...Professor H Part 3. Three Leads into a hypothetical paper 1) As a student, my goal is to reach the apex of success. This is quite a common characteristic in most of my peers. We all someday want to obtain a comforting salary, which is complete “normal”. However, this idea of money being the key objective to the majority of scholars can be looked upon negatively. I understand some people may need money for reasons such as: family problems, debts, etc. However, how many people want the “money, cars, and clothes”? (Common saying among modern rappers). I find this to be somewhat disturbing; think about it. When most young individuals such as athletes, come into large sums of money, it is spent poorly. Poorly is actually an understatement, pathetically is more appropriate. What I am trying to say is, are all intentions revolved around money? In this current generation, it sure seems like it. 2) When common interests being shared are completely evident and visible it creates a welcoming environment. Common characteristics create sports teams, scholastic clubs, and many meeting places. There is special bond that is created through sharing similar characteristics with one another. A strong attraction is prevalent in all areas where people know they share a common interest with others. I am fascinated by the fact that this particular “bond” that is create can practically be seen by the naked eye. It truly is amazing. There is nothing more welcoming than walking into class on...
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...Working agreement Paper Yolanda Nearing BSHS 321 October 30, 2013 Julie Dunne Murphy Working agreement Paper Client: Rad Hung Date: 10-26-2013 Address: 623 North City Blvd State Washington DC Phone Number: 212-999-63333 Gender: Male Ethnicity: Asian American Religion: Catholic Sexual Orientation: Heterosexual Employment Status: Employed Rad is a 49 year old man from Bonita, he was an engineer in Sarajevo who arrived in this country (America) he is currently working cleaning buildings, he has limited speaking skills in English and does not speak well, his wants to become certified her in America as an engineer. He has also stated that he wants to obtain employment so that he can bring his family to the United States Rad decided to travel to the states for a better life for himself and his family. Although he makes decent money it is not enough to bring his family to join him. And his English prevents him from moving forward at time. To have a full assessment on a client not only means their name, address, and telephone number, but it also includes their background information. This is the time for the clinician to fully learn everything there is to know about a client. It is important to obtain the information of the client such as their religion, ethnicity, family history, age, and even gender to keep in their file. As the clinician is doing the assessment, they are using all personal data that they have gathered from their client to make all the necessary...
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...Social Responsibility Classical Theories of Morality Walden University Nicomachean Ethics viewpoint by Aristotle, the Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel Kant and the Utilitarianism Theory of morality view by John Stuart Mill are the three classical theories of morality. An individual’s acts did not define who they were morally, but the person’s life as a whole did according to Aristotle. Meaning, the things a person did over their lifetime would determine if they had morals or not. This was known as the Nicomachean Ethics viewpoint. In today’s society, this could relate to someone who was an overall moral citizen, but one day that changed for them and they did something horribly wrong. For example, a husband or a wife killing their spouse and the spouses lover because they were found cheating. Aristotle believed the action that was an abnormality should not be considered when considering whether the person was good or bad, but that their good works over their lifetime should be considered. Aristotle believed there were three types of life: one devoted to sensual pleasures, one seeking out political interests and the other being a life of thoughts (Arthur, J. and Scalet, S., 2014). With very different beliefs Immanuel Kant believed that if an action is wrong it will forever be wrong, and there is no justification for those specific actions. However, he does make note that most decisions are based on a sense of duty and people’s rights, and felt that those decisions...
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...Immanuel Kant, an influential theologian in the late 1700s, developed many theories relating to human nature and morality, most focusing on deontological, or absolute, ethics – ethics that focused on a moral act, rather than the consequences that followed it. Kant’s most important belief was that humans had many duties, one of the most important of those duties being not to lie. He then went on to say that, as it is our duty to always tell the truth, we should not falter on that, no matter what. Be believed that faltering in your duty was morally wrong, no matter what. He used an example of a murderer chasing their victim. If the victim had passed you and the murderer stopped to ask you where their victim had gone, you would be obliged to tell them the location of their victim – because then you would be doing your duty, even if harm were to come to the victim. Though an extreme example, Kant used this to explain the relationship between humans. He believed that if humans were to lie all the time, nothing anyone said would hold any value and no written documents would ever be a trustworthy source of information because no-one would be able to trust anyone else. This would ensure the fall of human beings, because a society built upon distrust would never thrive. So, to Kant, honesty was one of the most important parts of a human’s duty that could never be compromised in any situation for fear of destroying the human race. This absolute dedication to reliability of the truth...
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...The Categorical Imperative Immanual Kant Kant argues that all imperatives are commanded either hypothetically or categorically. The hypothetical imperative says that an action is good only as a means to something else. Hypothetical imperatives tell us about which means will be best to achieve our ends; however, they do not tell us anything about the ends we should choose. The categorical imperative says one should act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. In other words, Kant is saying that the nature of a moral act is one which would be the right thing to do for any person in similar circumstances. An example Kant uses to explain this theory involves a man who finds himself in need of money and plans to borrow money but he knows that he will not be able to repay the lender. When we consider how it would be if his maxim became a universal law we see that it is contradicting. A law that says that anyone can promise something with the intention of not fulfilling it would make the promise and its end to be accomplished by it impossible. He goes on to explain that “things” have only a relative worth as means while on the other hand rational beings are designated “persons,” because they are ends themselves and may not be used merely as means. The practical imperative states that you act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only...
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...Der Mensch tickt nicht nur rational. Die Politik nutzt das aus, indem sie an unser Gewissen und an unsere Instinkte appelliert. Das soll der Gesellschaft nutzen – doch der Einzelne weiß davon nur wenig. Ist Ihre Liste mit guten Vorsätzen für 2013 schon fertig? Hier noch ein paar Vorschläge. Wie wäre es mal mit was Solidem, sich einen Organspendeausweis zuzulegen zum Beispiel? Oder: Endlich einen Riester-Vertrag abschließen. Die Klassiker gehen natürlich immer: Mehr Sport. Weniger Fett und Süßes. Aufhören mit dem Rauchen. Ambitionierte nehmen gleich das ganze Menü: Ein besserer Mensch werden. Doch ganz egal, welche Vorsätze es auf die Liste schaffen, die Wahrscheinlichkeit ist groß, dass sie Ende 2013 weitgehend unbearbeitet sind. Das liegt daran, dass der Mensch ein kurzsichtiges Wesen ist. Menschen ziehen die Belohnung jetzt der Belohnung morgen vor, egal, wie ungleich kleiner die Sofortbereicherung ist. Deswegen essen wir zu viel Schokolade und sparen nicht für das Alter. Das über die Zeit angenaschte Übergewicht und die drohende Altersarmut können die meisten dank ihrer hervorragenden Verdrängungskünste ausblenden. „Akrasia“, Willensschwäche, nannte Aristoteles das, ein Charakterfehler, der nicht nur dem Einzelnen, sondern auch der Gemeinschaft erhebliche Kosten verursacht. Zu viel Schokolade heute, teure Reha-Aufenthalte morgen. Zu wenig gespart fürs Alter, ein Rentenzuschuss morgen. Akrasia ist ein volkswirtschaftliches und damit ein politisches Problem. Deshalb hat...
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...which he defines it as beings with the capacity to act in accordance with the representations of laws or a will (4:412). According to Kant, we are considered to be imperfect rational beings, in which our rational capacities are influenced by various incentives, and therefore, we must be governed by a moral command that will tell us how to act accordingly with the law. In a broad sense, the law is equally valid for all rational beings, and ought to follow is what Kant refers to as the “moral law” (4:227). And the moral command can exist in two forms, either hypothetical or categorical, but only one of which is ideal for the purpose of the moral (4:412). Hypothetical imperative tells us to exercise our wills in respect of our desire for personal ends, and it follows a form: “if you want achieve a goal A, you ought to do B”. For instance, if you want to pass the chemistry exam, then you ought to study for it. Although hypothetical imperative can be universally valid, it cannot be a moral law because it only apply for those who are seeking for the similar ends. On the other hand, categorical imperative is a moral command on how you ought to act, independent of any desires, and it follows a form: “you must do (or do not do) A”. There is no “if” in this statement, therefore making it unconditional and universally binding, which is valid to become a moral law (4:416). Further,...
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...Utilitarianism "According to act-utilitarianism, it is the value of the consequences of the particular act that counts when determining whether the act is right. Bentham's theory is act-utilitarian, and so is that of J.J.C. Smart. One objection to act-utilitarianism is that it seems to be too permissive, capable of justifying any crime, and even making it morally obligatory, if only the value of the particular consequences of the particular act is great enough. Another objection is that act-utilitarianism seems better in theory than in practice, since we hardly ever have the time and the knowledge to predict the consequences of an act, assess their value, and make comparisons with possible alternative acts. Modern act-utilitarians think that these objections can be met. Others have developed alternatives to act-utilitarianism, e.g. rule-utilitarianism, and other forms of indirect utilitarianism." The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy ed. Thomas Mautner Ethical principle according to which an action is right if it tends to maximize happiness, not only that of the agent but also of everyone affected. Thus, utilitarians focus on the consequences of an act rather than on its intrinsic nature or the motives of the agent Classical utilitarianism is hedonist, but values other than, or in addition to, pleasure (ideal utilitarianism) can be employed, or — more neutrally, and in a version popular in economics — anything can be regarded as valuable that appears as an object of rational...
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...Kant’s distinction between a hypothetical imperative and a categorical imperative. Why does Kant think that all moral commands are categorical rather than hypothetical? What does it mean to act from a good will? Do you agree or disagree with Kant that only actions performed from a good will have moral value? Immanuel Kant Imperatives are commands in which Kant distinguishes between hypothetical and categorical imperatives. A hypothetical imperative is one that is relative. It takes the form of “If this, then that.” (333) This kind of imperative is not universal or absolute since they are conditioned on a relevant desire or greater achievement out of one’s self-interest. On the other hand, a categorical imperative deals with universalizability and strips away the emotions that bind a hypothetical imperative. Kant uses a formula in order to determine if an imperative is categorical. “Act as if the maxim of thy action were to become a universal law of nature.” (334) Kant suggests that if the command can be made a rule for all of mankind then it is categorical since this would make it universally binding. Kant thinks that all moral commands are categorical rather than hypothetical because only when one is motivated by morality can he have moral worth. This is because morality is not fixed in consequences that may arise, however, it is out of a person’s duty to fulfill that job regardless of their emotional state or desires, which defies a hypothetical imperative. To act from a...
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...Categorical Imperative. Kant believed that moral rules are absolute and needed to be followed by and for everyone to maintain order. There are two formulations to this, hypothetical imperatives and categorical imperatives. Hypothetical imperatives are things we should do in order to achieve our desires. If a person wanted to go to college, it is in their best interest to take the SAT. It is all hypothetical depending on your desire, but according to Kant, no matter what your desire is, you should help other people as part of his moral code. Moral requirements are considered categorical, the second formulation of Kant’s idea. The basics of categorical imperative is asking yourself, is the action I’m doing okay to become a universal law. With this principle, it limits everyone that follows it to be morally active. Kant provides a simple example, I ought to help someone that needs help because maybe I myself would need help and I would be grateful to receive the help. Kant’s universal rules include that lying should be strictly prohibited. If a lie was told, then according to the categorical imperative, lying would be done by everyone. A society full of liars would cause havoc and no one could trust each other, thus defeating the purpose of the categorical imperatives to keep everyone acting morally. A hypothetical was imposed, is lying to save someone’s life acceptable. Kant argued that lying no matter the circumstances was unacceptable. If the killer asked you for the location...
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...If I study, then I get good grades. 2) I study. -------------------------------------------------------- 3) Thus, I get good grades. Example no.2 1) If p, then q. 2) Not q. -------------------- 3) Thus, not p. This form is called Modus tollens (" the mode of taking": take q, take p)."Not-q" simply stands for the denial of q, that is for the sentence "it is not the case that q."The same is true for "not-p." 1) If I study, then I get good grades. 2) It is not the case that I get good grades. -------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Thus, it is not the case that I study. Example no.3 1) If p, then q. 2) If q then r. ------------------- 3) Therefore, if p then r. This form is called Hypothetical syllogism For instance 1) If I study, then I get good grades. 2) If I get the good grades, then I pass the course. -------------------------------------------------------- 3) Therefore, If I study then l pass the course. Example no.4 1) p or q. 2) Not- p. ------------------- 3) Therefore, q. This form is called Disjunctive syllogism. For instance 1) Either I study or I get good grades. 2) I can't study. ------------------- 3) Therefore, I get good grades. Example no.5 1) p or q. 2) If p, then r. 3) If q, then s. ------------------- 4) Therefore, r or s. This form is called Dilemma. For instance 1) Either I study or I get good grades . 2) If I study, then I pass the course . 3) If I study, then I...
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...right from wrong. Every single human being is molded by their parents, teachers, and anyone else who is a part of their life, from there on is how we determine what is good and what is evil. It is my duty to preserve my life. This idea works because there are many people there are many people who hate their lives and yet they will still keep their life dear to them. These people are not doing it for self satisfaction; it is just their duty to live on. A man who longs for death because his life is full of disappointment and misery, he still preserves his life even without loving it. This does not come from inclination or fear, it springs from duty. Kant discusses the two laws that are produced by reason. The first law is the hypothetical imperative; a rule of action for achieving that end. For an example if you wish to buy a new house, then...
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...purpose of morality is not to make you happy and the whole purpose of morality is to do the right thing just for the sake of doing it without any rewards. Kant also used the terms "will" and "motivation" interchangeably. Will means that we have the ability to choose good, based on reason. I like Kant's theory because Kant believes that if an action had moral intentions, it is therefore morally relevant no matter what the consequences are. This theory states that consequences of an action do not matter and have no moral relevance, thus only intentions are morally relevant (Class Notes)..The will, led by reason, forms two imperatives. Imperatives are basically the "should" in your life. Hypothetical imperatives are dependent upon the context of the situation. They are relative and contingent. Hypothetical imperatives are formed to bring about a certain result or consequence, and have nothing to do with morality. "Since we are not in complete control of the consequences of our actions, we should not be praised or blamed for them." Furthermore the second part of imperative is the categorical imperative. Categorical imperatives do not dependent on the context of a situation they are universal and can be applied into all situations. In making a decision, if one cannot universalize the behavior which means where can...
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...Title: Stereotyping By: Sheila Cowan PHI 103: Informal Logic Instructor: Issac Brown Date: November 07, 2011 Stereotyping, prejudices and discrimination are ways in which society maintains class and status distinctions and disparate rights and resource distribution. Whether stereotypes are personal, socially based or institutionally legitimized, stereotyping uses flawed logic. It universally applies a belief, idea or an observation to a group of people with a specific trait or characteristic. This leads to invalid logic arguments, hypothetical imperatives and categorical imperatives that look something like this (Brown, 2001): • If a person has brown hair they are always less intelligent. When constructed as a universal or categorical imperative it looks like this (Brown, 2001): • People with brown hair are always less intelligent. Nevertheless stereotypes persist. Stereotyping and Discrimination Wherever people must compete for resources or position, stereotyping becomes a powerful tool. Governments and organizational leaders charged with the distribution of these positions and resources often use stereotyping and discrimination as a process of elimination. Therefore, negative stereotyping exists in almost every sphere of participation. It exists in schools, in financial institutions, in nearly every industrial and societal sector. Sometimes, negative stereotyping is less obvious than others are. As demonstrated...
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...Nahim Jalal September 19, 2015 PHIL 305 Business Ethics - Munoz Imperatives. There is a lot when it comes to the differences of categorical and hypothetical imperatives. The best way to sum up a hypothetical imperative is that its a desired action that means to something else that a possibility will happen or willed. In page 64, Kant further explains further that hypothetical imperative is the imperative of nonmoral. A hypothetical imperative can help when you need to reach a goal. Some examples i can use from the book are on page 64: “If you wish to do well in school, study!” Not everybody attends school nor has to study, which is a hypothetical statement. An example I can use from a life event, I love football. I practiced hard, I was able to play well. The work you put in, you end up putting out the results. Again not everyone has to play football, but not everyone has to train to be good, some are just lucky. How ever moral law is not stated in hypothetical imperatives. Kant then explains that categorical imperative is the imperative of morality. Categorical imperative states formal actions and provides criteria that the three aspects of categorical imperative must have in order to be moral. A few examples can be, I read on page 64, “Thou shalt not kill”, which is a moral norm. You are not allowed to kill anyone because it is against the moral norm. One example I thought about, is if lying is always allowed and acceptable then there will never be a truth. That...
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