1. Which environment is least likely to be inhabited by pastoralists? (Points : 1) grasslands savannahs tropical forests deserts

2. Chiefdoms, unlike bands and tribes, have permanent political positions and regulate the regions they govern. (Points : 1) True False

3. The main difference between egalitarian and ranked societies is that in the latter: (Points : 1) there are marked differences in wealth among the classes. an individual’s social rank is not influenced by his or her kinship relations. there are a fixed number of statuses into which only certain individuals are recruited, so not everyone has access to honored offices or titles. leadership statuses are less formal and more open to all.

4. Chiefdoms likely started: (Points : 1) as the earliest form of political unit known to archaeologists. because of a need for control of distribution and exchange. as a means to maintain an egalitarian lifestyle. because of a decrease in population.

5. The levirate is a marriage custom in which: (Points : 1) a widow marries the brother or another close relative of her dead husband. a widower marries the sister or another close relative of his dead wife. a person marries a cross-cousin. a person marries a parallel cousin.

6. Polynesian chiefs: (Points : 1) must use their personal charisma and skill to gain their positions of leadership. have to personally obligate their followers to support them. have inherited positions that followers are culturally obligated to support. can support warfare, crafts, and the redistribution of goods, but on a smaller scale than Big Men.

7. Which position of leadership is an ascribed position? (Points : 1) Headmen Big Men Chiefs Presidents

8. Bridewealth: (Points : 1) is the price a man pays for a wife. increases the likelihood of a marriage ending in divorce. tends to create bad relations between the families of the bride and groom. legitimizes marriages and transfers rights over children to the father’s family.

9. In a segmentary lineage system: (Points : 1) lineages occasionally split up, often siding with other lineages to fight the split-off group. different groups maintain their unity over time through a series of treaties. military power is limited by the factionalism that occurs within a lineage. lineages that are genealogically close may fight each other, but will unite to fight a genealogically more distant group.

10. Theocracies are: (Points : 1) determined by the religious beliefs of the society. based on the accumulation of wealth by individuals. a group of elected officials. are sanctioned by Big Men.