...Comparative Essay: Original creation of the Earth PHSC 210, D03-LUO I. Introduction The old-Earth evolution and young-Earth creation debate has been one that has gone on for centuries. Each viewpoint seeks to give an answer to life’s most difficult questions or origins and how the Earth came to be what it resembles today. While the Young Earth viewpoint has remained constant and unchanged throughout the centuries the Old Earth view seems to be continually evolving as new discoveries tend to discredit previous assumptions. One certainty is that both viewpoints take a dogmatic stance against each other in regards to the interpretation of scientific evidence. The purpose of this paper is to compare old-Earth and young-Earth viewpoints on the original creation of the Earth. II. Old-Earth Secular View The old-Earth evolution viewpoint on the original creation of the Earth is the nebular hypothesis. This viewpoint gave birth to evolutionary thought concerning origins. “…the history of evolution did not begin in 1859 with Charles Darwin’s ‘Origin of Species,’ but with the publication in 1796 of Pierre Simon Laplace’s so-called nebular hypothesis” (Numbers. 1977). This viewpoint suggests “About 4.6 billion years ago our solar system formed from a cloud of gas and dust which slowly contracted under the mutual gravity of all of its particles” (The Solar Nebula. N.d.). It is believed that this cloud of gas and dust was spinning at an accelerated rate and...
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...Journal Article Review on The Origin of Old-Earth Geology, and its Ramifications for Life in the 21st Century by Doctor Terry Mortenson. Introduction This document is a journal article review providing a brief synopsis, observed strengths, and observed weaknesses of Doctor Mortenson’s “The Origin of Old-Earth Geology and its Ramifications for Life in the 21st Century”. This article is not an attack on Christianity or the Christian ideology. This paper is simply an honest attempt to review Mortenson’s information provided, his hypothesis, and venue chosen for Christian Apologetics. Brief Overview and Main Points The Origin of Old-Earth Geology and its Ramifications for Life in the 21st Century, by Doctor Terry Mortenson, is a journal article that claims to be about Old Earth Geology history, and perceived consequences that this ideology has inflicted on our society today. In actuality, this article provides little knowledge or background on the Old-Earth theory. This article utilizes most of its text explaining Scriptural Geology, key individuals of Scriptural Geology, arguing the validity of the Young-Earth belief, and closing with an over generalized assessment of Old-Earth theory’s impact on society. Article Strengths The article clearly identifies the writer’s discontent with the flaws in modern science, and the downfall of modern society. Doctor Mortenson provides, with vast detail, the belief of validity regarding Scriptural Geologist theories, and their credentials...
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...The Snowball Earth Hypothesis [pic] FIRST NAME, LAST NAME ID# Course number Contents Introduction 3 Synoptic Description of the Snowball Earth Hypothesis 3 Causes of the Snowball Earth 5 Occurrence of the Snowball Effect 6 Impacts of the Snowball Effect 8 Personal Suggestions 9 Conclusion 10 Works Cited 12 Introduction Massive changes in the earth’s climate are of particular note to environmental studies as they bear the potential to affect life greatly. Such geological and climatological changes are associated with the different ages that the earth has lived through, as well as the extinction and generation of various life forms. The Snowball Earth Hypothesis represents a concept explaining a possible climate and geological change in a past age in which the earth was entirely covered with ice. It explains contemporary observations about rock type distribution such as equatorial sedimentary deposits considered being from glacial origin (Cowen 50-51). This study analyzes the Hypothesis, providing a synoptic distribution, cause explanation, occurrence, and impact, before presenting a personal suggestion based on reflection on the evidence analyzed. Synoptic Description of the Snowball Earth Hypothesis The Snowball Earth Hypothesis focusses on the unparalleled climatic fluctuations that occurred during the Neoproterozoic time, positing that a global ice cover characterized this period. The hypothesis posits that the earth completely frozen...
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...Extraterrestrial Hypothesis The extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH) is the hypothesis that some unidentified flying objects (UFOs) are best explained as being physical spacecraft occupied by extraterrestrial life or non-human aliens from other planets visiting Earth. Etymology Origins of the term extraterrestrial hypothesis are unknown, but use in printed material on UFOs seems to date to at least the latter half of the 1960s. French Ufologist Jacques Vallee used it in his 1966 book Challenge to science: the UFO enigma. It was used in a publication by French engineer Aimé Michel in 1967,[1] by Dr. James E. McDonald in a symposium in March 1968[2] and again by McDonald and James Harder while testifying before the Congressional Committee on Science and Astronautics, in July 1968.[3] Skeptic Philip J. Klass used it in his 1968 book UFOs--Identified. In 1969 physicist Edward Condon defined the "Extra-terrestrial Hypothesis" or "ETH" as the "idea that some UFOs may be spacecraft sent to Earth from another civilization or space other than earth, or on a planet associated with a more distant star," while presenting the findings of the much debated Condon Report. Some UFO historians credit Condon with popularizing the term and its abbreviation "ETH". Chronology Although ETH, as a unified and named hypothesis, is a comparatively new concept - one which owes a lot to the saucer sightings of the 1940s–1960s, it can trace its origins back to a number of earlier events such as the now...
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...Evidence for a Snowball Earth Imagine a world so barren and so cold that life as we know it today could not exist. Some researchers have been able to track Earth’s glacial deposits to predict just that; a time in which our planet was coated with snow and ice extending from the poles all the way to the equator (Kaufman). We call this period of Earth a “snowball earth.” Scientist Paul Hoffman and his colleagues used Joseph Kirschvink’s suggestion that earth was once completely frozen during the Neoproterozoic period roughly 580-750 million years ago to research glacial deposits. Inherently they found thick deposits of calcium carbonates (cap carbonates) overlaying glaciers suggesting the snowball earth (Hoffman). It is evident in scientific debate that not everyone is able to accept the idea of a frozen Earth as other researchers such as Andrew Knoll and Martin Kennedy have rejected the idea as they pose other solutions for cap carbonate deposits. This is a perfect example of the progress of science as a whole; scientists are constantly making new observations to develop solutions which are then accepted, rejected, and retested by others. The snowball earth hypothesis and controversy together reveals the significance of innovation and scientific debate to the progress of science. The snowball earth hypothesis was first introduced by Joseph Kirschvink after years of other scientists finding peculiar continuous layers of limestone (calcium carbonate rock) or dolostone (magnesian...
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...definition of Earth Science? All sciences that seek to understand Earth and it’s surrounding space. * What are the sub-disciplines of earth science (geology, meteorology, oceanography, and astronomy)? Know the definition of each of these. Geology is the study of Earth divided into two broad areas –Physical and historical. Physical Geology examines the materials comprising earth, Historical Geology is to understand the origin of earth. Meteorolgy is the study of the Atomosphere and the processes that produce weather and climates. Oceanography integrates chemistry, physics, geology, and biology. It includes the study of composition and movements of seawater, as well as coastal processes, seafloor topography, and marine life. Astronomy is the study of the universe. * Be able to name and define each of the earth’s “spheres” (geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere).The Geosphere (Solid-Earth) lies beneath the atomosphere and the ocean. It extends from the surface to the center of the planet 6400 Kilometers of depth. The largest of all Spheres. The Hydrosphere is a dynamic mass of water that is continually moving, evaporating from the oceans to the atomosphere, reaching land and flowing back to the ocean. Blankets 71% of the earth’s surface. Depth of 3800 meters. The Atomosphere is the life giving gaseous envelope. It is a very shallow layer. The energy exchanges between the atomosphere and space produces weather and climate. Biosphere includes all life on earth. ...
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...This document is a journal article review providing a brief synopsis, observed strengths, and observed weaknesses of Doctor Mortenson’s “The Origin of Old-Earth Geology and its Ramifications for Life in the 21st Century”. This article is not an attack on Christianity or the Christian ideology. This paper is simply an honest attempt to review Mortenson’s information provided, his hypothesis, and venue chosen for Christian Apologetics. Brief Overview and Main Points The Origin of Old-Earth Geology and its Ramifications for Life in the 21st Century, by Doctor Terry Mortenson, is a journal article that claims to be about Old Earth Geology history, and perceived consequences that this ideology has inflicted on our society today. In actuality, this article provides little knowledge or background on the Old-Earth theory. This article utilizes most of its text explaining Scriptural Geology, key individuals of Scriptural Geology, arguing the validity of the Young-Earth belief, and closing with an over generalized assessment of Old-Earth theory’s impact on society. Article Strengths The article clearly identifies the writer’s discontent with the flaws in modern science, and the downfall of modern society. Doctor Mortenson provides, with vast detail, the belief of validity regarding Scriptural Geologist theories, and their credentials. Mortenson provided a section, consisting of seven paragraphs, which discussed the development of Scriptural Geologists, and dynamic backgrounds for various...
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...Current Competing Theories of the Origin of Life on Earth: It Arrived from an Extraterrestrial Source; It Originated as a Heterotroph; It Originated as an Autotroph. Summary of the three (3) current competing theories of the origin of life on Earth: It arrived from an extraterrestrial source; it originated as a heterotroph; it originated as an autotroph. Scientists to this day do not know how life came about on Earth. Yet, they continue to stuerwtdy many kinds of evidence and continue their research. At present there are three competing theories one how life on Earth came about. Life arrived here from an extraterrestrial source. Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius popularized the idea of panspermia in the early nineties; the concept that life arose outside the Earth and that living things were transported to Earth to seed the planet with life. According to this passage, his theory does not explain how life arose originally, even though it had little scientific support at that time. His theory has been revived and modified after gaining new evidence from the examinations of meteorites and space explorations. Organic molecules are found in many meteorites, and this suggests that life may have existed elsewhere in the solar system. An analysis of a meteorite found in Antarctica in 1996 suggested that from its chemical make up, it was a portion of Mars, also the presence of complex organic molecules and small globules resembles those found on earth. Yet scientists no longer agree...
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...Original Creation of the Earth (The Big Bang vs. Six-Day Creation) TANITKA C. SMITH PHSC210_A24_201240 Debora Ladner December 3, 2012 INTRODUCTION The Big-Bang Theory, accepted widely by atheists and many scientists, simply says this: between 10 and 20 billion years ago a “bang” or explosion occurred from a single point in nothingness and with the scattering of googles of atoms, the earth came into being. An eruption of sorts occurred, haphazardly distributing the smallest particles of matter that miraculously adjoined themselves to create living, breathing organisms and every other object on the earth. Every word of the Bible is true. Every day, creation scientists are finding more and more evidence to support the six days of creation. There is nothing wrong with science, but in the end it is the fallible word of man. YOUNG EARTH At its simplest, evolution is a hypothesis which claims that all life has descended with modification from a primitive single celled organism in the remote past. The development has been one of increasing complexity. Originally, the first cell evolved from a preexisting organic “soup” in a primeval ocean, which in turn developed from chance conglomerations of inorganic chemicals. Ultimately, these chemicals themselves were produced by the “Big Bang” origin of the actual universe. Against overwhelming evidence it is said that the Big Bang happened billions of years ago, and gives argument that the earth and the universe are only...
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...biological evolution is more than "just a theory." It is as factual an explanation of the universe as the atomic theory of matter or the germ theory of disease. Our understanding of gravity is still a work in progress. But the phenomenon of gravity, like evolution, is an accepted fact." Notice that a scientific theory is a well- substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world. The bible says the same thing, we can prove the existence of God and eternal life though the study of nature. Romans 1:20 "For since the creation of the world God's invisible qualities--his eternal power and divine nature--have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse." You want to find God then look no further than the heavens, study the stars, the life and death of the Suns of God. How does a Son(Sun) of God become flesh? One of the last elements a Star produces before it dies is the carbon atom. As Stars go Supernova these atoms explode out into the Universe. We are carbon based life forms. Meaning the very carbon atoms that make up our being only came into being through the death throes and final ANNILIATION of Suns of God. So like The character of Jesus,Thor and Heracles, we are Suns of God made flesh. Revelation 13:18 In this situation wisdom is needed. Let the person who has insight figure out the number of the beast, because it is a human number. The beast's number is 666. The carbon atom is the 6th most abundant element in the...
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...and Miller’s experiments in illustrating the nature and practise of biology There are three specific requirements for life to form: a source of energy, carbon and water. In the 1950’s, Harold Urey and his student Stanley Miller formed an experiment to test if inorganic substances could produce organic substances to find out if living things could come from non-living things. The experiment was formed to explore Haldane and Oparin’s theory. Urey and Miller’s experiment has been redone by scientists throughout time to perfect it with new technology but there is a high possibility that the hypothesis will never be proved. There are many theories on how life started on Earth. Before technology, the widely believed theory was Spontaneous generation, which was widely accepted due to religious beliefs in earlier years. The theory suggested that all animals and plants appeared from nothing buy there was no evidence to prove it and was later disproved by Redi. Another related theory was Special creation, which suggested that a God created all beings, again there is no evidence to prove or disprove this theory but is not accepted in the scientific community. One of the only theories that has supporting evidence is the biochemical evolution theory – In 1924, Oparin (a Russian scientist) produced one of the most influential scientific theories, that life on Earth had developed through a gradual evolution of carbon-based molecules in a ‘primordial soup’. At the same time as this, a Scottish...
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...of the universe. The Earth was thought of as exact center of the solar system, and that other planets revolved around it. Through the efforts and determination of individuals who refused to believe unchecked facts or documents, Earth is not the center of the universe but is instead a small piece to a larger solar system. The discoveries made by earlier pioneers of science Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton. Developed ideas that help individuals understand the concepts of motion, and the formation of celestial bodies in space. Theories of gravity and space dramatically changed the views in which Individuals determine the origins of our Moon and other planets within our Solar System. As science and technologies progress, ideas of formations and motions in space provides more educated theories of how our world, or universe has formed and will continue to function. The Earth was formed about five billion years ago and is the earliest material in the solar system, which a solar nebula that collapsed from the formation of the sun ("How Did the Earth Form", 2012). Dust and gas from the solar nebula took about millions of years to form into the earth starting with center of the Earth to cool down and form a crust that allowed water to accumulate. The accumulation of water formed the oceans, which produced water vapor from asteroids and planets that collided with earth to form the atmosphere from gases and volcano activity. The best hypothesis in the “evolution of...
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...intended in any way to replace reading of the text, attending class and taking comprehensive notes on the material presented in class. Captain Anderson Introduction: History and Evolution of the Earth and its Oceans Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all. A) first European explorer to see the Pacific Ocean B) led voyage that first circumnavigated the globe C) used ecological approach to solve fisheries problem D) mapped world with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude E) first determination of Earth's circumference F) led voyage that first used the marine chronometer G) made important observations about drift of sea ice H) mapped the Mediterranean Sea for the Greeks I) established impermanent settlement in North America and the first Europeans to explore Iceland and Greenland J) incorrectly concluded that no life exists in deep ocean 1) Balboa 2) Eratosthenes 3) Magellan 4) Ptolemy 5) Vikings Match the term with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all. A) the Sun and the eight major planets revolving around it B) gaseous and dusty space cloud (pre-cursor to a solar system) C) Milky Way galaxy D) outermost portion of the Earth composed largely of the igneous rocks basalt and granite E) contains minerals rich in iron and magnesium, between the crust and the core, and has the second largest volume according to the chemical...
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...1. • Identify the relationship between the conditions on early Earth and the origin of organic molecules: - Conditions of early Earth: _ Massive oceans existed _ Only small landmasses above the surface of the water _ No ozone layer _ Large amounts of radiation reached the Earth _ No free oxygen in the air _ Large amounts of volcanic activity; heat, ash, dust and gases into atmosphere _ Violent electric storms common _ Atmosphere contained some water vapour (H2O), hydrogen (H2), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), a lot of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), possibly ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4). - The chemicals of life are contained within the following basic organic compounds: water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. - These compounds are made up of hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and some other common elements. - As you can see, the elements needed to create the basic organic compounds were already present in the atmosphere; i.e., H, O, C and N were already there. - The lack of an ozone layer, the frequent violent electric storms, and the volcanic activity of early Earth could have provided the energy for molecules to be formed. • Discuss the implications of the existence of organic molecules in the cosmos for the origin of life on Earth: - For life to have originated, the following events need to have happened: _ The required chemicals need to have been formed _ These chemicals need to have come together in a self-replicating...
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...Study Guide:Quiz 1 Concentrate your studies in the following areas. Questions for Quiz 1 will come principally from this material. Lutgens and Tarbuck Textbook: Introduction * What is the definition of Earth Science? Is the name for all the sciences that collectively seek to understand Earth and its surrounding space. It includes geology oceanography, meterogology, and astronomy * What are the sub-disciplines of earth science (geology, meteorology, oceanography, and astronomy)? Know the definition of each of these. Geology- a word that literally means “study of Earth” It is traditionally divided into two broad areas- physical and historical. Physical geology examines the merials comprising Earth and seeks to understand the many processes that operate beneath and upone its surface. Historical geology is to understand the origin of Earth and the evolution of the planet through its 4.6 billion year history. Oceanography- Is not actually a separate and distint science. Rather is involves the application of all sciences in a comprehensive and interrelated study of the oceans in all their aspects and relationships. It intergrates chemistry, physics, geology, and biology. Meterology- is the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather and climate. Like oceanography, meterology involves the application of other sciences in an intergrated study of the thin layer of air that surronds eather. Astronomy- the study of the universe- it useful in determining...
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