...ratify an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex" (“Equal Rights Amendment (1972)”). That was the most descriptive sentence on what the ERA proposed to ratify in the U.S. Constitution in order to really achieve gender equality. Females had minimal political representation, almost no educational access, very low earnings, and were deprived of their own corporal liberties (Bodenner). These injustices were mostly based on the fact that women were seen as irrational, irresponsible and dependent of men in many aspects such as the economic one (Bodenner). These prejudices and old-fashioned ways of thinking not only interfered with the recognition of women’s basic and human rights, but also undermined the nation’s commitment to human dignity, freedom and democracy (“Executive Order Establishing the President's Commission on the Status of Women (1961)”). It is thus fair and humane to affirm that the Equal Rights Amendment had to be added to the Constitution. The ERA’s ratification was the correct way to proceed for America as a righteous and free nation. Laws in a country should not be gender-addressed; they should instead treat citizens as individuals (Bodenner). Wilma Scott Heide wrote, “One must wonder if the women in European and other countries are somehow biologically different from U.S. women.” Conveying with such quote that the problem of women’s rights was not a globalized...
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...over’ Lec. 3 What is the State? Concepts from the Lecture: Treaty of Westphalia Social Contract Legal-institutionalism Branches of State Levels of State Elitism Pluralism Additional Concepts from the Texts: Night Watchman State Neo-liberal state Welfare State Liberal Democracy Lec. 4 The State: Power, Authority, and Sovereignty Concepts from the Lectures and Readings: Power Authority Sovereignty Weber’s Typology of Authority Concepts from Readings: See Lec. 3 concepts Lec. 5 Political Ideologies: Liberalism Concepts from the Lecture Ideology Left vs. Right ideologies John Locke/ Two Treatises of Government J.S. Mill/ On Liberty Tenets of Liberalism Welfare Liberalism vs. Libertarianism Concepts from Readings The Republic State of nature Tyranny of the majority Harm Principle ‘Politics as a Vocation’ Equality Rights Lec. 6 Republicanism, Conservatism and Socialism Concepts from the Lecture Republicanism Roman ‘Res publica’ Jean Jacques Rousseau Edmund Burke / Reflections on...
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...Human beings are like the boon on the Earth and they are armed with an invincible power of intellectuality to protect their own life as well as the planet where they live. Each human being should understand the value of his/her life. They are supposed to take certain corrective actions with some intervals to generate adequate comfort level for all living creatures. The situation becomes paradoxical when the opposite of it turns up where a human being is neither able to protect his own life nor others. Since the beginning of the life on Earth, it has been normally seen that anarchic forces emerge sometimes and they become brutal destroyers of innocent lives. Anarchy or dictatorship comes with political and economic power. Those who manage to...
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...countries criminals have to await for their fateful death for as long as 10 years even after their execution is finalized by court. So, every day they wake up in the terror of death. This hinders their psychology as well as seriously affect their mental health. The United Nations Declaration of Human Rights states 'No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment'. When a criminal is killed his human rights are violated. No doubt, he is guilty but wouldn't jail and dungeons be enough for punishment? Sometimes, many innocent people are sentenced to death because of human errors and/or legal discrepancies. Execution is finalized from the trial, examination of evidences, and so on which allows room for human errors. For instance, in the USA 130 people sentenced to death have been found innocent since 1973 and are released from death row after they received the irrevocable punishment. Many people have been scapegoats in other countries as well. What about the value of life of such victims? What about the mental distress of their family members? Nobody cares. Isn't that beyond tenet to kill somebody for the crime that they have not committed? Human beings are fallible. They often make...
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...spectrum. Besides that, the human rights movement have expanded to different demographics such as white children, women and other minorities. For instance, Martin Luther King’s freedom movement centralizes on integration between races for the benefit of the nation in achieving the same national values. However, Malcolm X insisted black people to be independent and determine to fight for their rights, relying on one’s effort. Secondly, the War Poverty introduced by the Johnson Administration differs from the New Deal as it displayed interventions on a personal level. The denial of direct aid in eradicating poverty is replaced by long terms initiatives such as providing people with new skills, motivating through job training, education and giving access to community programs. Furthermore, the emergence of middle class white people known as The New Left narrowed its concerns regarding the institution from a psychological aspect; powerlessness. The Port Huron Statement emphasized, despite the democratic structure, we are powerless in determining the country’s direction. They sought a democracy that encourages individual participation and awareness that our share in social decision should not be obligated or distracted by the Cold War propaganda when the money can be used in eliminating poverty instead of spending on military expenses. Lastly, the Second Wave Feminism reflected the rise of new women rights which expanded towards...
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...MKTG MGT 2 ROMERO Last meeting we watch the movie about the life of Oscar Romero an archbishop of El Salvador. For me I little understand this film and I think that the whole plot of the film has struck me as important and significant as a catholic and as a human being. And another one is when people are still faithful to the church even though they know that the government is against them through this their faith in god is tested. The church began to help the people. The other priests elected Romero thinking that he wouldn’t make any waves. I would think that they want the person in their position to be strong in their beliefs. Another one that struck me is many people is in the church because they attend the mass. This film is like the martial law and many people are runaway he started a revolution without guns without fear. Romero was shot on 24 March 1980 while celebrating mass at a small chapel located in a hospital called "La Divine Providence", one day after a sermon in which he had called on Salvadoran soldiers, as charismas, to obey God's higher order and to stop carrying out the government's repression and violations of basic human rights. When the priests are already in the church after a while the church was complicated and the people are going outside them runaway. As I understand the situation of the person on the film is they sacrifice and Many people were killed by gunfire and in the stampede of people running away from...
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...-In the western nations , there are many the second or third generation of Muslims who make quite an effort to assimilate to the local society, but due to their religion, in vain. To them, Muslim immigrants could not acquire the local recognition; hence, religion is the way for them to pursue the identification. Thus, a large portion of the ISIS is consisted of these people from western world, and the western countries should take a fair responsibility for the chaos they have caused in their hometown. 3. Thinking of the profits in the Middle East, the western countries stirred Arab Spring up, leading to the collapse of strongman regime, as well as the disorder in the new "democracy" nation. -Since the Arab Spring occurred in 2010, the wave of democratic and economic revolution emerged across the...
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...resources and the extreme poverty in Africa, in this essay we will focus on the issues intrinsically related to people’s fundamental and inalienable right to mobility. One of the most concerning problem related to people’s mobility is the growing number of illegal immigrants who struggle their way to Europe in search of a better standard of living and freedom. These people had been desperately pushed to abandon their countries and traverse the world, no matter the risks and the adversities they would have to endure. In order to control the increasing number of immigrants, more and more countries in Europe are denying the fundamental right to mobility and equal opportunities to justice and dignity by closing their doors and imposing restrictive laws. The results have been disastrous: thousands and thousands of preventable deaths of clandestine migrants drowned before reaching European’s soil. All countries of the European Union should move towards more sensible immigration laws: to open their frontiers to migrants who will provide Europe with the needed labour force and to create a data system to register aspiring immigrants’ professional and education profile so as to direct them towards the most suitable job opportunity as well as the employer with the work force needed. Another worrying issue related to immigration is the growing wave of intolerance and discrimination on European ground. The EU will have to fight, firmly against all forms of discrimination and xenophobic attitudes...
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...1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Research Problem Much attention has been given to the dangerous work of journalists in conflict zones where they are vulnerable to kidnappings, death by crossfire or by murder. Since the onset of the U.S. led war on terror, no one has been spared by print, radio and television news accounts of the many local and international journalists being physically harmed and gruesomely killed, with Iraq contributing the most to the general increase in media deaths worldwide (Taback & Coupland 2006). Though arguably true, descriptive accounts of antipress violence, in particular murders have not been completely absent. In the early 1990’s, African journalists worked under turbulent environments, where nations such as Angola and Rwanda, nations plagued by civil war, reflected the situation of many other nations in the continent at that time (Matloff 1995). However, there is little attention in academic and mainstream media discussion on the targeted homicide of journalists in democratic nations. Murders of journalists affect many new and or transitional democracies-- “peace time” nations such as the Philippines, Mexico, India, Brazil and Russia 1 (CPJ 2009). One case in particular has garnered international attention, that of Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya, famed for her investigative reports on Chechnya (Chivers 2006). She was killed in 2006, gunned down in her own apartment building (ibid.). 1 Whether a...
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...Each new wave of technology produces new challenges to the present systems and ICT was no different. It often struggles with issues like privacy of the data of the citizens and consumers, security, protection of Intellectual property (IP), issues of freedom of expression as one gets a better platform to express. These issues among the others have to be settled in a fair way and they can’t be settled anymore by the government alone. So there have to be some mechanisms to put various stakeholders on a common platform, establish a dialogue between them and negotiate terms and come to a common decision that caters to the requirements of all the stakeholders such as private companies, internet service providers, civil society, governments, technologists etc. Instead of working in parallel, all the stakeholders can work collaboratively towards creating a platform for dialogue of all the stakeholders, finding out interests and concerns, bringing everybody together towards problem solving, rather than acting retroactively. It is common that governments very often get together with other governments and technical people very often get together with technical people but these separate stakeholders never come together to solve issues and work in a fair way towards decisions that are arrive conjointly. Issues ranging from digital divide to human rights. Issues of accessibility and how to bring the last billion on the internet. Privacy concerns, and concepts such as right to be forgotten....
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...As of 2007, 3.7 percent of all United States immigrants were African born, totaling 1.4 million African immigrants (Terrazas). The number of African immigrants in the United States vastly grew from 1960 to present. Most of this growth took place in the past 20 years. Most of these immigrants are from Nigeria, Egypt, and Ethiopia. In the United States, Africans reside in New York, California, Texas, Maryland, and Virginia. Most of the current wave of migration from Africa is taking place due to civil war, political rift, and human rights violations. African born immigrants tend to be highly educated compared to other immigrants. Despite their relatively small presence in the United States, African immigrants have the highest upward mobility out of every ethnic group. In 2000, 43.8 percent of all African immigrants had earned their college degrees (Jefferson). The DREAM Act would give undocumented immigrants permanent legal status as long as immigrants have been physically present in the United States for at least five years and were younger than 16 when they entered the country; and planned to go to school or the military. The DREAM Act would give young immigrants the opportunity to higher education. These immigrants have potential to become future doctors, teachers, entrepreneurs, etc. Although their lack of legal status may prevent them from attending college or working, The DREAM Act would provide an opportunity to maximized their potential. Passing the DREAM act would benefit...
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...Turkey of becoming a member nation of the EU, both for Turkey and for the European Union? Negotiations for the accession of Turkey into the European Union began in 2005, but it could be years before Turkey is accepted. Issues that jeopardize the progress of negotiations include their poor relationship with the nations of Cyprus and Croatia, as well their domestic relationship with the Kurdish people and their unfavorable history of human rights issues. Despite these issues, one of the greatest advantages and hopes of the EU is that by bringing Turkey, a country whose vast majority is Muslim, into the EU it would help to improve Western and Islamic relationships. Turkey’s geographic positioning is also viewed as being a strategic location in that it could be a gateway to the Middle East and Asia for the EU, and could help the EU in many of their challenges of fighting terrorism, international crime, as well as monitoring climate change. (Pan, 2005) A concern and potential disadvantage to the EU, however, is that it would cause a wave of immigration of poor members from Turkey to the rest of the union nations. While being accepted into the EU would give Turkey the opportunity to benefit from growth and the reduction of trade barriers, the potential for loss of its young and skilled workers to the rest of the EU could be a drastic blow to their domestic economy. Turkey as a whole is less fiscally wealthy than many of the EU nations and could face challenges in keeping...
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...illegal. The majority rules in a democracy. About 78% of Canadians believe that abortion is a private matter between a woman and her doctor. Human rights are guaranteed for everyone and are not subject to the whim of the electorate. Even if only a minority believed in freedom of choice, that right should be protected from the tyranny of the majority. _________________________________________________Pro-life is pro-family. Pro-abortionists are anti-family. Abortion destroys the family. Legal abortion helps parents limit their families to the number of children they want and can afford. This strengthens and stabilizes the family unit. Therefore, pro-choice is pro-child and pro-family. Anti-abortion laws can cause stress and hardship for families with insufficient resources to raise unwanted children. Families with unwanted children often consist of a child and her child, living at the lowest levels of society. _________________________________________________The right of the unborn to live supersedes any right of a woman to "control her own body." Margaret Sanger said, "No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her own body." This concept is fundamental for women. Bearing a child alters a woman's life more than anything else. Other women's rights are hollow if women are forced to be mothers. Being born is a gift, not a right. People don't ask to be born, and some even wish they weren't. _________________________________________________If a woman has sex, she must...
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...“The United Kingdom’s constitution does not provide sufficient protection for the right to protest in the streets. Discuss” The United Kingdoms constitution organises and regulates the power of the state. The difference between the UK and other states constitutions e.g. USA is that the constitution of the UK is not written, but has been passed over generations by the power of ‘word of mouth.’ This is due largely to the fact that the UK has never felt the need to begin a new ‘set of established’ rules largely due to its stability, it can be said that Britain has an ‘uncodified constitution.’ [1] Within the UK constitution, the Prime Minister acts as the executive, so therefore the leader has the power to enact law upon the state. The right to protest is seen as one of the fundamental human rights in the form of a manifestation of a the rights of freedom of speech, association and assembly. It has a statutory basis in Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the "Convention"), which has been incorporated into UK law by the Human Rights Act 1998. Our opinion of the UK’s police has been one which has been described with bravery and largely courageous attitude The image of protectors springs to mind, they are responsible for upholding the law and deterring away criminals, they also have the right to defend themselves and others in civilised manner and sometimes apparent force becomes necessary. In the instance of large members of the public being...
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...Migration, Immigration, and Emigration, and Their Effects on Religion, Women, and Minorities in the Developing World Migration, Immigration, and Emigration, and Their Effects on Religion, Women, and Minorities in the Developing World Migration/Immigration Issues Bolivia has a population of 10 million regular citizens and approximately 1.6 million emigrants. Migration is an important issue in this country, and there are currently efforts underway to establish a law of migration that will serve as a basis for the implementation of a policy to meet the needs of foreigners in Bolivia. In addition, because of the huge socioeconomic gap between the rich and the poor, migrants are highly vulnerable to human trafficking and labour exploitation (IOM, 2011, para. 1). About half of Bolivia citizens have migrated inside or outside to other countries; however, Bolivia also receives many immigrants from Brazil, Paraguay, Eastern Europe, and Japan. Some Bolivians migrate to other properties only wanting to return home; however, many stay permanently. Spainish immigrants have the largest portion living in Bolivia. In the earlier days, it was easy to migrate to Spain with not having a visa; however, today it is not as easy to immigrate. The issues for Bolivia migration are that people are worried about increased crime, increased pollution, congestion, and loss of traditional cultural practices and values. Let us take a look at the issues people are worried about. The crime rate...
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