...Industry The beverage and snack food industries are both in the mature stage in their life cycles, and companies in these industries largely depend on product innovation, brand recognition, and low prices to remain competitive. Like all companies PepsiCo faces risk of increases in operating expenses and decreases in net income due to market risk. Companies in PepsiCo’s industry have been forced to expand its product offerings into healthy foods and drinks due to an insurgent health and wellness in American culture. 1.3 PepsiCo’s Competitors PepsiCo’s top competitors consist of The Coca-Cola Company, Dr Pepper Snapple Group, and Nestle; additionally, because PepsiCo is a multinational company it must also compete with countless local snack and beverage companies across the globe. Coca-Cola has been viewed as PepsiCo’s main rival for around 100 years, and the competition between the two companies has had a cultural impact in the United States dubbed “The Cola Wars”. In 2014 the revenues from PepsiCo, Coca-Cola, and Dr Pepper Snapple Group were $66.68 billion, $45.99 billion, and $6.12 billion respectively. Graph 1 – 2014 market shares in the U.S. soft drink industry 1.4 PepsiCo’s Risks Some of the most common types of risks PepsiCo faces annually include...
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...BACKER ADHESIVES CASE STUDY | Foreign Exchange Risk Management | Date | 3, Sep, 2014 | | | | Paper | Managing Global Business | Lecturer | Dr. Romie Littrell | | | | Student | Siyoung Jo / Zongjie Liu / Kathy Liu | Introduction Brief Company Situation Baker Adhesives is a small company which made specialty adhesives in USA. Market was dominated by a handful of big competitors with international access and slim margins. Baker specialized in accommodating specialty markets with consistent sales and relatively high margins. However, US Manufacturers were relocating overseas and achieved “Economy of Scale”. Therefore Baker Adhesives would be under intense pressure of finding markets abroad. Baker had no long debt but line of credit of USD 180,000 and had an excellent relationship with the local bank from the beginning. The production facilities are old but were readily adaptable and had been well maintained. Baker also possessed a good chemist and a flexible production system, even though his father who was a brilliant chemist and the founder of this company had recently retired. * 2. Problem finding In Feb. 2006, Baker’s first international foray was dealing with Brazilian toy manufacturer Novo of 1,210 gallons. Novo was considering a second order 50% larger than original one. Baker was excited about the fact that they can expand their business to abroad as well as they can generate big margins from their sales with Novo. ...
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...with exchange-rate risks for future orders. The case is intended as an introduction to exchange-rate risk and the management of that risk. Upon receipt of payment from a past order, the firm realizes that exchange-rate movements have reduced the value of the sale. A follow-on order provides the context for exploring possible mechanisms for managing that risk. In particular, sufficient direction and information is provided to examine both a forward hedge and a money-market hedge. The learning objectives of the case are as follows: * To explore the magnitude and effect of exchange-rate risks. * To illustrate exchange-rate risk management through two conventional hedges—a forward-contract hedge and a money-market hedge. * To demonstrate market parity and identify how preferences arise from unique company characteristics. * To explore issues related to pricing of international bids. Suggested Questions 1. How profitable is the original sale to Novo once the exchange-rate changes are acknowledged? How might the exchange-rate risk, which affected the value of the order, have been managed? 2. Assuming Baker agrees to the new Novo sale, determine the present value of the expected future cash inflow assuming: (1) there is no hedge, (2) the company hedges using a forward contract, and (3) the company hedges using the money market. Finding a present value is necessary for the following reason: With no hedge or a with forward-contract hedge, the cash flow will...
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...MANAGING F OREIGN E XCHANGE R ISK WITH DERIVATIVES by Gregory W. Brown* The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill May, 2000 Version 3.4 Abstract This study investigates the foreign exchange risk management program of HDG Inc. (pseudonym), an industry leading manufacturer of durable equipment with sales in more than 50 countries. The analysis relies primarily on a three month field study in the treasury of HDG. Precise examination of factors affecting why and how the firm manages its foreign exchange exposure are explored through the use of internal firm documents, discussions with managers, and data on 3110 foreign-exchange derivative transactions over a three and a half year period. Results indicate that several commonly cited reasons for corporate hedging are probably not the primary motivation for why HDG undertakes a risk management program. Instead, informational asymmetries, facilitation of internal contracting, and competitive pricing concerns seem to motivate hedging. How HDG hedges depends on accounting treatment, derivative market liquidity, foreign exchange volatility, exposure volatility, technical factors, and recent hedging outcomes. * Department of Finance, Kenan-Flagler Business School, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3490 – McColl Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3490. Voice: (919) 962-9250, Fax: (919) 962-2068, Email: gregwbrown@unc.edu. A more recent version of this document may be available from my web page: http://itr.bschool...
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...Measuring/Managing Translation and Transaction Exposure Chapter 10 Lecture Notes Measuring Translation and Transaction Exposure PART I. ALTERNATIVE MEASURES OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE EXPOSURE: Accounting and Economic Risk I. ALTERNATIVE MEASURES A. TYPES 1. Accounting Exposure: arises when reporting and consolidating financial statements require conversion from subsidiary to parent currency. 2. Economic Exposure: arises because exchange rate changes alter the value of future revenues and costs. Accounting Exposure B. Accounting Exposure = Transaction risk + Translation risk [pic] ALTERNATIVE MEASURES OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE EXPOSURE C. Economic Exposure = Transaction Exposure +Operating Exposure Operating Exposure arises because exchange rate changes alter the value of future revenues and costs. PART II. ALTERNATIVE CURRENCY TRANSLATION METHODS (ACCY) I. FOUR METHODS OF TRANSLATION A. Current/Noncurrent Method 1. Current accounts use current exchange rate for conversion. 2. Income statement accounts use average exchange rate for the period. B. Monetary/Nonmonetary Method 1. Monetary accounts use current rate 2. Pertains to - Cash - Accounts receivable - Accounts payable - Long term debt 3. Nonmonetary accounts - Use historical rates - Pertains to: Inventory, Fixed assets, Long term investments 4. Income statement accounts - Use average...
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...Foreign Exchange Risk Management Goldman, Sachs & Co. October 2008 Table of Contents Introduction to the FX Markets I Market Update II FX Hedging III Slide 2 Introduction the FX Markets Statistics FX is the largest / most liquid global market Daily Turnover Bid / Offer Number of securities FX Market 3.2 Trillion 4 bp (0.04%) 150 (40 actively traded) Bond Market 900 Billion 5 bp 2,000,000 Equity Market 400 Billion 15 bp 20,000+ Source: BIS (September, 2007) Slide 3 Market Dynamics Short Term Drivers of the Market Market sentiment Release of new data (economic and political) Equity and bond market performance Positions of market participants Central Bank intervention Options activity Hedging mechanism, and protection from a knockout level are reasons for heavy trading Technical analysis Slide 4 Market Dynamics Long Term Drivers of the Market Supply/demand Current account vs. capital account + reserves “Current account” associated with trade flows “Capital account” associated with investments and speculation “Reserves” associated with central bank activities FX and Interest Rate policies are closely linked Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), e.g. the Economist Magazine’s “Big Mac” index Central Banks Mission is to preserve economic stability, in particular to preserve price stability Interest rates can drive FX markets... “Interest Rate Defense”: Raising interest rates can attract foreign...
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...accounting: foreign currency transactions and financial instruments L.O.11-1: Understand how to make calculations using foreign currency exchange rates The accounting issues * Foreign currency transactions of a U.S. company include sales, purchases, and other transactions giving rise to a transfer of foreign currency or the recording of receivables or payables that are denominated in a foreign currency. * Translation is the process of restating foreign currency transactions to their U.S. dollar equivalent values. * Many U.S. corporations have multinational operations. * The foreign subsidiaries prepare their financial statements in their home currencies * The foreign currency amounts in these financial statements have to be translated into their U.S. dollar equivalents before they can be consolidated with the U.S. parent’s financial statements that uses U.S. dollar as its reporting currency unit Foreign currency exchange rates * Foreign currency exchange rates between currencies are established daily by foreign exchange brokers who serve as agents for individuals or countries wishing to deal in foreign currencies * Some countries maintain an official fixed rate of currency exchange and have established fixed exchange rates for dividends remitted outside the country. * The determination of exchange rates * Exchange rates change because of a number of economic factors affecting the supply of and demand for a nation’s currency. * Factors causing...
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...the current exchange rate is ¥103/$, that analysts are forecasting that the dollar will weaken by 1% over the next 90 days, and that the standard deviation of 90-day forecasts of the percentage rate of depreciation of the dollar relative to the yen is 4%. a. Provide a qualitative description of Intel’s transaction exchange risk. Answer: Intel is a U.S. company, and it is scheduled to receive yen in the future. A weakening of the yen versus the dollar causes a given amount of yen to convert to fewer dollars in the future. This loss of value could be severe if the yen depreciates by a significant amount. b. If Intel chooses not to hedge its transaction exchange risk, what is Intel’s expected dollar revenue? Answer: If Intel chooses not to hedge, the expected dollar revenue is the expected dollar value of the ¥100,000,000. The expected spot rate incorporates a 1% weakening of the dollar. This means that the expected yen price of the dollar is 1% less than the current spot rate of ¥103/$ or Et[S(t+90,¥/$)] = 0.99 [pic]¥103/$ = ¥101.97/$ Hence, Intel expects to receive ¥100,000,000 / ¥101.97/$ = $980,681 c. If Intel does not hedge, what is the range of possible dollar revenues that incorporates 95.45% of the possibilities? Answer: We are told that the standard deviation of the rate of depreciation of the dollar is 4%. The standard deviation of the future spot rate is therefore 4% of the current spot rate or 0.04 [pic]¥103/$ = ¥4.12/$. Thus, plus...
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...1.) Explain how futures contracts could be used to hedge a bond portfolio against the risk of rising interest rates. Then explain how futures could be used by exporters and by importers to hedge against their foreign-exchange exposures. Someone with a large bond oprtfolio may want to hedge against future interest rate movements. When interest rates rise, bond prices decline. The use of futures can be used to hedge against the likelihood of rising interest rates. When the hedging is balanced, the gains/losses in the cash holdings will be offset by gains/losses in futures account. Hedging bond portfolios with futures contracts, will be done by holding short positions. Futures could be used to establish an offsetting currency position so that whatever is lost or gained on the original currency exposure is exactly offset corresponding foreign exchange gain or loss on the currency hedge. Regardless of what happens to the future exchange rate, therefore, hedging locks in a dollar value for the currency exposure. In this way, hedging can protect a firm from foreign exchange risk, which is the risk of valuation changes resulting from unforeseen currency movements. 2.) Explain how the manager of a bond portfolio could use options to hedge against the risk of rising interest rates. Then explain how exporters and importers could use options to hedge against their foreign-exchange exposures. 3.) Assume that Baker Adhesives, sold 2.6 million Brazilian reals of adhesives to...
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...MULTINATIONAL CAPITAL STRUCTURE and COST OF CAPITAL ➢ Capital structure – refers to the proportion of LT debt and equity and the particular forms of capital chosen to finance the assets of the firm ➢ Mgment must choose: ■ the proportions of D and E ■ the currency of denomination ■ fixed or floating rate interest payments ■ indenture provisions ■ conversion features ■ seniority ■ maturity o Perfect mkt assumptions: -frictionless mkts -equal access to mkt prices -rational investors -equal access to costless information MM’s irrelevance proposition o With = access to perfect financial mkts, individuals can replicate any financial action that the firm can take o This leads to MM’s famous irrelevance proposition: -if financial mkts are perfect, then corporate financial policy is irrelevant The converse of MM’s irrelevance proposition o If financial policy is to increase value, then it must either -increase the firm’s expected future cash flows or -decrease the discount rate in a way that cannot be replicated by individual investors. Financial Mkt integration v Segmentation o In integrated financial mkts, real after tax rates of return on equivalent asset are = o Factors contributing to segmentation include: -prohibitive transactions costs -different legal and political systems -regulatory interference (eg barriers to financial flows) -different taxes -information...
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...Foreign Exchange Derivatives Definition Any financial instrument that locks in a future foreign exchange rate. These can be used by currency or forex traders, as well as large multinational corporations. The latter often uses these products when they expect to receive large amounts of money in the future but want to hedge their exposureto currency exchange risk. Financial instruments that fall into this category include: currency options contracts, currency swaps, forward contracts and futures contracts. Types There are three types of foreign exchange derivatives used for hedging as follows: I. Forward Hedging II. Money Market Hedging III. Option Hedging Forward Hedging It refers to the Contract to buy or sell an asset at a given price on a specific date in the future. Investors use this device to avoid major losses if the price of the asset changes dramatically before it is exchanged. Money Market Hedging It refers to the Borrowing and lending in multiple currencies, for example to eliminate currency risk by locking in the value of a foreign currency transaction in one's own country's currency. Option Hedging It refers to the right to buy or sell foreign exchange at a specified strike price in exchange of a certain option premium either at the option expiration date or during the option period. * If one acquires the right to purchase foreign exchange, it is called the call option. Buyer of the call option pays option premium & it will be...
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...Dawood Bukhari A015 Shibani Gujrati A025| Siddhant Anthony Johannes A033 Nishtha Sardana A054| Prateek Walia A063 1 INDEX 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..3 2. Operational Exposure………………………………………………………………………..9 3. Transaction and Translation Exposure…………………………………………….……..11 4. Other Strategies used by Companies to Hedge Exposure……………………...………19 5. Case Studies: Hedging Strategy used by Companies………………………….………..20 2 INTRODUCTION Foreign exchange exposure represents a material risk for multinational corporations which are unrelated to business operations. One needs to identify each foreign exchange exposure, the risk it represents and methods and costs available to limit such exposure. The value of a firm’s assets, liabilities and operating income changes continuously due to change in factors such as exchange rates, interest rates, inflation etc. In other words, a firm is “exposed” to uncertain changes in a number of variables in its environment. Exposure may therefore be defined as a measure of sensitivity of the value of a financial item to changes in the macro economic variables mentioned above. Risk refers to the variability of the value of the item. FOREIGN EXCHANGE EXPOSURE Foreign Exchange Exposure occurs because of unanticipated change in the exchange rate. For example the difference in the spot rate & one month forward rate is 0.30 rupee per USD and after one month rupee depreciates by 30 paisa there would be no FE exposure but if...
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...started in small French towns, but by 1969 expanded to Belgium. In 1975, they opened their first store outside of the European continent, they had expanded to South America’s largest country, Brazil. Carrefour’s strategy until 1998 was to grow organically. But since 1998, its growth has been fueled by acquisitions of other retailers. Carrefour’s Financing Policy Analysis The risk that a business' operations or an investment's value will be affected by changes in exchange rates. Carrefour is exposed to exchange rate risk because of foreign-currency exposure from imported goods. This risk was being hedged through forward contracts. The €13.5 billion of debt on the Carrefour books is 97% hedged in Euro currency. Carrefour has a large exposure risk to the Euro because of their hedging policy. Questions from the Book 1. What is going on at carrefour? • Carrefour is expanding through acquisitions o This will require taking on debt • Current capital structure o Long-term debt ▪ 97% of foreign exchange rate risk hedged in Euros 2 . why does the eurobond market exist? (or, is plentiful debt capital not available domestically?) • Why does this market exist o Market was fueled by growth of multi-national firms o Able to reach global pool of investors • Debt is available domestically o Eurobonds can bring in...
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...Why should we hedge? Business is exposed to several risks, currency risk being one of them Objective of hedging is to ensure: Predictability in Income Statement thereby reducing cash flow volatility. Revenue is generated & receivables are collected at budgeted rates Maintaining margins on long term projects as these projects are priced & bid with an exchange rate assumption, which needs to be protected to ensure desired margins Managing the translation risks in case of multiple geographies & overseas entities Best Practices A good risk management and hedging policy should be debated, understood & approved at the highest level (Board) The policy should indentify risks entity is exposed to, ways to measure these risks & suggest methods to mitigate these risks Should specify clear identification of responsibilities, authorities & limitations on its implementation Should state the purpose of hedging clearly - profit, protection, reducing volatility. Should suggest appropriate risk management tools like Sensitivity Analysis, VAR to contain risks Should be reviewed periodically by board in view of changing risks, market dynamics. Enctheirage use of natural hedges to reduce hedging costs METHODS OF HEDGING Methods of hedging can be classified as a. Internal methods b. External methods ...
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...internationally. This has given rise to increased financial price risks faced by both domestic and multi-national companies. Financial Derivatives are widely used by corporations to adjust to exposure to currency risk, interest rate risks, commodity price risks, and security holdings risk. Largely, companies are currently exposed to risks caused by unexpected movements in exchange rates and interest rates. Companies with a growing global presence are especially exposed to a wide range of financial risks, in particular foreign exchange risks and interest rate risk. Although, financial risks are the center of business operations of financial service firms, but they also impact the risk exposure of non-financial corporations. The management and supervision of these risks has become vital for the existence of companies in today’s unpredictable financial markets. The major financial risks that most firms are exposed to are interest rate risk, currency rate risk, commodity price risk, and security holdings risk. Interest rate risk is a very common type of risk, and result from a discrepancy in the sensitivity of a firms assets and liabilities to interest rate movements. On the other hand, currency risk exposure is virtually encountered by all firms, even if their exposure is not from a transaction or a translation risk. Many firms are also likely to face competitive risk due to foreign companies using weak home currencies to their advantage (Triantis). In 1944, the original global financial...
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