...AND TECHNOLOGY TERM PAPER BCOM FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND MARKETS Explain the concept of financial intermediation. How does the possibility of financial intermediation increase the efficiency of the financial systems Introduction The concept of financial intermediation Financial intermediation is the process by which funds flow indirectly from the surplus spending units(SSUs) through the financial institutions which serve as the financial intermediaries , to the deficit spending units(DSUs). It is the process of accepting funds from one entity and lending these funds to another entity. Financial institutions mediate unmatched preferences of ultimate borrowers (DSUs) and ultimate lenders (SSUs). They buy financial claims with one set of characteristics from DSUs, then issue their own liabilities with different characteristics to SSUs. Thus, financial intermediaries “transform” claims to make them more attractive to both DSUs and SSUs. This increases the amount and regularity of participation in the financial system, thus promoting the 3 forms of efficiency— allocation, informational, and operational. Financial system Financial system is a set of financial institutions, financial markets, financial instruments and financial services which help in formation of capital to meet the long term and short term needs of households and corporate houses. How financial intermediation increases the efficiency in the financial system * Easing household liquidity...
Words: 722 - Pages: 3
...Financial intermediation 陈鸣杰 F1003 201048950504 CONTENTS The process of financial intermediation………………………………..2 The deposit-taking financial intermediaries…………………………..4 The non-deposit-taking financial intermediaries………………………6 The Impact of non-depository financial institutions…………………..9 How to facilitate the transfer of liquidity from surplus to deficit units in the economy………………….. ………………….. …………………..10 The process of financial intermediation In a market economy, the savings - investment into the process is carried out around the financial intermediaries to financial intermediation of savings into investment in the basic process of institutional arrangements. The basis of the existence of financial intermediaries such as the field has been the concern of financial. Financial intermediaries to discuss the issue, we must first make the meaning of the definition of financial intermediaries. Financial intermediation by the banking financial intermediaries and the general non-bank financial intermediaries form, specifically including commercial banks, securities firms, insurance companies, and information consulting services and other intermediary institutions, finance is the core of modern economy. Books related to financial intermediation. In the modern market economy, the financial activities closely with the economy, the scope of financial activities, quality directly affects the performance of economic activity...
Words: 2554 - Pages: 11
...Q1.1: Explain the key roles of financial systems. Why is it so important to the broader economy to have an efficient and effective financial system? A: The roles of the financial system are: ◦ facilitating the flow of funds ◦ providing the mechanism to settle transactions ◦ generating and disseminate information ◦ providing the means to transfer and manage risk ◦ providing ways of dealing with incentive problems It is important to the broader economy to have an efficient and effective financial system, because it keeps the financial market healthy. Q1.4: Compare and contrast debt and equity as a source of funds for financial claims. Debt funds are supplied in the form of a loan and can be classified into short-term or long-term facilities. Equity funds are supplied in the form of the acquisition of an ownership share of a business. This is usually seen as longer term and is consequently referred to as capital investment. Q1.10: Explain the concept of financial intermediation. How does the possibility of financial intermediation increase the efficiency of the financial system? Financial intermediation is that the purchase of direct claims with one set of characteristics from DSUs and their transformation into indirect claims with a different set of characteristics. First, financial intermediation can achieve economies of scale because similar services. Second, financial intermediaries can reduce the transaction cost involved in searching for credit information...
Words: 344 - Pages: 2
...Abstract Financial intermediation is an important activity in the economy because it allows funds to be channeled from people who might otherwise not put them to productive use to people who will ultimately put the funds to productive uses. In line with the assumption that banking sector plays an important role in financing the investment projects, successive governments in Nigeria have carried out reforms and institutional innovations in the banking sector. The overall intention of these reforms has been to ensure financial stability so as to influence the growth of the economy and also enhance banks to play a critical role of financial intermediation in Nigeria. However, despite the fact that Nigerian banks have undergone series of restructuring/reforms aimed at strengthening the banks’ ability to efficient service delivery and fund the real sector, problems such as; inefficiency in allocating funds to the real sector, lack of long-dated funding, neglect of the core private sector in terms of credit extension, weak capacity of the banks to fund the real sector, low-level activities of banks, and illiquidity still lingers. This study therefore, examines empirically the impact of financial intermediation on the development of the Nigerian economy with the aim of determining the importance of financial intermediaries and its influence. This study found out that the financial intermediaries (banks) in Nigeria exhibit inefficiency and weak capacity in the allocation of funds to...
Words: 9809 - Pages: 40
...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background: Financial stability and economic growth is the concern of any country that looks for the welfare of its people. Therefore, the banking sector and its role of intermediation between savers and borrowers is the target of regulators in every country to enhance stability, soundness and economic growth. The banking sector is one component of the financial system and its importance stems from the importance of the financial system as a whole. 1.2. 1.2 Financial Systems The financial system is defined by Gurusamy (2008) as a system that aims at establishing and providing a regular, smooth, efficient and cost effective linkage between depositors and investors (ISBN 0-07-015335-3). Researchers such as Levine...
Words: 1539 - Pages: 7
...institution and to make an internship report accordingly. This task has been assigned by Management Faculty of the Pokhara University as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of BBA-BI program. Faculty of Management; Pokhara University has its ultimate objective of educating students for professional pursuits in business, industry, government, and non-government sectors. It is further dedicated for increasing the knowledge of business, service and public administration. The trend of internship has been continued since the establishment of P.U. in the year 1997. It aims to give students the opportunity to realize and understand the real life business and professional performance and problems on different activities of financial institution. An internship is a work-related learning experience for individuals who wish to develop hands on work experience in a certain occupational field. It involves working your expected career field. It gives the students a valuable experience and a chance to get...
Words: 3206 - Pages: 13
...Chapter One Why Are Financial Intermediaries Special? Chapter Outline Introduction Financial Intermediaries’ Specialness Information Costs • Liquidity and Price Risk • Other Special Services Other Aspects of Specialness The Transmission of Monetary Policy Credit Allocation Intergenerational Wealth Transfers or Time Intermediation Payment Services Denomination Intermediation Specialness and Regulation Safety and Soundness Regulation Monetary Policy Regulation Credit Allocation Regulation Consumer Protection Regulation Investor Protection Regulation Entry Regulation The Changing Dynamics of Specialness • Trends in the United States • Future Trends • Global Issues Summary Solutions for End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems: Chapter One 1. Identify and briefly explain the five risks common to financial institutions. Default or credit risk of assets, interest rate risk caused by maturity mismatches between assets and liabilities, liability withdrawal or liquidity risk, underwriting risk, and operating cost risks. 2. Explain how economic transactions between household savers of funds and corporate users of funds would occur in a world without financial intermediaries (FIs). In a world without FIs the users of corporate funds in the economy would have to approach directly the household savers of funds...
Words: 3886 - Pages: 16
...The sector was characterized by small sized banks with high overheads; low capital base averaging less than $10million; heavy reliance on government patronage and loss making. Nigeria’s banking sector was still characterized by a high degree of fragmentation and low levels of financial intermediation up until 2004. In the light of the foregoing, banks are compelled by the Central Bank of Nigeria to raise their capital base from N2 billion to 25 billion on or before 31st December, 2005. Most banks resorted to mergers and acquisition as a survival strategy, which saw a reduction in the number of banks from 89 to 25. This study contributes to the concept of bank recapitalization by critically examining the impact of bank consolidation on the performance of banks using a sample of randomly selected Nigerian banks. It is the intention of the researcher to give more validity to empirical evidence that have been obtained by previous researchers on the subject matter. Relevance of the study The earliest set of studies evaluates the effects of bank consolidation through mergers and acquisitions comparing pre- and post- merger performance by measuring performance using either accounting or productive efficiency indicators.The results from both indicators have varied and at sometimes been contradictory. This can be explained by performance-influencing variables like size, brand name, diversification and cost reduction, there is still no reconciliation between these indicators. I intend...
Words: 6693 - Pages: 27
...Chapter 01 - Why Are Financial Institutions Special? Chapter One Why Are Financial Institutions Special? True/False 1-1 Prior to the financial crisis of 2007-2008, J.P. Morgan Chase was the largest bank holding company in the world and operations in 60 countries. Answer: F 1-2 As of 2009, U.S. FIs held assets totaling over $35 trillion Answer: T 1-3 Financial institutions act as intermediaries between suppliers and demanders of money. Answer: T 1-4 If a household invests in corporate securities and does not supervise how the funds are invested or used by the corporation, the risk of not earning the desired return or not having the funds returned increase. Answer: T 1-5 If not done by FIs, the process of monitoring the actions of borrowers would reduce the attractiveness and increase the risk of investing in corporate debt and equity by individuals. Answer: T 1-6 Failure to monitor the actions of firms in a timely and complete fashion after purchasing securities in that firm exposes the investor to agency costs. Answer: T 1-7 The risk that the sale price of an asset will be less than the purchase price of an asset is called liquidity risk. Answer: F 1-8 Because bank loans have a shorter maturity than most debt contracts, FIs typically exercise less monitoring power and control over the borrower. Answer: F 1-9 FIs typically provide secondary claims to household savers that have inferior liquidity than primary securities of corporations such as equity and bonds. Answer: F 1-10...
Words: 4188 - Pages: 17
...Stochastic frontier analysis of the efficiency of Nigerian banks Abstract Using the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) the efficiency of Nigerian banks was analysed. The result of the study proved that there is inefficiency in the Nigerian banking system and that the level of inefficiency ranged from 0 to 19 per cent of total cost. The study was able to derive the individual bank's level of inefficiency. Put differently, the study was able to derive the individual bank's level of efficiency. I. INTRODUCTION In the last three decades, as bank regulators open their financial Industries for competition and liberalisation, many banks operated at a level that is less efficient and profitable leading to unsoundness or distress in the industry; thus generating concerns and worries among the bank stakeholders. There are a large number of studies which employ models to explain inter-bank differences in earnings, bank efficiency and continuous existence (failure) in the United States of America and other developed countries of the world. Similar studies have not been carried out using data from emerging markets like Nigeria especially when viewed against the background of the statement of Barltrop and McNaughton (1992) that financial analysis should be done within the context of the particular country and economic environment as each country has a different economic environment, different regulatory and legal environment, different commercial practices, different accounting...
Words: 5908 - Pages: 24
...Harvard Business School and NBER David Scharfstein Harvard Business School and NBER July 2012 Abstract The U.S. financial services industry grew from 4.9% of GDP in 1980 to 7.9% of GDP in 2007. A sizeable portion of the growth can be explained by rising asset management fees, which in turn were driven by increases in the valuation of tradable assets, particularly equity. Another important factor was growth in fees associated with an expansion in household credit, particularly fees associated with residential mortgages. This expansion was itself fueled by the development of non-bank credit intermediation (or “shadow banking”). We offer a preliminary assessment of whether the growth of active asset management, household credit, and shadow banking – the main areas of growth in the financial sector – has been socially beneficial. * We thank Toomas Laarits for excellent research assistance. We are grateful to Lewis Alexander, John Campbell, Darrell Duffie, Sam Hanson, Anil Kashyap, Morgan Ricks, Andrei Shleifer, Jeremy Stein, Adi Sunderam, Paul Tucker, Bob Turley, Luigi Zingales, and especially David Autor and Tim Taylor for very helpful suggestions. We also thank Erin Ludlow, James Green, Rodger Smith, Karen Lanzetta, Justyna Podziemka, Covie Edwards-Pitt for their help and advice on financial services data, and the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA) and Greenwich Associates for providing some of the data. Electronic copy available...
Words: 15797 - Pages: 64
...1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. The purpose of the financial system is to bring savers and borrowers together. Businesses are never deficit spending units (DSUs). A financial claim is an “IOU” from a deficit spending unit. Investment bankers help deficit spending units (DSUs) bring new primary security issues to market. Deposits in a credit union by a household are an example of direct finance. When a surplus spending units (SSU) owns a financial claim created by financial intermediation, its residual claim is against a deficit spending units (DSU). Assets of financial intermediaries include direct financial claims only. Finance companies take small consumer deposits and make large consumer loans. Liabilities of financial intermediaries are indirect financial claims. Direct finance requires a more or less exact match of preferences. There must be an equal number of DSUs and surplus spending units ( SSUs) in a period. Every financial claim appears on two balance sheets. Without a financial sector, real investment must be financed internally by the deficit spending unit. Depository intermediaries issue claims that are for the most part highly liquid. A household is a surplus spending units when income for the period exceeds spending. A surplus spending units surplus spending unit (SSU) must hold a claim until its scheduled maturity. Financial claims or securities are written for the mutual benefit of both SSU and DSU. Deficit spending units...
Words: 4168 - Pages: 17
...School of Economics Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia ABSTRACT. In recent years, commercial banking worldwide has experienced a significant decline in its traditional business of accepting deposits and offering loans. Simultaneously, banks have become more involved in nontraditional activities that provide financial services and generate fee income. As a result, income from nontraditional activities has risen relative to income from traditional activities. This article presents an empirical investigation of Islamic banks’ involvement in various fee income activities. Our theoretical hypotheses relate the level of fee income activities at an individual bank to asset size, profitability, core deposits, capital risk as well as credit risk. These hypotheses are tested empirically using bank-specific information from a panel of Malaysian Islamic commercial banks for the years 1994 to 2004. The results imply that banks with higher levels of fee-generating activities tend to have higher assets and core deposits as well as exhibit less risk. These findings show that banks involved in nontraditional activities have more diverse sources of funds and greater access to financial markets, which reduces risk. Since the findings suggest that banks with a greater involvement in nontraditional activities must resort to alternative sources of funds to finance their...
Words: 5508 - Pages: 23
...4/12/2012 LOGO UNIT 1 The fundamentals of financial activity Lecturer: Nguyen Thanh Nhan OUTLINE OF THE LECTURE Features and users of a financial system Advantages of using a financial system The financial system and the real economy Features and users of a financial system A financial system consists of Financial institutions Financial markets End users of the markets and institutions Regulatory authorities 1 4/12/2012 FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS Deposit-taking institutions •Banks •Building societies •Credit unions •Friendly societies Principal liabilities are deposits Non-deposit-taking institutions •Insurance companies •Investment banks •Pension funds •Unit trusts and OEICs •Investment trusts Principal liabilities are not deposits FINANCIAL SERVICES Financial intermediation provided by all financial institutions Insurance and pensions provided by insurance companies and pension funds Payments provided by banks and building societies Portfolio adjustment provided by unit trusts, open-ended investment companies (OEICs) and investment trusts FINANCIAL MARKETS Definition: Financial markets are markets in which funds are transferred from those who have excess funds (savers, lenders) to those who have a shortage (investors, borrowers). Structure: Debt and Stock Markets Primary and Secondary Markets Money and Capital Markets 2 4/12/2012 DEBT AND STOCK MARKETS Debt market: the market for trading debt instruments...
Words: 2756 - Pages: 12
...Islamic Economics and Finance Measurement of Financial Development: A Fresh Approach Noureen Adnan 1 Financial development can be defined as the policies, factors, and the institutions that lead to the efficient intermediation and effective financial markets. A strong financial system offers risk diversification and effective capital allocation. The greater the financial development, the higher would be the mobilization of savings and its allocation to high return projects. Financial development can be measured by a number of factors including the depth, size, access, and soundness of financial system. It can be measured by examining the performance and activities of the financial markets, banks, bond markets and financial institutions. It is observed that higher the degree of financial development in a country, the wider will be the availability of financial services. A developed financial system offers higher returns with less risk. In this paper it is attempted to collect main components of financial development including Banks, Stock markets, insurance companies and bond markets for 41 economies during the period of 1988 to 2009. The method of principal component is utilized to extract a single financial development index out of them. Principal component analysis is a modern tool of data analysis. The main aim to apply principal component to achieve a meaningful index out of complex and multidimensional elements of financial development and to re-express the data with minimum...
Words: 10363 - Pages: 42
