...Human Digestion Summary Write a 350- to 700-word summary describing the path food follows through the digestive system. Address the following questions in your summary: • What factors affect the amount of time it takes for foods to travel through the digestive tract? • How does digestion occur in each of the following parts of the digestive system? o Mouth o Stomach o Small intestine o Large intestine Note. Include descriptions of other organs or components of the digestive system. • How do proteins, fats, and carbohydrates break down in the digestive system? • What types of food help with digestion? Salivary glands begin the digestive process at the sight and smell of food. After food enters the mouth and is moistened by saliva and chewed by the teeth, it transform into a bolus. Once the bolus leaves the mouth, it moves into the pharynx, where it can be swallowed. The bolus then move from the pharynx into the esophagus, which connects the pharynx to the stomach. Food is partially digested in the stomach; chyme usually empties from the stomach in 2 to 6 hours. The timeframe is determine by the size and type of meal ingested. Through the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are located in close proximity to the stomach, they contribute to the digestive process once the chyme reaches the small intestine. The majority of the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food takes place in the small intestine. The small...
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...Assignment: Human Digestion Summary Kasey Craycraft 2/18/13 SCI/241 Human Digestion Summary The digestive system provides two main functions, absorption and digestion. The main part of the digestive system is the gastrointestinal tract also referred to as the GI tract. This runs all the way from the mouth to the anus, about thirty feet long. The GI tract is made up of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. The transit time is the amount of time it takes for food to pass through the length of the gastrointestinal tract. Transit time normally takes anywhere from twenty-four hours to seventy-two hours. The time it takes is affected by the composition of the diet, physical activity, emotions, medications and illness. Digestion as most know starts in the mouth. Your food is ground up by your teeth and when you are chewing your glands make saliva. Saliva is constantly produced but more is made when we are eating. The saliva softens and moistens the food in our mouth. Enzymes in the saliva help break down food so it is easier to swallow. After the mouth the food then moves through the esophagus to the stomach. By the time the food reaches the stomach it is already made into fat, protein, starch and sugar. The stomach muscles contract and relax about three times a minute. This kind of churns the food mixing it with the powerful digestive juices. This process turns food into a liquid called chime. The chime then moves through...
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...The Human Digestion Summary SCI241 September 4, 2014 Kimberly Johnson The Human Digestion Summary Before telling you what factors affect the amount of time it takes for foods to travel through the digestive tract, and how does digestion occur in each part of the digestion system, how proteins, fats, and carbohydrates break down in the digestive system, and what types of food help with digestion; I'm going to first tell you what the digestion system is and what it is made up of. Per the NDDIC (National Digestive Disease Information Clearinghouse), "Digestion works by moving food through the GI tract. Digestion begins in the mouth with chewing and ends in the small intestine. As food passes through the GI tract, it mixes with digestive juices, causing large molecules of food to break down into smaller molecules. The body then absorbs these smaller molecules through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream, which delivers them to the rest of the body. Waste products of digestion pass through the large intestine and out of the body as a solid matter called stool". (NIH Publication No. 13-2681, 2013). Knowing all of that now I can tell you more about the digestion system. You may be wondering how long does it take for food to pass through your GI track; well let's just say it's up to your body on how fast it wants' to pass the intake through. Having knowledge from working in Colon and Rectal Surgery it overall take the normal person anywhere from one to three...
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...Human Digestion Summary SCI/241 December 6, 2014 Human Digestion Summary Digestion is the action in which the body breaks down food into molecules that can be used for substance to nourish the body. There are different organs in the body that are involved in the digestion process. These organs include; the mouth, the esophagus, the stomach, small intestines, liver and large intestine. Each one of these organs plays a significant you in the body’s digestion process (Shifko, 2014). The digestion process starts before the food actually enters the mouth. The smells that are inhaled from the food cause the mouth to produce saliva, which contains the compounds and enzymes that start to break down the food after it has entered the mouth. The food is then chewed down in to small particles so that the saliva and the enzymes can go to work. After the food is chewed it is then swallowed and starts to pass down the esophagus. According to the Cleveland Clinic, the esophagus is a muscular tube that transports the food that has been chewed to the stomach. In order for the food to be carried down the esophagus and to the stomach there are a series of contractions performed by the esophagus, this process is known as the peristalsis (Shifko, 2014). Once in the stomach, there are two different functions that must take place during the digestion process. The stomach resembles a large pouch with muscular walls. The wall of the stomach is where the food is held and it also acts...
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...J0hn smith University of Phoenix Human Digestion Summary Sc1241 Describe digestion in the mouth Digestion of food in the mouth start the process from the time the food touches your lips down to your stomach. When you have food in your plate and ready to eat, first thing that happens you see the food, then you can smell the food depend of what kind of food it is. Then you put the food in your mouth your saliva glands begin the digestive process as it moistened by saliva, the tongue helps mixed the food with saliva and ids in chewing by moving the food between teeth and masticated by the teeth, then the food transform into a bolus which is a mass of food that has been chewed at the point of swallowing. Once the bolus leaves your mouth, the food moves into the pharynx so it could be swallowed, then the bolus moves into the esophagus, which connects to the stomach. Describe digestion in the stomach Digestion in the stomach start after the bolus passes the esophagus and reaches the stomach where the bolus mixed with acid secretions that transform the bolus into a semiliquid food mass that is call chime. Depend on the size of the food you ate or the kind of food you ate your stomach digest the chime in two to six hours. Describe digestion in the small intestine In the small intestine is where the majority of digestion and absorption of nutrients from food happens and it is divided in three parts, known as the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. Secretion...
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...AQA GCSE Biology – Unit 2 summary notes AQA GCSE Biology Summary Notes For Unit B2 Exam Tuesday th May 13 2014 Page 1 AQA GCSE Biology – Unit 2 summary notes B2.1 Cells and Cell Structures Summary All living things are made up of cells. The structures of different types of cells are related to their functions. To get into or out of cells, dissolved substances have to cross the cell membranes. Cells Cells are the smallest unit of life. All living things are made of cells. Most human cells, like most other animal cells, have the following parts: o nucleus o cytoplasm o cell membrane o mitochondria o ribosomes Plant and algal cells also have: o cell wall o chloroplasts o permanent vacuole What do these structures do? Nucleus – controls the activities of the cell. Cytoplasm – where most of the chemical reactions take place. Cell membrane - controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell. Mitochondria - where most energy is released in respiration. Page 2 AQA GCSE Biology – Unit 2 summary notes Ribosomes - where protein synthesis occurs. Cell wall – made of cellulose and strengthens plant cells. Chloroplasts - absorb light energy to make food in plant cells. Permanent vacuole - filled with cell sap in plant cells. Yeast Yeast is a single-celled organism. The cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm and a membrane surrounded by a cell wall. Bacteria Bacterium is a single-celled organism. A bacterial cell consists of cytoplasm and a membrane...
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...Assignment: Human Digestion Summary Suehaydee Figueroa SCI/241 NUTRITION Professor Tiera Pack Lawyer March 21, 2013 The human digestive system is a complex series of organs and glands that processes food. In order to use the food we eat, our body has to break the food down into smaller molecules that it can process; it also has to excrete waste. Most of the digestive organs (like the stomach and intestines) are tube-like and contain the food as it makes its way through the body. The digestive system is essentially a long, twisting tube that runs from the mouth to the anus, plus a few other organs (like the liver and pancreas) that produce or store digestive chemicals. The start of the process starts with the mouth. The digestive process begins in the mouth. Food is partly broken down by the process of chewing and by the chemical action of salivary enzymes. These enzymes are produced by the salivary glands and break down starches into smaller molecules. On the way to the stomach: the esophagus - After being chewed and swallowed, the food enters the esophagus. The esophagus is a long tube that runs from the mouth to the stomach. It uses rhythmic, wave-like muscle movements (called peristalsis) to force food from the throat into the stomach. This muscle movement gives us the ability to eat or drink even when we're upside-down. In the stomach - The stomach is a large, sack-like organ that churns the...
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...SCI/241 | Human Digestion Summary | Week 7 Assignment | | Ashley Searcy | 8/23/2012 | The digestive system is a group of organs and glands that processes food and makes it absorbable by the body. It starts at the mouth and ends with the colon. There are many parts of the digestive system including the esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Food begins getting broken down in the mouth as we chew, mixing the food with saliva. Saliva is secreted by the Salivary Glands, found in and around your mouth and throat. It is 98 percent water but it also contains electrolytes, mucus, and antibacterial compounds. The next step of the digestive system is the esophagus. It is a tube that transports the food to our stomach. When food gets to the stomach it is broken down further by chemicals known as gastric juices. The digestive juices are secreted by glands in the stomach lining. It contains hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, and other digestive enzymes. Once the food has been broken down for 3 to 4 hours it moves towards the small intestine. On the way it is mixed with more chemicals from the liver know as bile which is stored in the gall bladder. Bile breaks down fat found in foods into small droplets. The pancreas also releases digestive juices into the small intestine to help break down food after it has left the stomach. The enzymes are trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, and Lipase. The small intestine is where most of the chemical digestion takes place; it is about 22 feet...
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...Human Digestive Summary Paula sims August 4, 2012 SCI/241 Misty Milburn The digestive system provides two major functions, digestion and absorption. Foods must be digested in order for their nutrients to be absorbed. Saliva glands begin the digestive process at the sight and smell of food. After food enters the mouth and is moisten by saliva and chewed by the teeth, it transforms into bolus. Once the bolus leaves the mouth, it moves to the pharynx where it can be swallowed. The bolus then moves from the pharynx in to the esophagus, which connects the pharynx to the stomach. Once the bolus reaches the stomach it is mixed with acid secretions to transform the bolus into chime, which is a semiliquid food mass. Food is partially digested in the stomach, and chime empties in two to three hours depending on the size and type of food ingested. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas all contribute to the digestion process once the chime reaches the small intestine. The large majority of nutrient absorption from food takes place in the small intestine. The small intestine is divided in to three parts, duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum. Secretions of bile from the liver and gallbladder help with the digestion and absorption of fat, while the digestive enzymes and bicarbonate secretions from the pancreas aid in the digestive process. Materials not absorbed in the small intestine enter the large intestine through a sphincter...
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...Summary of the Anatomy of the Frog As in other higher vertebrates, the frog body may be divided into a head, a short neck, and a trunk. The flat head contains the brain, mouth, eyes, ears, and nose. A short, almost rigid neck permits only limited head movement. The stubby trunk forms walls for a single body cavity, the coelom (Anatomy of the Frog). All the frog's internal organs--including the heart, the lungs, and all organs of digestion--are held in this single hollow space (Anatomy of the Frog). The Skeleton and Muscles The frog's body is supported and protected by a bony framework called the skeleton. The skull is flat, except for an expanded area that encases the small brain. Only nine vertebrae make up the frog's backbone, or vertebral column. The human backbone has 24 vertebrae. The frog has no ribs (Anatomy of the Frog). The frog does not have a tail. Only a spike like bone, the urostyle, remains as evidence that primitive frogs probably had tails. The urostyle, or "tail pillar," is a downward extension of the vertebral column (Anatomy of the Frog). The shoulders and front legs of the frog are somewhat similar to man's shoulders and arms. The frog has one "forearm" bone, the radio-ulna. Man has two forearm bones, the radius and the ulna. Both frog and man have one "upper arm" bone, the humerus (Anatomy of the Frog). The hind legs of the frog are highly specialized for leaping. The single "shinbone" is the tibiofibula. Man has two lower leg bones, the tibia...
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...IB Biology Topic 6 Human Health and Physiology Introduction – The human body is composed of cells organize into tissues, tissues organized into organs and organs organized into an organ system. This chapter will cover some of the major organ systems of the boy and how those organ systems interact with each other = physiology. 6.1 Digestion Why do we digest food? – Here is the series of the events in order: ~Ingestion: You eat the food. ~Digestion: A series of chemical reactions, whereby you convert the ingested foot to smaller and smaller molecular forms. ~Absorption: Small molecular forms are absorbed through cells of your digestive system and pass into nearby blood or lymphatic vessels ~Transport: Your circulatory system delivers the small molecular nutrients to your body cells. Digestion solves a problem of molecular size. – Many of the foods we ingest have very large molecules –to large to pass across any cell membrane. – In order to get into our bloodstream, molecules must pass through the cell membranes of our intestines and then through the cell membrane of the capillary. Therefore any food we eat must be chemically digested to a suitable size. (Page 165) Digestion allows you to turn molecules into ‘your own’ – Plant cells characteristically store excess carbohydrates in the form of starch whereas animals store excess carbohydrates as glycogen. – Each type of living organism has its...
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...Protein digestion Protein metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of proteins and amino acids, and the breakdown of proteins (and other large molecules, too) by catabolism.Dietary proteins are first broken down to individual amino acids by various enzymes and hydrochloric acid present in the gastro-intestinal tract.[1] These amino acids are further broken down to α-keto acids which can be recycled in the body for generation of energy, and production of glucose or fat or other amino acids. This break-down of amino acids to α-keto acids occurs in the liver by a process known as transamination Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes however are mostly secreted as their inactive precursors, the zymogens. For example, trypsin is secreted by pancreas in the form of trypsinogen, which is activated in the duodenum by enterokinase to form trypsin. Trypsin then cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides. Protein metabolism is dependent on a vast number of endogenous mediators. These mediators define the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes. Insulin is the major anabolic hormone and also has an important role in amino acid and protein homeostasis. During injury and...
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...low-fat yogurt made by Danone, part of the Danone Group a company from France. Danone Activia contains Bifidis Regularis, which is a probiotic that helps regulate your digestive system. Danone Activia is available in seven different flavours and varieties. As told Activia is available in seven different flavours and varieties. The 113 grams Yogurt flavour packages are available in strawberry, vanilla, peach, blueberry, prune, cherry, mixed berry, strawberry-banana and raspberry. The yogurt is also available in a light variant. The probiotic, Bifidis Regularis, is a microorganisms which is alive. These microorganisms are known as good bacteria and can be found in food and supplements. They are essential in protection against disease, digestion and a proper development of the immune system. Because the Bifidis Regularis is a unique probiotic that is developed by the Danone Group, Activia is the only product in the world that contains Bifidis Regularis. The Danone Group says that the Bifidis Regularis arrives in the colon as a live microorganisms, this makes it possible that Bifidis...
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... | | |College of Natural Sciences | | |SCI/241 Version 6 | | |Nutrition | Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course introduces students to the world of human nutrition. Students examine the components included in a healthy, balanced diet and develop strategies to meet their changing nutritional needs throughout the various stages of life. Specific topics for the course include the digestion process, functions and health benefits of specific nutrients, weight management and fitness, and the effects of nutritional deficiencies. Policies Faculty and students will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality...
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...difficulties to walk (kuru, GSS). • Brain stem: In the mad cow disease (BSE), the brain stem is affected. 3 Formation Of A Prion (in the cell) α-helix β-sheet Conformational change PrPSc Normal protein (folded structure) PrPC Aggregation Gain of toxic activity Loss of biological function Disease-associated protein (misfolded structure) PrPC The normal protein is called PrPC (for cellular) is a transmembrane glycoprotein (neurons, lymphocytes); its function is unknown; it binds Cu2+ (regulation its homeostasis) PrPSc The abnormal, disease-producing protein is called PrPSc (for scrapie) has the same amino acid sequence (primary structure) is monomeric and easily digested by proteases is multimeric and resistant to digestion by proteases When PrPSc comes in contact with PrPC, it converts the PrPC into more of itself These molecules bind to each other forming aggregates PrPC and PrPSc are isoforms (different forms of the same protein). Molecular models of the structure of: PrPC Predominantly α-helix (3) PrPSc β-sheets (40%), α-helix (30%) Yeast prions Prion-like proteins behaving in a similar way to PrP are found in some fungi. They have domains rich in asparagine and glutamine residues (important for the prion...
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