...Human resource accounting Human Resource Accounting is a method to measure the effectiveness of personnel management activities and the use of people in an organization. Historical cost approach This approach is developed by Brummet, Flamholtz and Pyle but the first attempt towards employee valuation made by R. G. Barry Corporation of Columbus, Ohio in the year 1967. This method measures the organization’s investment in employees using the five parameters: recruiting, acquisition; formal training and, familiarization; informal training, Informal familiarization; experience; and development. The costs were amortized over the expected working lives of individuals and unamortized costs (for example, when an individual left the firm) were written off. Limitations * The valuation method is based on false assumption that the dollar is stable. * Since the assets cannot be sold there is no independent check of valuation. * This method measures only the costs to the organization but ignores completely any measure of the value of the employee to the organization (Cascio 3). Replacement Cost approach This approach measures the cost of replacing an employee. According to Likert (1985) replacement cost include recruitment, selection, compensation, and training cost (including the income foregone during the training period). The data derived from this method could be useful in deciding whether to dismiss or replace the staff. Limitations * Substitution of replacement...
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...Human Resource Accounting Human Resource Accounting (HRA) means to measure the cost and value of the people (i.e. of employees and managers) in the organisation. It measures the cost incurred to recruit, hire, train and develop employees and managers. HRA also finds out the present economic value of its employees and managers. After measuring the cost and value of its employees and managers, the organisation prepares a report. This report is called HRA Report. It is shown to the top level management. It can also be shown to the employees, managers and outside investors. Methods of HRA There are many different methods of HRA, some of which are:- 1. Actual Cost Method, 2. Replacement Cost Method, 3. Standard Cost method, etc. Advantages of HRA Benefits, objectives, advantages of human resource accounting HRA:- 1. Information for manpower planning HRA provides useful information about the cost and value of human resources. It shows the strengths and weakness of the human resources. All this information helps the managers in planning and making the right decisions about human resources. Thus HRA provides useful information for Manpower Planning and Decision Making. 2. Information for making personnel policies HRA provides useful information for making suitable personnel policies about promotion, favourable working environment, job satisfaction of employees, etc. 3. Utilisation of human resources HRA helps the organisation to make the best utilisation of human...
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...Human Resource Accounting Human Resource Accounting Literatur Review To measure human value as a part of the goodwill, HRA was introduced in the accounting literature in the 1960s (Flamholtz, 1985). In 1968 Brummet, Flamholtz & Pyle used the term “human resource accounting” for the first time. In 1973 the American Accounting Association’s Committee on Human Resource Accounting defined HRA as “the process of identifying and measuring data about human resources and communicating this information to interested parties. It provides information about human resource costs and values, serves to facilitate to decision making, and motivates decision makers to adopt a human resource perspective (Sackmann et al., 1989,). Research to examine the way in which human resource variables affect the efficiency of firms could be performed in a number of ways including analyzing the association between different aspects of human resources and firm performance (Bassi & McMurrer, 1998; Boudreau & Ramstad, 1997; Grojer, 1998). Looking at different proposals (Conner, 1991), the resource theory considers human resources in a more explicit way. This theory considers that the competitive position of a firm depends on its specific and not duplicated assets. The most specific (and not duplicated) asset that an enterprise has is its personnel. It takes advantage of their interdependent knowledge. That would explain why some firms are more productive than others. With the same technology, a solid human...
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...HUMAN RESOURCE ACCOUNTING Definition Assigning, budgeting, and reporting the cost of human resources incurred in an organization, including wages and salaries and training expenses. Measurement in HRA The biggest challenge in HRA is that of assigning monetary values to different dimensions of HR costs, investments and the worth of employees. The two main approaches usually employed for this are: 1. The cost approach which involves methods based on the costs incurred by the company, with regard to an employee. 2. The economic value approach which includes methods based on the economic value of the human resources and their contribution to the company’s gains. This approach looks at human resources as assets and tries to identify the stream of benefits flowing from the asset. The methods for calculating the economic value of individuals may be classified into monetary and non-monetary methods. Monetary Measures for assessing Individual Value a) Flamholtz’s model of determinants of Individual Value to Formal Organizations According to Flamholtz, the value of an individual is the present worth of the services that he is likely to render to the organization in future. As an individual moves from one position to another, at the same level or at different levels, the profile of the services provided by him is likely to change. The present cumulative...
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...There are several important organizational departments involved in running a business. Three of which are accounting, human resources (HR), and management and they are all important and beneficial to businesses. These organizational departments help in handling the company's needs and assist in allowing them to run efficiently. Each one of these departments is considered an individual business unit with each one being of vital importance to a business’s overall success. Each unit or department has key functions that assist and advice businesses to help them maintain efficient operations. Accounting is a department that is considered to be the backbone of businesses. There are two areas of accounting. One area is called financial accounting which has financial information that businesses make available for the use of the general public, such as customers, creditors, stockholders, and suppliers. Secondly, there is managerial accounting of which provides financial information to managers, supervisors, and department heads so that they can make important business decisions. The accounting department sets up, audits, and maintains financial information for businesses that determines the businesses economic conditions and stability levels (College Grad.com, 2010). The human resources (HR) department is responsible for overseeing the hiring, performance, and termination of employees (Pay Scale, 2010). This department plans, analyzes, assists, and reviews job related issues...
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...ACCOUNTING vs. HUMAN RESOURCES Research, Comparison, and Recommendation Irina Mashevsky DeVry University Contents Introduction 1 The purpose of the report 1 Report organization 1 Sources and methods 1 Job overview 2 Accounting 2 Job description 2 Working environment and hours 2 Human Resources 2 Job description 2 Working environment and hours 2 Job requirements 3 Accounting 3 Skills and personality traits 3 Education/Training 3 Human Resources 3 Skills and personality traits 3 Education/Training 3 Employment outlook 4 Accounting 4 Current statistics 4 Salary 4 Future predictions 4 Related occupations 4 Human Resources 5 Current statistics 5 Salary 5 Future predictions 5 Related occupations 5 Job satisfaction 6 Conclusion 6 Summary 7 References 8 Introduction On average people spend 40-50 years and even longer in the work force, which makes the choice of the career path one of the most important in our lives. A satisfying career can be a source of financial security, benefits, and gives a great sense of accomplishment. This decision requires a lot of thought and research. To make the best choice possible it is important to choose a career that is compatible with an individual’s personality, capability, and background, has the opportunity for professional growth, and requires a practical amount of education and training. The purpose of the report The purpose of this report is to present, analyze, and evaluate two career choices...
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...HUMAN RESOURCE COSTING AND ACCOUNTING VERSUS THE BALANCED SCORECARD: A LITERATURE SURVEY OF EXPERIENCE WITH THE CONCEPTS1 Ulf Johanson, Gunilla Eklöv, Mikael Holmgren, Maria Mårtensson2 6FKRRO RI %XVLQHVV 6WRFNKROP 8QLYHUVLW\ à Uurà rrà wrpà và rà sà rr hyà i wrpà và urà H@SDUVHà Hrh vtà Dhtviyrà à Vqr hqà hq D rÃDhvà Hhhtrrà wrpà Uurà hvà sà urà H@SDUVHà wrpà và à vrvthrà vivyvvrà à rh r hqà r à vhtviyrà 6à urà rrà vrà vrà vr vvrà hqà rrh puà vvrà và và @ rhà p vr 9rh xÃAvyhqà A hprà I hà Thvà hqà Trqrà h rà h vpvhvtà và urà wrpà 6h à s à svhpvhyà s ÃurÃ@ rhÃ8vvÃsqvtÃsÃurÃTrqvuÃqvrÃh rÃihvrqÃs ÃurÃP@89ÃurÃTrqvuÃ8pvyÃs X xÃGvsrÃSrrh puÃIrxÃurÃTrqvuÃHvv ÃsÃU hqrÃhqÃDq ÃhqÃurÃTrqvuÃQiyvpÃSryhvÃ6pvhv 6Ãs r Ãr vÃsÃuvÃhr ÃhÃqryvr rqÃÃurÃP@89Ãvà ((' ÃUurÃhu ÃhÃÃuhxÃGrÃTuhÃhqÃHhvÃTxtÃs ÃvtvsvphÃp vivÃÃurà rrÃhr +XPDQ 5HVRXUFH &RVWLQJ DQG $FFRXQWLQJ YV WKH %DODQFHG 6FRUHFDUG $%675$&7 In the present paper conclusions are drawn from literature whose goal was to put information on intangibles into financial and non-financial frameworks. The analysis primarily focuses on two concepts: The human resource management oriented concept called Human...
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...There is much debate as to whether the human resources of an organization can be considered as an asset and treated accordingly in the accounting system. There are two schools of thought. One says that human resource is an asset and the other does not agree with this. Now let us see what is an asset? Asset is anything which is owned by the entity to derive service in future and should have legally enforceable claim. As such there is no guarantee of deriving benefits from the existing Human resources in future and has no sales value like other assets. Therefore, legally, human resource is not an asset claims one school of thought. Besides, company law also does not consider it as an asset. But the other school is of the opinion that the "human...
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...Answers Professional Level – Options Module, Paper P4 Advanced Financial Management 1 December 2010 Answers Up to 4 professional marks are available for the presentation of the answer, which should be in a report style. The decision should be taken in the best interests of the shareholders and other stakeholders of the company. Obviously all the input numbers should be considered on basis of their reasonableness and accuracy. Hence the positions of the interested parties will be considered on this basis. 1. Cease Trading and Liquidate the Company This is probably not in the best interest of any party. Debt holders only receive 55·7c for every $1 invested and the shareholders receive nothing (see appendix, proposal 1). Furthermore, the parts division is continuing to make a profit and should possibly continue. The Board may want to consider closing just the fridge division, and focusing on the parts manufacturing division, with the possibility of pursuing the option of the mobile refrigeration business. However, in this case, the problem of the lack of funding might continue. 2. Corporate Restructuring and Management Buy-Out Shareholders The shareholders would benefit from either proposal two or three, as opposed to the first proposal, as they stand to gain some funds. The restructuring proposal requires them to pay $40m cash for new shares but lose their control of the company (the shareholding falls to just under 13%). On the other hand the statement of financial position...
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...Microfinance is usually understood to entail the provision of financial services to micro-entrepreneurs and small businesses, which lack access to banking and related services due to the high transaction costs associated with serving these client categories. The two main mechanisms for the delivery of financial services to such clients are (1) relationship-based banking for individual entrepreneurs and small businesses; and (2) group-based models, where several entrepreneurs come together to apply for loans and other services as a group. In some regions, for example Southern Africa, microfinance is used to describe the supply of financial services to low-income employees, which however is closer to the retail finance model prevalent in mainstream banking. For some, microfinance is a movement whose object is "a world in which as many poor and near-poor households as possible have permanent access to an appropriate range of high quality financial services, including not just credit but also savings, insurance, and fund transfers."[1] Many of those who promote microfinance generally believe that such access will help poor people out of poverty. For others, microfinance is a way to promote economic development, employment and growth through the support of micro-entrepreneurs and small businesses. Microfinance is a broad category of services, which includes microcredit. Microcredit is provision of credit services to poor clients. Although microcredit is one of the aspects of microfinance...
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...Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol.4, No.18, 2013 www.iiste.org Problem with Human Resource Accounting and A Possible Solution Md. Mustafizur Rahaman1* Md. Amzad Hossain2 Tabassum Akter3 1. Lecturer, Department of Accounting, Bangladesh University of Business & Technology (BUBT), Mirpur-2, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh 2. Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, East West University, Plot No-A/2, Jahurul Islam City, Aftabnagar Main Rd, Dhaka 1219, Bangladesh 3. Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Prime University, Dar-Us-Salam Rd, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh * E-mail of the corresponding author: mustafizmamun09@gmail.com Abstract The idea of Human Resource Accounting (HRA) has been a debatable issue by academicians, accountants and standards setters universally. This study critically assesses the concept of HRA in order to unveil its strengths and weaknesses. Descriptive and content analyses were used in collecting data through documented texts, journal articles and other publications. The existing models proffered under the HRA were adequately reviewed and objectively criticized so that more comprehensive could be developed. The study revealed that the conceptualization of HRA, the ideas incorporated therein, and arguments are good for the accounting profession and corporate financial reporting. But the existing models yet proposed are not in a state to implement HRA practice worldwide. Hence this paper proposes...
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...summary of the business systems needed for effective management. Technical Team Bravo will begin with an overview of the current systems that exist in the areas of Finance and Accounting, Payroll and Human Resources, Information Technology, and Sales and Marketing. For each area covered, Technical Team Bravo will describe the business systems and subsystems used, identify who uses them, identify interrelations between business systems and subsystems, and include any noted disparities. Technical Team Bravo will conclude with a summary of suggestions for a systems plan to improve management (Smith Services Consulting Inc., 2011). Accounting Systems Riordan Manufacturing currently has six Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP) systems throughout four locations. These servers are accessed at the local level by 16 clients (PC’s.) The current challenge to management is the disparate systems and inconsistencies with respect to reporting capabilities and collaboration. Management needs to consolidate these systems into one Cloud-Based ERP/MRP solution that can handle real-time inventory management controls, and comprehensive, robust reporting tools. The San Jose office has an ERP and MRP system that handles inventory and supply chain management adequately as well as accounting, general ledger transactions, financial statement, payroll accounts payable and receivables, and reporting tools. This application’s license does not include source code that...
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...Role of the Finance Director The finance director is a key member of the board of directors fulfilling a crucial and complex role. The role of the finance director varies according to the size of the company involved. However, in general, he or she oversees all financial aspects of company strategy and is responsible for the flow of financial information to the chief executive, the board and, where necessary, external parties such as investors or financial institutions. What Are the Duties of a Finance Director? They are in charge of company finances, or work with the executive in charge of finance to make sure the company remains as profitable as possible. Financial directors typically have a degree and professional experience in accounting or finance. * Approve Company Budgets: Finance directors are responsible for approving all company related budget plans. Project managers who create project plans typically also include a proposed budget for the project. It is the duty of a financial director to review and approve of the budget based on available company budget and potentially profitability from the project. Financial directors also approve proposed annual or quarterly budgets for various departments in the company, such as marketing or development. Department or project managers should communicate regularly with financial directors to ensure their particular department or project remains on budget as work progresses. * Forecast Revenue: Financial directors...
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...Corporation Accounting & Finance Department Plan Human Resources Department Plan Melanie Hanson Patrick Blessinger Bus3011 Spring 2014 Table of Contents 3. Executive Summary 4. Human Resources Description 4. Accounting and Finance Description 4. Human Resources Purpose Statement 4. Accounting and Finance Purpose Statement 5. Human Resources Goals and Activities 5. Accounting and Finance Goals and Activities 5. Management Goals and Activities 6. Human Resources Organizational Structure 6. Accounting and Finance Organizational Structure 6. Management Organizational Structure 7. Human Resources Interview 7. Accounting and Finance Interview 7. Management Interview 8. Human Resources Performance Standards 8. Accounting and Finance Performance Standards 8. Management Performance Standards 9. Conclusion 10. Accounting and Finance Organizational Chart 11. Human Resources Organizational Chart 12. Accounting and Finance Strategic Alignment Worksheet 15. Human Resources Strategic Alignment Worksheet Executive Summary The Atha Corporation is a company based on strong ethical standards and beliefs. In order to ensure these beliefs are enforced we have taken measures to revamp our company for the better. With the extra funds we have received from a partner, we will be able to expand our company to double the previous year’s sales. To do this we will need to make drastic changes in all departments, especially in Human Resources and Accounting and Finance...
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...Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol.4, No.18, 2013 www.iiste.org Problem with Human Resource Accounting and A Possible Solution Md. Mustafizur Rahaman1* Md. Amzad Hossain2 Tabassum Akter3 1. Lecturer, Department of Accounting, Bangladesh University of Business & Technology (BUBT), Mirpur-2, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh 2. Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, East West University, Plot No-A/2, Jahurul Islam City, Aftabnagar Main Rd, Dhaka 1219, Bangladesh 3. Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Prime University, Dar-Us-Salam Rd, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh * E-mail of the corresponding author: mustafizmamun09@gmail.com Abstract The idea of Human Resource Accounting (HRA) has been a debatable issue by academicians, accountants and standards setters universally. This study critically assesses the concept of HRA in order to unveil its strengths and weaknesses. Descriptive and content analyses were used in collecting data through documented texts, journal articles and other publications. The existing models proffered under the HRA were adequately reviewed and objectively criticized so that more comprehensive could be developed. The study revealed that the conceptualization of HRA, the ideas incorporated therein, and arguments are good for the accounting profession and corporate financial reporting. But the existing models yet proposed are not in a state to implement HRA practice worldwide. Hence this paper proposes...
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