...most Americans over the last couple of years. It seems as though each weekly stop at the pump costs more and more each time. Most people just pay the price but never stop to think why these gas prices continue to rise. There are seven major factors that directly affect the price of gasoline. These factors are: supply and demand, crude oil, gasoline, natural gas, heating oil, government regulations, and natural disasters. Two of the most important of these factors is supply and demand and crude oil. The demand for gasoline comes from the cars, trucks, SUVs, and most other vehicles on the highway. Many consumers use their vehicles to travel longer and further in the summertime for traveling, vacations, and road trips. “Americans drive nearly 3 trillion miles per year, according to the Motor and Equipment Manufacturer’s Association (Bonsor 1).” The United States uses 20 million barrels of oil products per day, which 178 million gallons of that is gasoline. Price increases typically occur when the world crude-oil market tightens and lowers inventories making the supply less. When the supply is less, it becomes more difficult to fulfill the required demand. Therefore the price rises making the gas more exclusive. Fewer consumers are willing to pay the higher price, therefore consumers tend to find alternatives to filling up at the pump. People ride their bikes, carpool, or take public transportation. Gas prices in New Jersey tend to be lower then most surrounding states...
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...to relate any fluctuations you observe to documented supply and demand factors outlined in our book. Be sure to cite any references used. History of gas prices for the past year in Columbus, OH are as follows: (per gasbuddy.com/charts) * JAN $3.31 * FEB $3.77 * MAR $3.95 * APR $3.71 * MAY $3.68 * JUN $3.50 * JUL $3.49 * AUG $3.68 * SEPT $3.73 * OCT $3.30 * NOV $3.49 * DEC $3.21 The highest price of the year was toward the end of March topping off at $3.96 per gallon of gas, and the lowest point of the year was mid-late December with a price of $3.04 per gallon. Looking at the time of year when gas prices were at their highest is during a time of year when many families travel which is during Spring break. Gas prices go up because they know that the demand for gas will increase. And they know that people won’t postpone a planned vacation just because gasoline has increased. On the flip, the low point of gas prices was during the Christmas shopping season. I would speculate that prices were low at the pump to allow for more spending to be done in retail stores. Gas prices fluctuate because of supply and demand. Supply is a curve that shows the amounts of a product that producers are willing and able to make available for sale at a particular price for a set period of time. Supply is that as prices rises the quantity of supply rises or falls. Demand is a curve that shows the different amounts of a product that people...
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...Teedra Jones Business Economics GM 545 Fall B Term teedrajones@yahoo.com Essay 1. There are many factors that go into determining the price of a gallon of gas. The cost to crude oil refineries, refinery processing costs, distribution and tax all account for the high prices consumers are paying. Tax alone can makes up about 19 percent of the cost. While the price does fluctuate, it is steadily increasing. Between 2004 and 2005 the price of crude oil per barrel rose from $36.98 to $50.23 as reported by the Energy Information Administration. Fluctuation in price can be brought on by oil supply disruptions, such disruptions can stem from events from around the world. Disruption of production at refineries can raise the cost of gas. (Davis, 2007) In Atlanta, gas averaged less than 90 cents a gallon in early 2002, then rose steadily through the next several years, cresting at $3.15 after Hurricane Katrina in 2005. But prices moderated, falling to less than $2 a gallon in early 2007. Falling oil prices dampened gasoline’s cost this summer — until the hurricanes hit the Gulf. (Kanell, 2008) Such a disruption occurred after Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf of Mexico and surrounding areas, where a number of refineries are located. The further you are from the gulf area, the more likely you are to find yourself paying more at the pump. It is a common occurrence to be driving down the road and to see that gas prices vary significantly from station to station. Competition...
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...September 2009 and September 2010(2) with a series of price changes in between. Prices change for a number of economic reasons. One such reason is supply and demand. Gas prices rise after 9/11 and after the start of the war with Iraq, it seems to rise when there is any major crises. Supply and demand plays a major part in the fluctuation of gasoline prices. The price of crude oil can and does influence the supply and price of gasoline. When the price of oil rises, the cost of supplying gasoline increases for petrol suppliers, reducing the quantity of crude oil demanded in gasoline production and potentially reducing the supply of gasoline. So its expected that a rise in the price of crude oil to lead to a rise in the price of gasoline. Even when crude oil prices are stable, gasoline prices can fluctuate because of reasons such as the season and local retail station competition. Additionally, gasoline prices can change rapidly due to crude oil supply disruptions stemming from world events, or domestic problems such as refinery or pipeline outages.(3) Crude oil prices are determined by worldwide supply and demand, with significant influence by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). OPEC has tried to keep world oil prices at its target level by setting an upper production limit on its members.(3) also increase in demand for gasoline in the United States and the rest of the world is adding upward pressure on crude oil prices. Price of gasoline is generally more volatile...
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...the week before that the gas price during week 1 was $3.47 expecting to rise to $4 per gallon in Lexington, KY. During my travel to Indiana the gas prices average $3.99 per gallon. In using the midpoints of price and quantity to compute the relevant percentage changes essentially gives us the average elasticity between point (a) and point (b) (Stone, Gerald. “Core Economics” Worth Publishers, 07/2011. p. 118). My equation below may show just exactly how these price may increase or decrease based on the elasticity formula: Eᵈ = 200 / 400 ÷ 3.65 – 3.57 / (3.57 + 3.65) / 2 = 200 / 400 ÷ (- 0.08 / 5.3950) = .5 ÷ -0.0148 = [-33.72] = 33.72 I think for the most part of our gas prices has increase due to determinants of our increase in supply due to our disaster issues that has pushed for aide from the government and local business. The supplies needed to help restore some of the cities destroyed will cost the economy and in such increase supply and demand. Chapter 5, Question 17 The demand for computer chips and potato chips are high during the nation’s market period. In reading an article in ebsco, “Which state...
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...cheaper quality of gas that they use. Chevron has the most expensive prices in respect to all the others. However, I have noticed that when gas prices increase, all four gas stations increase their prices and vice versa. Fluctuating prices at the pump usually occur because the price per barrel increases due to many factors. When the price per barrel of oil increases, the gas prices at the pump in turn increase. There is a demand and supply for gas. The demand is obviously always there and at a high rate since everyone needs gas to operate their vehicles. If we can understand the laws of supply and demand, we will have a clear understanding of why gas prices fluctuate at the pump. Supply represents the amounts of product that a producer is willing to produce at every series of pricing per a specific period. The law of supply states that as prices increase the quantity supplied increases and vice versa. Demand on the other hand represents the amounts of a product a consumer is willing to consume or purchase at a specific price per a specific period. The law of demand states that as prices decrease the quantity demanded rises and vice versa. With the ongoing revolutions in the Arab world and the conflict with Iran, crude supply is uncertain therefore it is leading to...
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...Chairman of USA. Operations the Board and CEO (2006-). global in scope. Steven Reinemund (CEO 2001-2006). Roger Enrico (CEO 1996-2001). Donald Kendall and Herman Lay, Founders. Company Type & Size PepsiCo is a publicly traded company, listed on the NYSE, NASDAQ, and as a component of the S&P 500. In 2010 it had 294,000 employees worldwide. As of November 2011, it had a market cap of $101.02 billion. 1965 Merger with Frito-Lay CEO of Pepsi Cola, and engineer of PEPSICO Merger, Donald Kendal Diversification outside snacks and beverages Acquisition of Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, KFC Acquisition of 7UP, Mug Root Beer, SunChips, Introduction of Aquafina - 1993 Portfolio Reconstruction Roger Enrico, CEO (1996-2001) Wayne Colloway, CEO (1986-1996) "Potato chips make you thirsty; Pepsi satisfies thirst." Donald Kendall on merger. 1970s 1980s ‘Balanced three leg stool’ describes Wayne Colloway, however, strategic fit problems occurs 1990s Bottled water business starts. 1997 Due to several strategic fit problems, restaurant businesses have been spun off to form Tricon, later Yum! Brands. FTC’s bans to jointly distribute Gatorade with Pepsi for ten years. 2001 Acquisition of Quaker Oat Company, Adding Gatorade to arsenal Re-Organization of Structure Steven Reinemund (CEO 2001-2006) 2008 Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi, Chairman of the Board and CEO (2006-). Three division model. Strategic realignment. Page 2 2. BRIEF SUMMARY OF CASE SITUATION Business or Industry Description Particular...
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...On-Chip Networks from a Networking Perspective: Congestion and Scalability in Many-Core Interconnects George Nychis†, Chris Fallin†, Thomas Moscibroda§, Onur Mutlu†, Srinivasan Seshan† † Carnegie Mellon University {gnychis,cfallin,onur,srini}@cmu.edu moscitho@microsoft.com § Microsoft Research Asia ABSTRACT In this paper, we present network-on-chip (NoC) design and contrast it to traditional network design, highlighting similarities and differences between the two. As an initial case study, we examine network congestion in bufferless NoCs. We show that congestion manifests itself differently in a NoC than in traditional networks. Network congestion reduces system throughput in congested workloads for smaller NoCs (16 and 64 nodes), and limits the scalability of larger bufferless NoCs (256 to 4096 nodes) even when traffic has locality (e.g., when an application’s required data is mapped nearby to its core in the network). We propose a new source throttlingbased congestion control mechanism with application-level awareness that reduces network congestion to improve system performance. Our mechanism improves system performance by up to 28% (15% on average in congested workloads) in smaller NoCs, achieves linear throughput scaling in NoCs up to 4096 cores (attaining similar performance scalability to a NoC with large buffers), and reduces power consumption by up to 20%. Thus, we show an effective application of a network-level concept, congestion control, to a class...
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...Test Bank to Accompany Microeconomics Seventh Edition by Pindyck / Rubinfeld Pearson Education © 2009 8/12/2008 Contents Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Preliminaries ........................................................................................................................1 The Basics of Supply and Demand..................................................................................16 Consumer Behavior...........................................................................................................55 Individual and Market Demand...................................................................................125 Uncertainty and Consumer Behavior ...........................................................................179 Production ........................................................................................................................236 The Cost of Production ...................................................................................................273 Profit Maximization and Competitive Supply ............................................................327 The Analysis of Competitive Markets ..........................................................................375 Chapter 10 Market Power: Monopoly and Monopsony.................................................................438 Chapter 11 Pricing with Market Power .....
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...LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT Report on Summer Training On the topic “A REVIEW OF RETAIL OPRATION WITH REFRENCE TO FMCG” Submitted to Lovely Professional University In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of Degree of Master of Business Administration Submitted by: DEEPAK M 11001433 DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY JALANDHAR NEW DELHI GT ROAD PHAGWARA PUNJAB 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this project titled, A REVIEW OF RETAIL OPERATIONS WITH REFERENCE TO FMCG(IN FOOD SECTION) – A STUDY DONE ON HYPER CITY RETAIL INDIA LTD(AMRITSAR). I wish to take this valuable opportunity to express my sincere thanks to Hyper City Retail India Ltd for providing me a chance of learning. The project not only helped me to understand retail industry in India in depth but widened my vision in general management too by virtue of being associated with an excellent and professional organization. Words perhaps fail to express the gratitude and special thanks I owe to Mr Sonu Dua (Sr. Lecturer) who is my project guide, who helped me while preparing my summer training report and guide, who helped me while preparing my summer training report and giving guidance whenever required. The project would not have been complete without the guidance of Mr. Nitin Chubby (SOM), Deepak (Brand Staff), and Miss Kusum (Associate). Who was there to provide me the constant...
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...0 1 2 0 1 3 0 3 2009 Annual Report WHAT IS At PepsiCo, Performance with Purpose means delivering sustainable growth by investing in a healthier future for people and our planet. As a global food and beverage company with brands that stand for quality and are respected household names—Quaker Oats, Tropicana, Gatorade, Lay’s and Pepsi-Cola, to name a few—we will continue to build a portfolio of enjoyable and wholesome foods and beverages, find innovative ways to reduce the use of energy, water and packaging, and provide a great workplace for our associates. Additionally, we will respect, support and invest in the local communities where we operate, by hiring local people, creating products designed for local tastes and partnering with local farmers, governments and community groups. Because a healthier future for all people and our planet means a more successful future for PepsiCo. This is our promise. PerFormance To all our investors… It’s a promise to strive to deliver superior, sustainable financial performance.* Our GOals and COmmitments toP line: • Grow international revenues at two times real global GdP growth rate. • Grow savory snack and liquid refreshment beverage market share in the top 20 markets. • Sustain or improve brand equity scores for Pepsico’s 19 billion-dollar brands in top 10 markets. • rank among the top two suppliers in customer (retail partner) surveys where third-party measures exist. bottom line: • continue to expand division...
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...Contents Executive summary…………………………………………………………………………. 2 Introduction (Company overview)………………………………………………………….. 3 PESTLE Analysis of Fast Food Industry – Australia……………………………………….. 4-6 Financial climate………………………………………………………………………………7-11 The managerial and labor environment……………………………………………………….12 Australian Government Fast Food Regulations………………………………………………13-14 Key players within the industry………………………………………………………………15-17 Key competitors………………………………………………………………………………18-21 Key Consumers……………………………………………………………………………….22-23 Challenges in Entering Australian Markets…………………………………………………..24 Recommendation………………………………………………………………………………25 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………. 26 References………………………………………………………………………………………27 Executive summary The main aim of this report is to show that it is feasible for our KLG enterprise to penetrate into the Australian market. Since KLG restaurant chain has been well established and successful in the local market; Malaysia, we think it’s the time for the enterprise to go international. Or KLG restaurant chain to have foreign direct investments. KLG restaurants is one of the leading fast food restaurants in Malaysia serving variety of fast foods like fried chicken, chicken burgers, French fries and soft drinks as well. According to (Wyld, 2010) “if the franchisor has a well-established home market, they are able to achieve better economies of scale once they expand internationally.” “Economic globalization constitutes integration...
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...What Is Organizational Communication?[edit] L ike defining many aspects of communication study, many of the definitions of organizational communication share common elements. Stanley Deetz (2001) argues that one way to enlighten our understanding of organization communication is to compare different approaches. However, for the purpose of this text, we want to define organizational communication so you have a frame of reference for understand this chapter. Our definition is not definitive, but creates a starting point for understanding this specialization of communication study. We define organizational communication as the sending and receiving of messages among interrelated individuals within a particular environment or setting to achieve individual and common goals. Organizational communication is highly contextual and culturally dependent, and is not an isolated phenomenon. Individuals in organizations transmit messages through face-to face, written, and mediated channels. Organizational communication largely focuses on building relationships, or repeated interpersonal interactions, with internal organizational members and interested external publics. Goldhaber (1990) identified a number of common characteristics in the variety of definitions of organizational communication -- Organizational communication 1) occurs within a complex open system which is influenced by, and influences its internal and external environments, 2) involves messages and their flow, purpose...
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...G.L.BAJAJ INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow Plat no. 2, Knowledge park-III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh A SUMMER TRAINING PROJECT REPORT ON ANALYSIS OF PACKAGING STRATEGIES OF ITC Submitted for partial fulfillment of award of Master of Business Administration (MBA) From Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF SUBMITTED BY ABHISHEK KUMAR SAXENA ROLL NO.1380170008 Session: 2013-15 ...
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...Case study: Zara, Fast Fashion from Savvy Systems Introduction The poor, ship-building town of La Coruña in northern Spain seems an unlikely home to a tech-charged innovator in the decidedly ungeeky fashion industry, but that’s where you’ll find “The Cube,” the gleaming, futuristic central command of the Inditex Corporation (Industrias de Diseño Textil), parent of game-changing clothes giant, Zara. The blend of technologyenabled strategy that Zara has unleashed seems to break all of the rules in the fashion industry. The firm shuns advertising and rarely runs sales. Also, in an industry where nearly every major player outsources manufacturing to low-cost countries, Zara is highly vertically integrated, keeping huge swaths of its production process in-house. These counterintuitive moves are part of a recipe for success that’s beating the pants off the competition, and it has turned the founder of Inditex, Amancio Ortega, into Spain’s wealthiest man and the world’s richest fashion executive. Figure 3.1. Zara’s operations are concentrated in Spain, but they have stores around the world like these in Manhattan and Shanghai. The firm tripled in size between 1996 and 2000, then its earnings skyrocketed from $2.43 billion in 2001 to $13.6 billion in 2007. By August 2008, sales edged ahead of Gap, making Inditex the world’s largest fashion retailer.[1] Table 3.1 compares the two fashion retailers. While Inditex supports eight brands, Zara is unquestionably the firm’s...
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