Running head: APA STYLE: AN EXAMPLE OUTLINE OF A FULL RESEARCH

APA Style: An Example Outline of a Full Research Paper Your Name

Lewis-Clark State College

(TITLE: Must be specific and concise [20 word limit]. Must include variables. Must include mention of population. Do not use jargon. )

Abstract

(This is your section header centered on the page)

Type your abstract here within APA abstract limits (100-250 words)

For a proposal, here, you will state the purpose of your study, the population you are studied, the sample you used, and your method: qualitative or quantitative, instrument (interview, survey, questionnaire, etc.)

For a complete paper you would add your summarized findings.

Your title
(Your title is your section header centered on the page)

You will need to bring all your written communication skills to this project. You will be very careful with proper citation. You will not use direct quotes. The whole of this paper is to be in your words. Ideas and information used from other authors are to be cited.

Introduction (2-3 pages) First address the problem! State the overall area of concern (populations-at-risk for injustice or discrimination; need for more functional affiliations for individuals and groups; unethical policies/practices; lack of knowledge in the field, etc.). Arouse the reader’s interest; tell the reader what to expect in the rest of your paper. Provide brief statistics to indicate the incidence of the problem.
Next, answer the questions, “ How does this problem effect social work practice and/or policy?”(Ethical research requires us to focus our efforts where need is the greatest).
The potential utility of your study can be: 1) an addition to current knowledge of a problem or a vulnerable population; 2) to put social work theory to an empirical test; 3) to better understand the relationship between variables (like homelessness and housing shortage); or 4) to determine the effectiveness of a treatment method or program.
Discuss how this problem area affects individuals, communities, and society as a whole (what are issues of social and economic justice). Refer to your Problem Statement Outline.

Variables

Conceptually define your major variables in a clear and concise manner, e.g. “child abuse” or “domestic violence”. Remember the “puzzle” exercise.

Summary

Summarize this chapter in approximately two to three paragraphs.
(Add any additional points or sub-points that relate to your study)

Review of the Literature (5-7 pages)

(This is your section header centered on the page)

Type your literature review here, double spaced, and cite in APA style throughout

Brief history
It is helpful to your readers to understand the context of your problem and the solutions that have been attempted to date. Is this a recent problem? An on-going one? What brought it to the attention of the public?

Review You need to summarize what existing literature has to say about your problem and the existing solutions: What has been tried, what has worked, what has not worked, why. As you begin, you need to share your theory base with the readers so they understand how what you are presenting is influenced by that theory base. As you read articles on your topic look for what other authors have to say about a theoretical framework for understand the problem and pointing a direction for solutions (refer back to your Micro Skills text for theories). This section should flow from past to present. What where the earliest interventions or solutions? What are the most recent? Be sure to present all sides whether or not they agree with your hypothesis. Your research will typically involve some gap in information (why research what we already know?). After you present what is already known, make your case for your research either answering a new question, getting a new answer to an old question, answering a question about a new population, etc. After you have made your case that your research is going to give new information, you will summarize the major points. Finally, you will formulate (in the last sentence) your research question or your hypothesis. Remember that the Introduction discusses the problem. The review of literature should concentrate on solutions (those that exist, those that are still required).

Method ( 3-5 Pages)

(This is your section header centered on the page)

Purpose

(This is your sub-section header, italicized, left justified)

Do not introduce the topic again. Introduce the general methodology most authors have taken on this topic and the one you will be using and why (tie to the literature review). The purpose is a statement of what you intend to study not what you intend to find.

Paradigm Here, you will discuss your philosophical paradigm for the acquisition of knowledge (see Paradigm handout). Again your reader is entitled to understand how you view reality. This will greatly influence how you frame the problem, the solutions, and how you will know you have learned something from your results. Not everyone shares the same paradigm so it is only ethical that you describe yours with your reader. Although you will rarely find this information in published works, you will use this exercise to understand your own philosophy on knowledge acquisition and be able to articulate it.

Study Design
This should flow from your paradigm. Are you doing qualitative or quantitative; is it exploratory, descriptive or explanatory? Explain why you are using this type of study and what you plan to explore, describe, or explain (again tie it to the literature review).
Within either design: quantitative or qualitative, tell the reader what type of study is being used: is it ethnographic, content analysis of written material, interview, or a program evaluation, etc.? Why is this design best for your study? (continue tying it to the literature review).

Population and Sample
What is the population you plan to study (e.g., all the social worker students in Idaho), what is your sampling plan (e.g., convenience, stratified, random), and why? (that’s right - tie it to the literature review). Give as much information about the population that has been gathered from your review of the literature: age range, gender mix, education, etc. This will be used to compare to your sample’s demographics in the Results section.

Investigative Techniques
Do you plan to use interviews, behavior observation, questionnaires, etc.? What subtype of each do you plan to employ (e.g., structured vs. unstructured interviews or closed vs. open-ended questions)? State your rationale for your approach (lit. review). List all of your variables, which ones are independent or dependent? What level of measurement do you plan to use for each variable?

Instrumentation
Do you plan to use a standardized instrument or design your own? How does this instrument affect issues of reliability and validity (discuss)? Discuss instrument biases. Identify independent & dependent variables. Discuss how this instrument will be scored.

Data Collections
How will you distribute your instrument or where will you do the observations? What is your timetable and what reminders will you give to respondents to get instruments back to you in time to complete your study?

Data Analysis Plan
What statistics do you plan to collect: descriptive/univariate statistics (frequency, central tendency, etc.) Inferential statistics (Pearson’s r, ANOVA, etc.) Bivariate, multivariate statistics, and how do you plan to do your analysis?

Ethical Consideration (Human Subject Protections)

When and how will you submit for Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval? What safeguards are in place in your study to protect human subjects? Consider both emotional and / or physical harm. Consider who the subjects are and if children or some other vulnerable population.
What is your basic ethical approach? What are the power differentials between you and your subjects, and how will you protect them from any possible abuses? What steps are you taking to insure informed consent? Provide a copy of any introductory letter and consent forms in the appendix.

Bias

We all have biases; the most insidious are those of which we are unaware or unacknowledged. What makes you different from your subjects? Is it race, ethnicity, social class, education, work experience, physical or mental ability, gender identity, sexual orientation, etc? How might these differences impede your investigation (invisibility, insensitivity, overgeneralization, double standards, dichotomization)?

Assumptions

What do you need to take for granted to answer your question or test your hypothesis? (e.g. honest responses from participants, typical population, heuristic value of a certain theory, normal distribution, etc.)

Limitations

Now that you have an idea (from your literature review) how broad your topic could be, tell the reader what it is that you are deliberately not going to study. What aspects of the problem are outside your interests at this point (or for this paper)? Then share what could be improved with your design, sample, analysis, etc (If you had 3 years and $1,000,000).

Results (2-3 pages)

Sample Describe your sample in as much detail as you have collected. Remember that it is often best to present data in a table. Remember that tables must be labeled and explained. If you chose not to use a table, use rounded numbers, percents where numbers are too large. Be nice to your readers. They want the information but they do not want to be bombarded with too many numbers that they will need to keep in their head to understand what you are saying.

Survey Findings/Interviews/Observations
Here you will share the data results from your data gathering. What were the answers to the questions of your surveys/questionnaires? What were the answers and comments from your interviews? What did you observe?
Analysis
Here you will explain the relationships that you tested, how you tested them (what statistical test was used), and what you found (it was/was not statistically significant, test into [r=.56] p level [p=.023], and n[n=89]).

Discussion and Implications (3-4 pages)

Discussion This section will be an explanation of the findings (NOT A REPETITION). This is where you will tie what you found in your study with your literature: where your results agree and where they disagree and some possible reasons why they disagree.

Implications Your final implication section will thoroughly explore how your findings might impact social work policy, practice, and future research.

References

(This is your section header centered on the page) (1-2 pages)

Type your reference list here in proper APA formatting

*** Read this note: you will be held responsible for its content. For your paper you are required to use a minimum of 10 journal articles, 1 text, and 2 approved websites (All reference material must be from “peer” reviewed scholarly journals, edited books, official government documents, or reliable agency and organizational reports and documents approved by the instructor. Newspapers, internet sites such as Wikipedia, and non “peer” reviewed reference material will not be accepted for assignments.)

Appendix

(This is your section header centered on the page)

Include a copy of your survey/questions/instrument, IRB approval, and Agency approval letter in the Appendix section