...Universe, the comprehension of the fundalmental cosmology, including emphasis on the Big Bang Theory and the Milky Way, will be examined and discussed. First, what is Cosmology? Well, the term Cosmology refers "to the study of the cosmos" (Wheeler, 1992). Simple enough, but Cosmology also encompases the studies and the relation of the studies amongst the preception of the universe by present day societies. Although, mankind has surpassed the previous knowledge of the cosmos from anicent civilizations, the roots of Cosmology still play a vital role in modern Cosmology. In the beginning, ancient cultures were just as curious about the universe; these cultures would lay the foundation to modern Cosmology using the best technology available at the time, observation. From the ancient observations, civilizations, such as the Greek and European medievals, concluded that the Earth was the center of the universe and developed a geocentri model to represent this belief. Up until the sixteenth century, this idea that modeled the Universe was accepted. However, the work of Nicholas Copernicus would lead to a revolutionary idea a heliocentric universe, a universe with the Sun at the center of the cosmic system. Although, Copernicus presented the idea of a heliocentri universe to the world, many were skeptical to turn away from the geocentri model until someone produces evidence of this theory. This someone turned out to be Galileo Galilei. Using an instrument considered "new...
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...Big Bang Theory - The Premise The Big Bang theory is an effort to explain what happened at the very beginning of our universe. Discoveries in astronomy and physics have shown beyond a reasonable doubt that our universe did in fact have a beginning. Prior to that moment there was nothing; during and after that moment there was something: our universe. The big bang theory is an effort to explain what happened during and after that moment. According to the standard theory, our universe sprang into existence as "singularity" around 13.7 billion years ago. What is a "singularity" and where does it come from? Well, to be honest, we don't know for sure. Singularities are zones which defy our current understanding of physics. They are thought to exist at the core of "black holes." Black holes are areas of intense gravitational pressure. The pressure is thought to be so intense that finite matter is actually squished into infinite density (a mathematical concept which truly boggles the mind). These zones of infinite density are called "singularities." Our universe is thought to have begun as an infinitesimally small, infinitely hot, infinitely dense, something - a singularity. Where did it come from? We don't know. Why did it appear? We don't know. After its initial appearance, it apparently inflated (the "Big Bang"), expanded and cooled, going from very, very small and very, very hot, to the size and temperature of our current universe. It continues to expand and cool to this...
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...Cosmology As we have learned, Edwin Hubble showed that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster away from the Milky Way it is moving. This gives the appearance that the Milky Way is at the center of the universe, and all galaxies are moving away from us, possibly due to some large explosion, The Big Bang. The Hubble's Law can be applied to any observer in any galaxy. No matter where you are, an expanding universe will give the same appearance. The expansion of the universe is not like the explosion of a bomb sending fragments in all directions. Space itself is expanding. We can detect photons that appear to have moved at different speeds through space. However, as the speed of light is constant, it is space that is moving relative to the photon. The galaxies are fixed relative to space, but space itself is moving. We have seen no 'edge' to the universe and there are an equal number of galaxies in every direction. Also, galaxies can move relative to space, but at times gravity can accelerate one galaxy toward another faster than space expands. When light waves travel through space, they are stretched by expansion and this increases the wave's wavelength, making it appear redder. Using the Hubble Law, we can estimate the age of the universe. At some point in the distant past, matter in the universe must have been densely packed. From this point, the universe would have expanded at some high speed to become today's universe. Assuming a constant expansion over time, we find...
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...Article Astronomy December 2010 Vol.55 No.35: 4010–4017 doi: 10.1007/s11434-010-4197-x SPECIAL TOPICS: Experimental measurement of growth patterns on fossil corals: Secular variation in ancient Earth-Sun distances ZHANG WeiJia1,3,4*, LI ZhengBin2,3 & LEI Yang1 1 2 Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; 3 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems & Networks, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; 4 Committee of Yuanpei Honors Program, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Received June 3, 2010; accepted July 22, 2010 In recent years, much attention has been given to the increase in the Earth-Sun distance, with the modern rate reported as 5–15 m/cy on the basis of astronomical measurements. However, traditional methods cannot measure the ancient leaving rates, so a myriad of research attempting to provide explanations were met with unmatched magnitudes. In this paper we consider that the growth patterns on fossils could reflect the ancient Earth-Sun relationships. Through mechanical analysis of both the Earth-Sun and Earth-Moon systems, these patterns confirmed an increase in the Earth-Sun distance. With a large number of well-preserved specimens and new technology available, both the modern and ancient leaving rates could be measured with high precision, and it was found that the Earth has been leaving the Sun...
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...Scientific Inquiry Javier Bryon AIU Online Abstract By using the controlled experimental method we can prove or disprove hypothesis in question. During the experiment we can come to a conclusion on whether further experimentation is needed or other hypothesis need to be implemented to solve a question. Introduction Blue porch ceilings are quite prevalent along the east coast, there are many theories as to why, from keeping evil spirits out of the home to fooling spiders and wasps into thinking that the ceilings are actually the sky. Many old houses around the Victorian and Colonial era bear this color in their porches due to the popularity at the time, but even now the popularity of the color is prevalent. Besides keeping evil spirits from entering the homes and fooling bugs, the blue ceiling reminds the owners of the blue skies even on cloudy days. Hypothesis The blue paint used in the painting of porches of the Victorian and Colonial homes contains an ingredient that repels insects, a natural insecticide used in the popular paint color. Prediction If there is an ingredient that naturally repels insects in the blue paint then the results should be obvious. Painting two porches ceilings one with blue paint and another one with white paint should demonstrate that the one with blue paint is bug free during the time of the experiment. Controlled Experimental Method First three enclosures were built; enclosure number one ceiling is painted sky blue. Enclosure...
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...Testing A Theory PSY/201 May 12, 2013 A couple of years ago, I decided to test a theory on myself by trying to lose fight while gaining more muscle mass. I have heard so many different theories on how to lose fat while gaining muscle mass, but I could not find a good routine that gave me the best results. Before I began my research, I had to think critical about what was causing me to gain fat, and why my workout routine was not as effective on myself as it was for others. I began to search for credible sources on the Internet, so that I can have a better understanding of the relationship between nutrition and the human body. Once my understanding on nutrition was clear, I then began to do research on fat burning and strength conditioning. After my research was complete, I began to test these theories on myself. I created a chart that kept track of each exercise, the amount of repetitions completed, weight loss or gain, and body fat percentage. I used this chart to compare my before and after results within 90 days, and the end results were stunning. I could lower my body fat percentage, and gain more muscle mass, which was exactly what I wanted. The type of informal research that was used to test this theory was experimental research. According to the textbook, Psychology and Your Life, it tells us about experimental research, which states, “Investigator produces a change in one variable to observe the effects of that change on other variables” (Ch. 1, pg. 33)...
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...scientific method was trying to plant roses and trying to keep them alive. I would plant the roses and water them and even planted them in the sun. I would not try to figure out why they would keep dying. If I would have went through and tried fertilizer and tried to figure out why they kept dying then I would have at least came to a conclusion. If I would have found out how to take care of roses and then started to water them the way they are supposed to be watered and gave the roses the fuel they need to live they would not have died. I would have first seen how to take care of roses. Then I would have measured out the water and how much sun they needed and applied that then tested my theory I could have seen if they would have lived. If the roses had died after that then I would have tested other theories to see what works like trying to put fertilizer around the base of the rose bush to see if the ground was not the reason the roses were dying. If the ground does not have enough nutrients then the roses would not have been able to get the food it needed from the...
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...Scientific Method Sharon Childers Unit 1 Individual Project May 5, 2013 Biology American Intercontinental University Biology is the study of life. When studying Biology one will study the way organisms live and their lives. How are humans created? How are cell formed? What is DNA made of? All of these questions are some form of Biology. Even the color of certain birds is a part of Biology. When dealing with the Sciences you will come across the Scientific Method. This method consists of: Question, Hypothesis, Research, Experiment, Analysis and Conclusion. Below we will discuss a question and complete the steps of the Scientific Method to come up with an answer to the question. Question Do ruby-throated hummingbirds prefer some colors more than others when visiting flowers? Hypothesis In my opinion I believe hummingbirds prefer bright colors opposed to darker colors. The hummingbird has a red throat so considering that I would think they prefer red or something similar to red when it comes to picking flowers to visit. Research Ruby-throated Hummingbirds are primarily in the United States. These small birds are hard to find in the sky because they are only 2-3 in and can flap their wings 53 times in one second. That’s kind of hard to believe or even imagine. When it comes to the type of feeder a hummingbird feeds on doesn’t really matter. They tend to eat from any kind of feeder. When it comes to flowers they prefer, red and yellow are their preference...
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...relevant to modern society. Poverty tends to be the greatest ill that plagues the Filipino as a society. The poor ranges from poor, very poor, and to the very, very poor. The topic URBAN POOR was selected from a group of topics given and then given emphasis by the author according to the relevance of this specific group in today's world. Each condition is specifically analyzed in different aspects and parts to further understand the study. In doing so, one will be able to broaden one's ideas and analysis in certain conditions in relation to the topic about Urban poor. This will also have an analysis of their general condition using a theory application- which most probably is CONFLICT THEORY, a theory discussed in class with relation to the Sociological Theories presented. This paper was developed as a requirement and further study of the Sociological Theories presented in class and as a meaningful output of all the lectures and discussions that happened during class. Analysis was done by choosing a theoretical orientation from the ones discussed in class. Students and professionals are the intended audiences of this study. This study will hopefully be of help in the development of concrete analysis and plans not just towards the Sociological development of the urban poor, but of the holistic development as well. The informations contained in this study were based on researches provided by related literature and on- line based sources, more of secondary sources. Sources related...
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...Fuller, Morris, Elwell, W H Kent, and Kohler. There were also many different views on the atonement expressed. One particular author who’s work that stuck out to me was L Morris. Within Morris’ writing it seamed that several views on the atonement were touched. The thing that struck me about all the different viewpoints is while some of the views could seem as if to build off of each other, other views contradicted each other. For instance the Moral Influence theory insists that man’s sin is taken away when he answers in love to Christ’s sacrifice. This Moral Influence theory shares some similarities with the Sacrifice theory, which states that Christ’s sacrifice is the important component in atonement. Another theory that Morris discusses, Atonement as Victory, takes the Sacrifice theory even further and states that God’s strength is the driving force behind the atonement. There were many more theories discussed my Morris and the other authors that can be discussed but it seems to me that none of theses ideas or theories seem to present a solid model that can be steadily applied to the teachings of Scripture. When it comes to Dr. Elmer Towns view of the...
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...personality, most definitions refer to a person’s mental system. This accumulation of psychological collections will include emotions, motives, and thoughts. ”Personality includes all those relatively permanent traits or characteristics that render some consistency to a person’s behavior” (Fiest & Fiest, 2009). Traits among individuals may be unique, mutual with few, or common among an entire species; however, the pattern will always be different for each and every person. People may share similar thoughts, views, etc; but they are still very much unique. The Scientific Approach to Studying Personality When examining theoretical approaches to the study of personality, “people confuse theory with philosophy, speculation, hypothesis, or taxonomy (Fiest & Fiest, 2009. Scientists use theories and detective reasoning to formulate hypothesis that...
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...view will be presented and explained before the author presents his or her own view. Optionally, the author may raise objections to other views on the subject before presenting his or her own view. 2. Proposal of a theory (or principle) which can be used to analyze the case All case analyses must have some theoretical framework on which they are based. Without a framework that illustrates clear behavior-guiding principles, any case analysis will lack compelling support and risk incoherence. 3. Critical analysis of the theory and explanation of why it is superior to alternative theories or principles If the theory has unacceptable flaws, then any case analysis based on that theory or principle will inherit related flaws. Consequently, the author must defend the theory against opposing viewpoints by offering supporting arguments and responding to objections. Any mysterious or puzzling concepts must also be clarified. 4. Application of the theory to the case in question Once the theory or principle has been established and defended, the author analyzes the case using the theory and its core principles as a guide and explains the conclusions that are reached. 5. Critical analysis of the theory’s application to the case in question After analyzing the case using the theory, the author evaluates the...
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...Associationism Learning Theory Psychology is a very complex idea to study. With so many different theories written by many different theorists it is almost impossible to say when and how psychology was started. One of the earliest theories is the associationism learning theory which is known as the beginnings of a cognitive theory. Associationism is a theory that explains how items combine in the mind to produce thoughts and learning. Tracing all the way back to Aristotle, this learning theory is quite easy to understand and has a great history of great minds associated with it. The basis of associationism is quite easy to understand. Items are associated in the mind through a person’s experience. These items then form a thought. For example, we know not to touch a pan coming out of the oven because the pan will be hot, and we know that touching something hot will cause pain, therefore we do not touch the pan. Typically there are four principles of associationism which were assumed to hold true for 2000 years; the law of contiguity, the law of frequency, the law of similarity, and the law of contrast. The law of contiguity states that items that are contiguous in time or space are lined by associations (Lucas, 2002). In other words, things or events that occur close to one another tend to get linked together in the mind. If you see a coffee cup you may think of drinking coffee. Psychologists Edwin Ray Guthrie is remembered for his theory of learning based on association...
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...CRITIQUE PAPER I. Reference: Cabisado, R., Castor, N. G., Estrella, L. J., Flores, S. M., and Tupas, T. R. (2011). “Effects of Instruction on Students’ Expectations in College Physics.” An Undergraduate Thesis, College of Education, West Visayas State University, Iloilo City II. Summary: The experimental study scrutinized the effects of instruction on student’s outlook in College Physics. The subjects of the study were the second year college students taking up Bachelor of Science in Biological Science who were enrolled in College Physics in West Visayas State University for the school year 2010-2011. The researchers identified the teacher’s instruction as the independent variable, and the dependent variable was the expectations of second year college taking up Bachelor of Science in Biological Science, taking into consideration their attitudes, beliefs, and assumptions about College Physics. The study utilized the one-group pretest – posttest design in an experimental study. A Likert-type scale instrument was used as a data gathering instrument. The analysis of data was shown on the descriptive data analysis with the use of the frequency and percentage. The researchers utilized t- Test to determine the significant difference in the expectations of second year students enrolled in college physics before and after teacher’s instruction. The findings of this study revealed the significant effects of instruction on students’ expectations in College Physics. The...
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...WORKING IN THE 21st CENTURY SEMESTER 1 ACADEMIC YEAR 2012/2013 LECTURE 1 Overview of Course Description of Assignment © KAMAL KANT, 2012 1 COURSE OBJECTIVES 1. 2. 3. 4. NEW PARADIGM OF WORK CAREER THEORIES ABOUT UNDERSTANDING YOU LEARN TO WORK IN 21st CENTURY MOTIVATION, LEADERSHIP, TEAMS, INTELLIGENCE & STRESS 5. SUCEEDING IN CAREER 6. CAREER PLANNING AND JOB HUNTING © KAMAL KANT, 2012 SEE COURSE OUTLINE & CONTENTS OF TEXT FOR DETAILS 2 WORKING IN THE 21st CENTURY • 13 lectures. • PowerPoint slides of lectures will be posted at least a day before the lecture. • There is a prescribed text for course • There will be recommended readings. • These [prescribed text & recommended readings] must be read if you hope to do well/pass – applicable to S/U candidates too! © KAMAL KANT, 2012 3 FORMAT OF LECTURE • Tuesday Sessions 4.30 pm to 7.30 pm • Wednesday Sessions 1.30 pm to 4.30 pm. • Schedule during Lectures – About 1 hour LECTURE – 15 min – 20 min BREAK – About 1 hour LECTURE © KAMAL KANT, 2012 • Time at end of lecture for Discussion/ Consultation/Clarification with fellow students/instructor. [There are no tutorials for this course.] 4 • It is an paired assignment [40%]. ASSIGNMENT • The assignment essentially requires you to interview three individuals with at least 15 years of career history; and subsequently answer two questions related to information gained from the interviewees and applying your knowledge of the learning...
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