 020 7543 5700 web: www.cipfa.org.uk ISBN: 1 898531 86 2 This book may not, in part...
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... Edexcel AS Politics ExamBuster 2009 Introduction to Unit 1- People and Politics Understanding the Examination and Exam Technique Choosing your questions In this unit you are presented with four questions. They are of equal value and each question covers one of the four sections of the specification. These are: Democracy and political participation Party policies and ideas Elections Pressure groups There is no significance to the order in which questions appear. Each question is divided into three sections (a), (b) and (c). When choosing which questions to do, the following principles are recommended: It is almost certain that you will be better off choosing your strongest question to do first. You should choose questions on the basis of how well you can answer the section (c) part. The (c) part carries 25 of the 40 marks available for the whole answer. Do not choose a question simply because you can do part (a) especially well. The (a) question is only worth 5 marks. It would be illogical to choose your strongest (a) part if you cannot do well on section (c). If you cannot decide between several (c) parts, i.e. you can do more than one equally well, make your choice on the basis of part (b) which carries 10 marks. But remember, it is the (c) parts that will determine most what your overall mark will be. So, when you first look at the exam paper, look at the (c) sections first. Assessment Objectives Each question is divided into three sections, as follows: carries 5 marks...
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...Journal of Politics and Law Vol. 2, No. 3 Accountability from the Perspective of Malaysian Governance Ahmad Faiz Yaakob Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies Universiti Teknologi MARA Terengganu, 23000 Dungun, Terengganu Tel: 60-12-222-7659 E-mail: faiziiu@yahoo.com Nadhrah A. Kadir Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies Universiti Teknologi MARA Terengganu, 23000 Dungun, Terengganu Tel: 60-12-250-4302 E-mail: nadhr292@tganu.uitm.edu.my Kamaruzaman Jusoff (Corresponding author) TropAIR, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia Tel: 60-3-8946-7176 E-mail: kjusoff@yahoo.com Abstract Generally, accountability is often associated with a concept of answerability, responsibility, blameworthiness, liability etc. Commonly, the concept of accountability from the perspective of governance is the means to control the public administration in democratic countries. The classification of public accountability is normally seen in terms of external and internal mechanisms. Hence, this paper shall discuss both mechanisms with special reference to Malaysia. The discussion also focuses on the limitation of each mechanism which rendered some problems to the concept of accountability in Malaysia. Keywords: Accountability, Governance, Public administration, 1. Introduction Accountability is often associated with such concepts as answerability, responsibility, blameworthiness, liability and ...
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...For William Domhoff, it has become apparent, as to many other elite theorists, that capitalism is now interlacing with politics, in such a way that corporations are now able to determine and effectively influence the direction that government policies should take. This corporate power uses a certain number of mechanisms, strategies and processes whether legal or illegal, official or unofficial, to reach that end (Domhoff, 1990). In this essay, I aim at establishing and describing these processes as well as evaluating their impact on society. Concurrently, I shall evaluate and analyse this argument. Before establishing these strategies, I believe it is important that one be aware of what makes the corporate power elite and how it has managed to create a network or upper class and even corporate community network to determine domestic/national policy. Modern capitalist societies are not simply made of the upper class and corporate communities who as Domhoff argues, include all large income-producing property owners who also happen to control all the source of capital, thus constituting both a social and economic class (Domhoff, 2010: 7) at the top of the social hierarchy. There are also a variety of non-profit associations that are significant because they structure and determine the different discussions over public policy as well as the public opinion which, indeed, matters most to governments (Wetherley, 2008). Although they have been qualified of non-partisan or bipartisan...
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...they are taken on the sofa in Tony Blair’s office. No notes are kept and no one takes the blame when things go wrong. That arrogant style of government must come to an end. I will restore the proper process of government. I want to be Prime Minister of this country not a President (Source: David Cameron, The Times, 5th October 2006) “The Cabinet is the committee at the centre of the British political system. Every Thursday during Parliament, Secretaries of State from all departments as well as other ministers meet in the Cabinet Room in Downing Street to discuss the big issues of the day. The Prime Minister chairs the meeting, selects its members and also recommends their appointment as ministers to the monarch. The present Cabinet has 23 members (21 MPs and two peers). The secretary of the Cabinet is responsible for preparing records of its discussions and decisions”. (Source: From a modern textbook) (a) What criticism is David Cameron making of Tony Blair’s style of decision making in source 1? [5] (b) Explain the main functions of the cabinet [10] (c) To what extent have UK Prime Ministers become “presidential”? [25] Or 2 QUESTION TWO THE JUDICIARY A powerful coalition of judges, senior lawyers and politicians has warned that the Government is undermining the civil liberties citizens...
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...1. INTRODUCTION In the past, the Government easily violated human rights. There were no stringent mechanisms to control decisions and actions of the government, as a result of this, abuse of power and violation of human rights occurred regularly. The courts were also reluctant to review these powers because, they were restricted by rules, for example there was a rule that judicial control does not extend to government’s policy decisions, another rule was that a reviewing court may not substitute it’s opinion for that of the administrative body, unless the official has acted mala fide or in bad faith. This is supported by case of Shidiack v Union Government , where it was held that, if the administrative organ has duly and honestly applied himself to the question which has been left to his discretion, it is impossible for the court of law either to make him change his mind or to substitute it’s conclusion for his own. It is true that for any government to function effectively, it must be bestowed with discretionary powers, discretionary powers involves the exercise of a choice between two or more options on the part of the decision maker. The exercise of these discretionary powers must be checked and controlled by other branches of government, but this was not the case in South Africa. In the past the only manner in which those powers could be controlled was common law basis, but as a result of a narrowly defined grounds of judicial review of government action...
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