...I chose this article HPV in inner city teenagers because I remember hearing about the vaccine at the end of high school and being told it was probably too late for me to have the vaccine! I was interested in find out how many girls are getting the vaccine these days. I plan to have all my children, boys included vaccinated against HPV. As future health professional I may also find myself in the position to recommend the vaccine to the patients or clients I work with. The article states that the current recommendations are to vaccinate young people before they become exposed to HPV. However women up to the age of 26 may “catch up” and get vaccinated. Only about a third of adolescent women have had all three doses of vaccine as recommended. While cervical HPV rates are highest among young women, rates of infection in other parts of the body (e.g, mouth, anus) are currently being examined. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of HPV in the three main sites on the body in a group of young unvaccinated inner city women. METHODS Participants In the Bronx, New York City, 97 sexually active women aged 15-22 were enrolled in the study at Mt. Sinai Adolescent Health Center between July 2005 and March 2006. All women coming in for gynecological exams, sexually transmitted infection treatment or screening, and follow up for abnormal pap smears or genital warts were included. The women in the study were  mostly African American (54%) and Latina (39%) with an with a median...
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...difficult patient. They say he refused lifesaving treatments and surgeries. This is easy to say now that he has passed. We cannot go back now and do a Whipple on him to compare how much longer he would have lived. Whipples are extremely involved procedures and can lead to many complications, with no guarantee of prolonged life. Monday morning quarterbacks are a dime a dozen. The ethical issue that I choose to use for my paper is the recent dilemma of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for boys. Vaccinations in general have always been on the list of ethical topics in healthcare. From parents of newborns who believe in the false link between vaccinations and autism, to pediatricians who refuse to continue to provide care to their patients whose parents refuse to vaccinate, to the newest dilemma of the HPV vaccination. This dilemma includes the recent comment made by Republican presidential candidate Michele Bachmann about HPV vaccine causing mental retardation (Los Angeles Times, 2011). The HPV vaccine has been used on girls...
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...Greenhaven, 2014. N. pag. At Issue. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 4 Feb. 2016. This site provide basic information about how the religion has his own reasons to don't take the mandatory vaccinations,they try to make it non mandatory.It may be relevant because it has to do with the subject and from this point of view are against.The article speaks clearly that vaccines should not be mandatory especially for religious people and they have their way of seeing the world and see vaccines as unnecessary,this supports the research in the sense that it is against the mandatory vaccines.In fact if there are other sources that support this conclusion nonreligious but other items exactly where they think that vaccines should not be mandatory.Of course, a person can rely on this article and be of great help also be easy to understand because the reading level is not as high, if you ask me would say that is normal average. (Klein, Kristin, and Sherry Luedtke.) "HPV Vaccinations Should Be Given to All Adolescent Girls." Should Vaccinations Be Mandatory? Ed. Roman Espejo. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven, 2014. At Issue. Rpt. of "Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: A Case for Mandatory Immunization?" Www.ppag.org. N.p.: n.p., 2008. N. pag. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 7 Feb. 2016. This source provides specific information about whether the vaccine should be mandatory for all adolescent women, it is not much help for this work because it focuses more on diseases that can be had only...
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...CANCER CONTROL PROJECT ABSTRACT A. PROJECT TITLE: Self-sampling for HPV infection among low-income Hispanic women. B. SPECIFIC AIMS: Although cervical cancer is preventable through regular screening 1 with Pap smear and liquid-based cytology,2 only 72% of women in the Texas-Mexico border and 82% of women in the US undergo such regular screening.3 Hispanic women in this region have one of the highest cervical cancer mortality rates in the nation.4 Previous studies have identified barriers to screening in this minority population such as lack of access to healthcare, fear of pain during the gynecological exam and embarrassment.5 Persistent infection with oncogenic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types is necessary for developing cervical cancer.6 Thus, HPV testing of women 30 – 65 years of age has been added to the cervical cancer screening guidelines in addition to Pap/cytology (co-testing).2 Self-sampling is a novel approach to detect HPV infection, it allows women to collect their own cervical specimen with a brush in the clinic or in their own homes.7 It has high sensitivity (74%) and specificity (88%) compared to physician collected samples.8-13 Women that deem it acceptable cite reasons such as privacy, costs, and lack of need for an office visit.13-21 However, Pap/cytology has been preferred over self-sampling among some groups because of low confidence in self-sampling accuracy and uncertainty over performing it correctly.13,17,20,22,23 Self-sampling has been least likely...
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...Women’s Health Ethical Issues Research Paper NURS 318P Women’s Health Care A controversial topic that is currently being considered is the application of an early HPV vaccination in younger girls and boys. This sensitive subject has ethical implications and valid points can be argued both for and against the concept. Individuals that are for early vaccination hold that the vaccine prevents transmission of HPV, decreases chances of developing future complications, and is more cost effective in the long run. Individuals that take a stand against early vaccination will say the vaccine promotes risky sexual behavior, is not safe, takes away from parent’s autonomy, and is not cost effective in the immediate period. The following information will give insight to both sides of the argument and a personal stance on the issue. The first example in support of early vaccination is the prevention of transmission of human papilloma virus (HPV). There are symptoms that can occur as a result of having an HPV infection. Gardasil is found to be successful in preventing HPV infections from types 6, 11, 16, and 18 (Donahou, 2013). A benefit of the HPV vaccine is the provision that there is use of accepted medical technology that will prevent serious diseases when possible and minimize pain and suffering (Donahou, 2013). Vaccinating both young girls and boys is found to reduce HPV transmission (Chen, Shepherd, & Becker, 2012). White states “this vaccination may help prevent...
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...Papilloma Virus (HPV), but has an almost 100% survival rate if caught early enough. Although national incidence rates have declined, there are still a disproportionate number of cases amongst African-American and Hispanic women. In the United States, various health organizations are attempting to deal with the cultural barriers to the prevention, early detection, and treatment of cervical cancer. Three journal articles were reviewed to examine current nursing strategies for health promotion as related to cervical cancer. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health promotion as “the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health” (Ottawa charter for health promotion, as cited in WHO, 2010b). Health promotion strategies focus on eliciting lifestyle changes and promoting positive personal choices among individuals, families, and communities. Health promotion is a key element of primary prevention of disease (Leavell & Clark, as cited in Edelman & Mandel, 2010). Guardasil (Merck & Co., Inc.), the HPV vaccination, is the primary preventative tool that can decrease the incidence of cervical cancer. In their article “Hip hop, health, and HPV: Using wireless technology to increase HPV vaccination uptake”, Thomas, Stephens, and Blanchard (2010) explore the unique approach of using cell phones and Hip Hop music to educate African-American female college students about the HPV vaccine. They state that “prior research has shown that...
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...“HPV vaccine cuts abnormal pap smears in 4 years” Skin & Allergy news 39.4(Apr 2008) P43 Abnormal Pap tests and cervical procedures have already declined markedly among young women who were vaccinated against the human papillomavirus in three pivotal clinical trials, according to data presented in Tampa at the annual meeting of the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists.****rewrite in your own words. Comparison of 4,696 vaccinated women with 4,759 women in placebo groups showed reductions of 19% in colposcopy, 22% in cervical biopsy, and 42% in excisional therapy at an average follow-up of 3.3 years after the first dose of the quadrivalent vaccine (Gardisil/Silgard) against human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16, and 18. (Macneil, 2008) The end-of-study data reported came from three large efficacy trials sponsored by Merck & Co., maker of the vaccine. All told, the studies randomized 18,150 women aged 16-26 years to the vaccine or a placebo. Participants had cervicovaginal sampling and Pap smears on their first day in the studies and were followed with Pap smears every 6-12 months for up to 48 months. Median follow-up was 4 years from day 1.****what the study is The most dramatic reduction was 43% in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) seen on Pap smears. Although the drop was substantial, the numbers were small with only 41 cases in the placebo group and 24 among vaccinated women. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) declined by 14%...
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...vaccinate their children against Human papillomavirus (HPV), or if the risks outweigh the benefits. It is highly suggested that people in the appropriate age groups be vaccinated. However, more and more people are becoming concerned about the safety and the efficacy of the vaccine (Tomljenovic & Shaw, 2012). The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends that all females between the ages of 9 and 26 years old receive three doses of the HPV vaccine (Cervarix or Gardasil). They also recommend that all males between the ages of 9 and 26 years old receive three doses of the HPV vaccine (Gardasil only) (WebMD, n.d.). Gardasil and Cervarix are both new to the world of medicine, only being approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 8, 2006 (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2009) and October 16, 2009 (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2012) , respectively. Although the makers of the vaccines, Merck & Co. (Gardasil) and GlaxoSmithKline (Cervarix), claim that the medicines prevent cervical cancer and have no serious side effects, there are no long-term studies to support those claims. This lack of evidence is a good reason for parents to opt out of this vaccination. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States. It is estimated that roughly, 79 million Americans are currently infected with HPV, and 14 million will become newly infected each year (CDC, 2014). There are 40 strains of HPV that are sexually transmitted, but the vaccination...
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...The preceding research has shown the benefits of what the HPV vaccine can offer, but what are the negative aspects of the vaccination? CDC published a summary of severe side effects that occurred with HPV vaccine utilizing the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) to provide a public opinion on the downsides to the HPV vaccine so that patients can have information on both sides of the spectrum (2014). Center for Disease Control (CDC, 2014) displayed, "In the first report, there were 12,424 reports of adverse events 772 (6% of all reports) described serious adverse events including 32 reports of death. The most recent VAERS report 2006-2014, showed 85 deaths after the vaccine, however there were no common patterns to the deaths that...
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...HPV Vaccine Information For Young Women - Fact Sheet [pic] Two vaccines are available to prevent the human papillomavirus (HPV) types that cause most cervical cancers. These vaccines are bivalent vaccine (Cervarix) and quadrivalent vaccine (Gardasil). One of the HPV vaccines, Gardasil, also prevents HPV types that cause most genital warts. Gardasil also has been shown to prevent some cancers of the anus, vulva (area around the opening of the vagina), and vagina. Both vaccines are given in 3 shots over 6 months. Why is the HPV vaccine important? Genital HPV is a common virus that is passed from one person to another through direct skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity. Most sexually active people will get HPV at some time in their lives, though most will never even know it. HPV infection is most common in people in their late teens and early 20s. There are about 40 types of HPV that can infect the genital areas of men and women. Most HPV types cause no symptoms and go away on their own. But some types can cause cervical cancer in women and other less common cancers— like cancers of the anus, penis, vagina, and vulva and oropharynx (back of throat including base of tongue and tonsils). Other types of HPV can cause warts in the genital areas of men and women, called genital warts. Genital warts are not life-threatening. But they can cause emotional stress and their treatment can be very uncomfortable. Every year, about 12,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer...
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...Epidemiology: Teens and Human Papillomavirus Carmen Holder NUR/408 Epidemiology: Teens and Human Papillomavirus Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease found in the young, sexually active population. It is presenting itself as a growing concern among the most vulnerable population; teenagers. Usually, there are no signs or symptoms associated with HPV so most people do not realize they are infected or that they are exposing a sex partner to the virus. There are more than 40 types of HPV that can infect the genital area, but the two most common types are HPV 16 and 18. These two types are responsible for approximately 70% of all cervical cancers (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). This paper will define epidemiology and describe the epidemiology triangle as it relates to HPV. A specific type of epidemiology, descriptive, will be explained in addition to various levels of prevention. “The word epidemiology comes from the Greek words epi (upon), demos (people), and logos (thought), and it originally referred to the spread of diseases of infectious origin (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012, p. 255). It was not until the twentieth century that the field of epidemiology was recognized as a discipline. The focus of epidemiology is on evidence-based practice and the outcomes are used to guide a change in practice. Due to the many manifestations of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and cancer, and other circumstances related...
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...conducted a study among 575 young MSM to quantify their behavioral intentions to initiate human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and to test an integrative model of HPV vaccine decision making. The integrative behavioral model (IBM) was used to inform this study. The IBM posits that a set of population-specific salient beliefs underlies the formation of attitudes toward HPV vaccination, perceived norms in favor or against vaccination, and perceived control over one’s ability to get vaccinated if desired. The effects of attitudes, norms, and perceived control on HPV vaccination are mediated by the individual’s behavioral intention (Ajzen, 1991). The IBM model, as applied to this particular issue, specifies that beliefs...
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...Abstract For the past several years, there has been a growing awareness of the epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases. One disease in particularly, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), affects over six million individuals every year, comprised mostly of girls between fifteen and twenty-five years of age. Because there are over a hundred strains of this disease, contributing to about 70% of all cervical cancer cases, scientists have researched and developed a vaccine to protect against several strains of HPV. This vaccine is called Gardasil. The research that led to the development of the vaccine started in the 1980s, and finally in June of 2006 a pharmaceutical company, Merck & Co., had the vaccine approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Keywords: epidemic, Human Papilloma Virus, vaccine, Gardasil, Merck & Co Ethical Issues and Principles with Gardasil After 5 years of clinical trial, Gardasil has been proven to protect against four of about 40 types of HPV, according to the CDC's informational brochure. HPV strains 6 and 11 are responsible for 90 % of genital warts diagnosed in the United States, and HPV strains 16 and 18 are responsible for 70 % of cervical cancers (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). More specifically, Gardasil is expected to reduce the incidence of HPV related genital disease, including cervical, penile, vulvar, vaginal, anal cancer, precancerous lesions, genital warts, and laryngeal papillomatosis. In order to produce the...
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...outbreak at Disneyland could have easily been spread by someone that had the vaccine 35 years prior and had the virus in their system, but wasn’t showing symptoms. There have been studies showing that vaccines lose their effectiveness over time. Also, people can develop autoimmune diseases that can make the vaccine less potent. Question 3: How relevant are gender and age in terms of vaccinations? Could there be an argument concerning discrimination (particularly as it deals with HPV vaccinations)? Gender and age are irrelevant in terms of vaccinations. There is not an argument concerning discrimination. Vaccines should have nothing to do with age, gender, or any discriminatory issue. The only thing that should be the point is letting responsible adults decide what they believe is best for their family, not what others believe. Question 4: What about mandatory vaccinations for healthcare workers? Vaccinations should not be mandatory for healthcare workers. Healthcare workers are adults and know how to research whether vaccinations are best for them or not. They are able to determine what steps they need to go through to take precautions if they choose to not vaccinate. Every adult should be able to make their own choices. Question...
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...grow, the cancer will start to spread and becomes invasive if left untreated (American Cancer Society, 2016). This research will focus on understanding cervical cancer, prevalence of the disease, diagnostic tests, treatment modalities, nursing care, possible complications of the disease and the disease outcome. Description of the Condition Cervical cancer has been known to affect women worldwide and is labeled as the third most common cancer in women. Globally, the yearly statistical incidence of newly diagnosed cervical cancer reported by the World Health organization was about 530, 000 and 275000 cancer deaths. The large percentage of cervical cancer death occurs in developing and undeveloped countries (Mcgraw, & Ferrante, 2016). As far as the United States registry in the year 2013, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016) reported an incidence of 11,955 and 4,217 cases of death. Regionally, the cervical cancer incidence rate in Washington State is 6.7 while the death rate is 2.0 per 100,000 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016). Human papilloma virus (HPV) is sexually transmitted and of the hundreds varieties of HPV, eighteen types are directly linked to cervical cancer. The HPV 16 and 18 strains are the most carcinogenic HPV and have the highest percentage in the development of cervical cancer. Other than the high-risk HPV types infection, there are also other contributing risk factors that predispose an individual to the disease, which...
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