...Network Switching Switches can be a valuable asset to networking. Overall, they can increase the capacity and speed of your network. However, switching should not be seen as a cure-all for network issues. Before incorporating network switching, you must first ask yourself two important questions: First, how can you tell if your network will benefit from switching? Second, how do you add switches to your network design to provide the most benefit? This tutorial is written to answer these questions. Along the way, we’ll describe how switches work, and how they can both harm and benefit your networking strategy. We’ll also discuss different network types, so you can profile your network and gauge the potential benefit of network switching for your environment. What is a Switch? Switches occupy the same place in the network as hubs. Unlike hubs, switches examine each packet and process it accordingly rather than simply repeating the signal to all ports. Switches map the Ethernet addresses of the nodes residing on each network segment and then allow only the necessary traffic to pass through the switch. When a packet is received by the switch, the switch examines the destination and source hardware addresses and compares them to a table of network segments and addresses. If the segments are the same, the packet is dropped or “filtered”; if the segments are different, then the packet is “forwarded” to the proper segment. Additionally, switches prevent bad or misaligned...
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...Copper vs. Fiber Todd Gerger NT1310 Abstract In this paper we will be looking at the differences between Copper and Fiber optic cables. We will discuss the differences between the two and why many of the current networks in operation use fiber on the backbone between equipment and telecommunications rooms or enclosures. Copper vs. Fiber In the comparison between fiber and copper fiber, costs of the fiber cable has come down quite a bit. The cable itself has become easier to install as well since the invention of the flexible fiber which makes it easier to pull the cable through places. The flexible fiber has not become widely used vs. copper yet due to the need for the costs to come down for the connections, the NIC’s. the hub’s, routers and switches. Fiber Advantages The following advantages of fiber over other cabling systems are: (Oliviero 250) Immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI), higher data rates, longer maximum distances, and better security. With copper cabling there is one common cabling problem they are susceptible to EMI. EMI is a stray electromagnetism that interferes with the signal. All electrical cables generate a magnetic field around their central axis. If you pass a metal conductor through a magnetic field an electrical field is generated in that conductor. When you place two cables next to one another EMI will cause cross-talk which is where signals from one cable is picked up on the other cable. Because fiber does not conduct electricity...
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... to campus area networks (CANs), or metropolitan area network, based on the size the network is to encompass. Logical topologies, such as virtual LANs (VLANs) is the signal flow of devices without regards to the physical topology of the network. The University of Houston (2016) explains how an organization can save funds by purchasing one switch as opposed to multiple switches, as one switch can be configured to host multiple VLANs. Further more they go on to explain how trunking allows ports on multiple switches to be viewed as one VLAN. Hubs and Switches Both hubs and switches connect devices on a network. Hubs are known as dumb devices, as they cannot identify the originating or destination of the data it processes, it simply just sends data to all devices connected. Hubs are much slower than switches as they cannot receive or send information at the same time. Switches can identify data, by reviewing header data on a packet, and therefore can send data directly to the port which the destination device is connected to, and switches can send and receive at the same time. I will speak on Cisco switches as these are frequently used in the military, and I am familiar with their commands. In order to configure a Cisco switch, you must be in global configuration mode, in which the prompt will show Router (config)#. In order to be in global configuration mode the following commands would have to be entered; enable, which changes the prompt from Router> to Router#, finally...
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...for their WAN implementation for this company. Network Design 1. Topology The first consideration for Acme’s new network is the topology to be used. The Atlanta office serves as Acme’s headquarters and because the company is quickly expanding across the globe I believe that the star topology is the most suited for their needs. Star networks are easily expanded upon and doing so does not interrupt the other locations. Centralized administration is a strong selling point for this topology as well. A powerful mainframe computer and an array of Cisco Catalyst switches will serve as the network’s hub. Figure 1 below represents the proposed WAN topology: Figure 1- Proposed Acme WAN topology Figure 1- Proposed Acme WAN topology ATL (HQ) T1 T1 T1 PHX CHI CHINA NY ATL (HQ) T1 T1 T1 PHX CHI CHINA NY 2. Connection Types Acme should strongly consider leasing fractional T1 lines to connect its hub location to each of the offices in Phoenix, Chicago, and New York. These connections can be upgraded to full T1, fractional T3, or even full T3 connections should the need arise. Acme has an engineering office across the street from its headquarters; this building will be connected to the Acme WAN over the PSTN using the...
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...Data flows in a single direction, from one entity to the next. An entity accepts data in circulation on the ring only if it corresponds to its address. If not, the entity in question passes the data to the next entity. (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_en_anneau) In a star network topology, network devices are connected to a central hardware system (the node). The role of this one is to ensure the communication between the different equipments of the network. In practice, the central equipment can be a hub , a switch or a router. The downside to a star architecture is that it is susceptible to traffic problems because the central computer is processing all of the messages. (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_en_%C3%A9toile) The latest implementation in Wide Area Network Architectures has actually existed in the supercomputer industry since its inception being that of the Mesh Architecture. In a fully connected Mesh each node is connected to every other node, and while this may be the ideal implementation it is also the most impractical since this has an exponential cost association the further apart the nodes are geographically from each other....
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...link, Layer 3 – Network, Layer 4 – Transport, Layer 5 – Session, Layer 6 – Presentation, Layer 7 – Application); TCP/IP model (Network Interface Layer, Internet Layer, Transport Layer, Application Layer [Also described as: Link Layer, Internet Layer, Transport Layer, Application Layer]) Classify how applications, devices, and protocols relate to the OSI model layers: MAC address; IP address; EUI-64; Frames; Packets; Switch; Router; Multilayer switch; Hub; Encryption devices; Cable; NIC; Bridge Explain the purpose and properties of IP addressing: Classes of addresses (A, B, C and D, Public vs. Private); Classless (CIDR); IPv4 vs. IPv6 (formatting); MAC address format; Subnetting; Multicast vs. unicast vs. broadcast; APIPA Explain the purpose and properties of routing and switching: EIGRP; OSPF; RIP; Link state vs. distance vector vs. hybrid; Static vs. dynamic; Routing metrics (Hop counts, MTU, bandwidth, Costs, Latency); Next hop; Spanning-Tree Protocol; VLAN (802.1q); Port mirroring; Broadcast domain vs. collision domain; IGP vs. EGP; Routing tables; Convergence (steady state) Identify common TCP and UDP default ports: SMTP – 25; HTTP – 80; HTTPS – 443; FTP – 20, 21; TELNET – 23; IMAP – 143; RDP – 3389; SSH – 22; DNS – 53; DHCP – 67, 68 Explain the function of common networking protocols: TCP; FTP; UDP; TCP/IP suite; DHCP; TFTP; DNS; HTTPS; HTTP; ARP; SIP (VoIP); RTP (VoIP); SSH; POP3; NTP; IMAP4; Telnet; SMTP; SNMP2/3; ICMP; IGMP; TLS Summarize DNS concepts and its components:...
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...SAMPLE TECH WRITING PROPOSAL INTRODUCTION AND DISCLAIMER This is an altered version of a real Tech Writing project submitted by a student and passed by an Evaluator. There is no guaranty that either the original version or this altered one would pass evaluation if submitted today. Despite our best efforts to provide consistent evaluation across all students and projects, Evaluators are human and are allowed latitude in grading. Additionally, your interpretation of what you see is likely to be different from the interpretations of others; in other words, even if you strictly follow the model of this paper, there is no guarantee of immediate success with your project. The original work was altered to mask the identity of its author and the various commercial products mentioned. References and their citations were also masked because no effort was made to determine whether other changes affected their validity. The inserted Comments indicate only that all required TaskStream sections are present, not that they are correctly completed for all types of projects. The best that can be said about the original work is that an evaluator found the work submitted to be sufficient to the task. Viewing this sample may or may not produce a similar result for you. Bottom line: You are the author of your work. We hope this sample helps to dissipate some of the uncertainty that surrounds the Capstone Project, but it cannot guaranty a trouble-free process. IMPORTANT: For maximum benefit...
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...for network setup. From there we will map out all other room required to be configured into the network. The cabling of choice is Cat5e. It’s inexpensive, easy to maintain, test, run, and supports the required data transmission rates. Fiber would be great but it is much more costly and susceptible to 90 degree bends. Continuity tester will tell us if the cable to be bun is in good working condition before we actual setup the network. Easier to prevent problems before they have the opportunity to occur. Crimpers are essential to terminate runs at their desired locations with RJ-45 connectors, thru out the building. Whether they be at a work station, hub or server. Configuring connectors vs. wall jacks saves time and cost, and work just as well with the proper crimper. Patch cords will be used to connect ports to servers/ switches in the telecommunications room to ensure connect ability. Cable toners will help us identify cable runs from end to end. This will help us in preventing connectivity issues thru out the system, ensuring all ports are properly connected from end to end. Fish tape is essential for pulling cable runs through tight spaces such as between walls, plenum spaces, or through conduit, which will also be installed where places that lack it. This will help us keep all cable run organized and out of the way of potential snags or damage. Our racks will be installed in the...
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...Varna Free University “Chernorizec Hrabar” ------------------------------------------------------------------------Institute of Technology Introduction to Computer Networking Prof. Teodora Bakardjieva 1 1.0 Introduction The purpose of the networking guidelines are as follows: to assist students in understanding the benefits of networking to help students place in context their current stage of networking development in their school. to assist students in planning the next stage of network development in their school. to provide standard networking ‘models’ and best practice to students that will assist students in their network planning. This document includes information under the following main headings: Introduction to Networking Advantages of Networking Types of Networks Models of networking appropriate to students NCTE recommendation to students Some relevant terms. 1.1. Basic of Networking A computer network consists of a collection of computers, printers and other equipment that is connected together so that they can communicate with each other. Fig 1 gives an example of a network in a school comprising of a local area network or LAN connecting computers with each other, the internet, and various servers. 2 File and Print Server CD or Multimedia Servers Access to: Internet content & learning resources, Scoilnet etc Email communication Users computers Cache, Proxy, Filtering, Firewall Server ...
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...Welcome to WritePoint, the automated review system that recognizes errors most commonly made by university students in academic essays. The system embeds comments into your paper and suggests possible changes in grammar and style. Please evaluate each comment carefully to ensure that the suggested change is appropriate for your paper, but remember that your instructor's preferences for style and format prevail. You will also need to review your own citations and references since WritePoint capability in this area is limited. Thank you for using WritePoint. Internet Tools at Dirt Bike IT 205 Week 4 Kenneth Thompson Karen Cann November 10, 2013 Internet Tools at Dirt Bike At Dirt Bike’s, management is concerned with how much money is being [Doctoral rule (but good advice for any academic writer)--If not a noun (as in "human being"), the word "Being" is hard to imagine; it means "existing." Try to rewrite this without using "being"--with action words like "attending," "working," "living," "experiencing," simply "as"--or even removing "being" completely] spent on their internal and external communication and obtaining information on the subject of developments in both the motorcycle industry and global economy. At the company’s request, I will investigate Dirt Bike’s concerns and provide recommendations for how the organization could use Internet tools and technology to help employees better communicate with...
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...situation in which multiple computers are connected to one another and share the same Internet protocol address. An ethernet network has multiple computers on the same server. The benefit in this is that multiple networks do not need to be created. The downside to an ethernet network is that the connection of multiple computers leaves each computer open to hacking, malware, and viruses — in the event that a virus should attack one computer on the system. There are certain components necessary for an ethernet network: * Ethernet cable * Ethernet hub * Crossover cable * Router Ethernet Cable An ethernet cable is a necessary cord to connect two or more computers to the same network. Each computer must have its own ethernet cable in order to operate on the same ethernet network. Ethernet Hub An ethernet hub is a device used to string together each ethernet cable, which connects each computer on the same network. An ethernet hub contains several ethernet ports. Crossover Cable A crossover cable is a substitute for ethernet cables when one wants to connect two or more computers to the same ethernet network. Router A router is similar to an ethernet cable in that it connects two or more devices. Routers are more often used for local area networks that are small in size. Businesses and universities, for example, often use ethernet cables to connect computers. Small schools or elementary and middle schools (including high schools) use routers. WANs, or wide area networks, require...
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...the receiver until someone on the other end answered, that was the very first introduction of the telephone ring. This was of course replaced with the bell sound, which is still being used to this date although it has changed quite a bit from its creation. After the bell was created people wished for a way to turn it off when not in use, thus the switch hook was created, which aloud you to turn the device off while no calls were coming in. With all these new advancements added to it, it was only a matter of time before some combined all the telephone wires into one central hub. But as this new device took off, it required that each telephone be connected to every other telephone that person wished to speak with. All these lines came together at a central hub, where employees would receive the call phone operator A, be requested to be transferred to operator B’s line. Over the first few years of these new hubs and allowing people to transfer them this way, required many employees to...
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...Collisions occur commonly in setups using hubs. (Diffen, 2012) 3.2 Suppose your requisition was successful. What configuration can you make such that you are able to fulfil the configurations required? What are the benefits of such a configuration? (12 marks) I would implement a start topology with a single server and wifi router for the following reasons: Star Topology is: • Easy to install and wire. • Does not cause disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices. • Makes it easy to detect faults and to remove parts. 3.3 Create a working demonstration for ABC Ltd network structure. a. Make the configurations you specified on 3.2 Assuming ABC Ltd has the following departments: Accounting, Manufacturing and Administration. (4 marks) b. You may add ten nodes...
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...Memo 1 Re: The medium is the message Dear madam, I understand that the datacenter is undergoing an upgrade to modern configuration that support VOIP(voice over internet protocol) which is impossible with the 10-base-T LAN cables hubs, which is considered to be an outdated technology. Data centers are focused on the LAN technologies, with the goal of redundancy and then to create a more scalable fabric within the data center. In this memo two network cabling option will be presented and one is going to be recommended. Recommendation: As per my search for the best cabling options for the upgraded data center and meeting future requirements is augmented category 6(cat 6A). Cat 6A cable belong to copper cabling category and is designed and improved for the data transmission of 10gb/sec at 500mhz. Considering current horizontal cabling which is a 10mbps star wired using hubs and backbone is 100mbps capable and uses switches at the core. Cat 6A will coming out to be the appropriate solution as category 6 with the extendedstar topology, components are specified to be interoperable between different vendor products and most importantly is compatible with backward technologies. Cat 6a establishes a set of specifications to help the evolution of the upcoming generation of applications and considered to be future proof. For the backbone cabling fiber optics is a best solution keeping the data security, efficiency and performance in mind. This combination of...
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...Case Project 2-1 You have been hired to upgrade a network of 50 computers currently connected to 10 Mbps hubs. This long-overdue upgrade is necessary because of poor network response time caused by a lot of collisions occurring during long file transfers between clients and servers. How do you recommend upgrading this network? What interconnecting devices will you use, and what benefit will you get from using these devices? Write a short memo describing the upgrade and, if possible, include a drawing of the new network. This network should have a central server that can control incoming and outgoing transmissions. A central server would stop the entire network from being bogged down because of data packets being sent and received. In addition, the hubs should be upgraded to handle 1000 Mbps. Below is an example of what a smaller version would look like. Case Project 2-2 Two hundred workstations and four servers on a single LAN are connected by a number of switches. You’re seeing an excessive number of broadcast packets throughout the LAN and want to decrease the effect this broadcast traffic has on your network. What steps must you take to achieve this goal? Ideally it’s preferable to probably split it up into one or more workstation subnets (based on say, departments) and then another subnet (or more for a larger enterprise) for the servers. Traffic between the subnets will be routed. This means the broadcasts from workstations won't hamper the servers and vice versa...
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