...HYPOXIA Hypoxia results when the body lacks oxygen. Hypoxia tends to be associated with flights at altitudes. However, many other factors such as alcohol abuse, heavy smoking, & various medications interfere with the blood’s ability to carry oxygen. INDIVIDUALS PHYSIOLOGICAL ALTITUDE. Drugs. Many medications have an unexpected effect when combined with high altitudes. Never self-medicate, even w/ over the counter drugs. Alcohol. 1 ounce of alcohol can give the body a physiological altitude up to 2000’. Smoking. The hemoglobin molecule of RBCs has a 200-300 times greater affinity for CO than for O2. Smoking 3 cigarettes in rapid succession or 20 to 30 cigarettes w/ in a 24 hr period gives a physiological altitude of 5000’ at sea level & a 20% reduction of night vision. CLASSIFICATIONS: Hypoxic. Occurs when not enough O2 is in the air or when decreasing atmospheric pressures prevent the diffusion of O2 from the lungs to the bloodstream. Typically, Occurs at higher altitudes. Hypemic. or anemic, hypoxia is caused by a reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Anemia & blood loss are the most common causes. CO,nitrites, & sulfa drugs also cause this by forming compounds w/ hemoglobin & reducing the hemoglobin that is available to combine w/ O2. Stagnant. O2 carrying capacity of the blood is adequate, but circulation is inadequate. Conditions as heart failure, arterial spasm, & occlusion of a blood vessel predispose the individuals to stagnant hypoxia. More often...
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...Hypoxia: The Crash of Helios Airways Flight 522 Hypoxia: The Crash of Helios Airways Flight 522 Hypoxia: The Crash of Helios Airways Flight 522 Helios Airways Flight 522 was a Boeing 737 that crashed into a mountain on August 14, 2005 north of Marathon and Varnavas, Greece while flying from Larnaca, Cyprus. Rescue teams located wreckage near the community of Grammatiko (25 mi) from Athens. All 121 on board perished, making this crash the deadliest aviation disaster in Greek history. The investigation concluded that the accident was caused by Hypoxia. When the aircraft arrived at Larnaca earlier that morning, the previous flight crew reported a frozen door seal and abnormal noises coming from the right aft service door and requested a full inspection.[1][2] The inspection was carried out by a ground engineer who then performed a pressurization test. In order to carry out this test without requiring the aircraft's engines, the pressurization system was set to manual, and was not set back to auto upon completion of the test.[3] After the aircraft was returned into service, the flight crew overlooked the fact that the pressurization system was set to manual on three separate occasions: during the pre-flight procedure, the after-start check, and then after take-off check. The aircraft took-off around 9:07 with the pressurization system still set to manual, and the aft outflow valve partially open.[4] As the aircraft climbed, the pressure inside the cabin gradually...
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...Saunders et al (2009) proposed that more than 400 hours of hypoxic exposure is required to elicit any erythropoietin changes. Álverez – Herms et al (2015) claims you need 3-4 weeks minimum of 12 hours per day exposure for benefits. Schuler et al (2007) measured the time course of adaptions to altitude. They took measures daily on day 1, 7, 14 and 21. They suggested that at least 14 days is required to maximise the benefits. Little changes were seen after 14 days. EPO peaked on day 1 and remained elevated for the duration of hypoxia exposure, accelerating erythropoiesis (Chapman et al 2014). Arterial oxygen content decreased on initial exposure but increased after 21 days to allow increases in training. The increase in oxygen saturation increases the amount O2 unloaded in the capillary bed and working muscles thus increasing power and endurance performance (Randel 2007). The highest increase in V02 max and time to exhaustion occurred between 7-14 days as a result of recovery of blood volume. There was no significant changes in the days after. The changes in Hb mass correlate to the change in VO2 and time to exhaustion which all improve...
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...the protective role played by hypothermia. Hypothermia is the result of a reduced metabolic rate and lowered oxygen consumption by body tissues. Although hypothermia may produce fatal cardiac arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation, it is also associated with bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction, both of which enhance oxygen supply to the heart and brain. The MDR also causes bradycardia and reduced peripheral blood flow as well as laryngospasm, which protects victims against rapid inhalation of water. Studies of drowning and near drowning of children and adults suggest that victim survival depends on the presence of both hypothermia and the MDR, as neither alone can provide adequate cerebral protection during long periods of hypoxia. Future research is suggested to improve patient care. INTRODUCTION Drowning and near-drowning incidents are leading causes of mortality and morbidity in both children 1 and adults...
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...Calvin Smith Nicole Smith World Literature II January 9, 2015 Drowning: Metaphor or Reality When people, particularly novelist, begin to write about these events it’s called contemporary world literature. In Junot Diaz’s story “Drown”, contemporary literature is clearly shown through the characters Yunior and his mother. The characters issues and how they deal with or “drowning” in them is a way to see contemporary literature used. In Drown, the characters are drowning in the everyday events of their lives which recur because of their lack of purpose, or direction. “Drown” is a short story about a boy named Yunior who is currently living with his mother in a run-down apartment and who wants to be with Yunior’s father, who left her to be with another woman in Florida. The mother continues to dream fruitlessly of a reunion with her husband, even though she will not risk taking the measures she needs to make it happen. She will neither cut off conversation with him completely and move on, nor accept the invitation he gives her. According to the story, he has told her, "if she moves down there (Florida) he'll leave the woman he's living with" (1246). She remains in limbo, suffocating, instead of moving in one direction or the other. Though she remains home she misses the man, because she would still reach out to him hoping one day he would come back. Even on the phone with him, “she sounds hurt or nervous” (1246). Another thing that made the narrator feel as if he...
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...Signature Assignment: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Case Study Case Study R.S. has smoked for many years and has developed chronic bronchitis, a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). He also has a history of coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial vascular disease. His arterial blood gas (ABG) values are pH = 7.32, PaCO2 = 60 mm Hg, PaO2= 50 mm Hg, HCO3- = 30 mEq/L. His hematocrit is 52% with normal red cell indices. He is using an inhaled ß2 agonist and Theophylline to manage his respiratory disease. At this clinic visit, it is noted on a chest x-ray that R.S. has an area of consolidation in his right lower lobe that is thought to be consistent with pneumonia 1) What clinical findings are likely in R.S. as a consequence of his COPD? 2) How would the consequences of the COPD of R.S. (identified in question 1) differ from those of emphysematous COPD? 3) Interpret R.S.’s laboratory results. How would his acid-base disorder be classified? What is the most likely cause of his polycythemia? 4) What is the rationale for treating R.S. with Theophylline and a ß2 agonist? 5) What effects would his respiratory disease have on his cardiovascular function? ANSWERS: 1) 1. And 2. He is likely to have diminished breath sounds. He may or may not have wheezing depending upon the degree of bronchoconstriction and will almost certainly have crackles and bronchial breath sounds over the RLL. Since he is polycythemic and has hypoxemia, he...
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...in the brain, * Damage to the temporal lobes, which hinders the perception and interpretation of stimuli, * Damage to the cranial nerves responsible for movement of the lips, tongue, pharynx and larynx, * Limited motor function that hinders non-verbal communication gestures, * Visual or hearing deficits, * Altered levels of consciousness or mental status. ( Maureen farrell et al:(2005) Australia, Medical Surgical Nursing “Neurological Function” (see pp1896-1910), * Funnel, koutoukidis, et al:(2005) Australian, “Neurological Health” (see chapter 43, pg745). CEREBRAL PALSY: Cerebral Palsy comprises a group of neuromotor disorders resulting from prenatal, perinatal or postnatal cerebral hypoxia or damage. Thesedisorders is highest in premature infants or in infants who have experienced a difficulty birth resulting in cerebral damage. There are three common types of cerebral Palsy, although some individual may have symptoms of more than one type. The three types of cerebral palsy are spastic, athetoid or dyskinetic, and ataxic. CEREBRAL PALSY IN ADULTS: Children with special needs grow into adults with special needs. The parents of these children pursue structure and focused therapy in order to prepare them for their adult life. Once early adulthood is reached these children face adult issues which most of them are universal to men and women, but others are gender specific. Some of the more common hurdles that adults with...
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...Impact of hypoxia to the catfish industry Oxygen is important for aerobic organisms, especially for fish who live in the aquatic environment with routinely low dissolved oxygen (Wang et al., 2017b). Under aquaculture conditions, hypoxia can be caused by natural phenomena (e.g., weather, temperature, or water flow rate), water pollution and eutrophication, high stocking density, and improper use of aeration (Green et al., 2016; Wu, 2002; Zhang et al., 2010). In spite of the strong tolerance of catfish to low oxygen, hypoxia can still lead to huge economic losses. Exposure to low oxygen stress can affect the growth rate (Mallya, 2007), feed conversion rate (Buentello et al., 2000), and increase the susceptibility to infectious diseases of catfish...
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...On January 18, 1788, the first park touched base in Botany Bay, Joseph Banks had proclaimed the right to punitive province after returning from a trip there in 1770. Skipper Arthur Phillip, the authority of the army, brought a small gathering of Marines and sailors on land, however, discovered the area inadmissible on the grounds that the port area was dangerous and needed fresh water. (The Oxford Companion to Australian History). The army then moved to Port Jackson. On January 21, 1788 Phillip, with a meeting of officers and sailors, has reached a point in anonymity, agreed to be the Camp Cove waterfront (known as the "Caddy" to close individuals Cadigal ). This event means the first arrival of individuals within the First Fleet in Port Jackson,...
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...June is being treated at the hospital for severe wounds after a car crash. Although June has Type B blood, she is given Type O blood. During transfusion, the blood of donor and recipient is categorized into following types: A, B, AB and O. This classification is based on the presence or absence of protein agglutinogens or antigens in the blood. In type A and type B blood, antigen A and B is present, respectively. In type AB both antigens A and B is present while, in type O blood, neither of these proteins exist. In the absence of antigen A, Red blood cells develop Anti-A antibodies known as agglutinins. Same happens in the type B as the absence of antigen B cause the production of Anti-B Antibodies in the plasma. In this case, Anti-A antibodies are present due to the lack of antigen A and presence of antigen B on the surface of red blood cells. Type O blood contains no antigens that is why it develops anti-A and anti-B agglutinins or antibodies. Finally type AB blood contains A and B antigens, so not any antibodies or agglutinins. Antibodies are gamma globulins produced by bone marrow and lymph gland cells that produce antibodies against any antigens. Most of the antibodies are IgM and IgG immunoglobulin molecules (Klein & Anstee, 2008). Infusion of blood with any group antigen like type-A in a recipient with blood group-B, as in the case of June, cause a typical immune response. This response against antigen A makes much stronger Anti-A antibodies and at a greater quantity...
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...Test 2 – AF202 Prep |Basic Anatomy Gas Laws | |Part 61 Certification Pilots, Flight Instructors and Ground Instructors | |.14—Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test | |.15—Offenses involving alcohol or drugs | |.16—Refusal to submit to an alcohol test or to furnish test results | |.23—Medical certificates: Requirement and duration | |.31g—Additional training required for operating pressurized aircraft capable of operating at high altitudes | |.53—Prohibition on operations during medical deficiency | |Part 67 Medical Standards & Certification | |Part 91 ...
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...Definitions of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis, septic shock, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Systemic inflammatory response syndrome Two or more of the following clinical signs of systemic response to endothelial inflammation: • Temperature > 38°C or < 36°C x Heart rate > 90 beats/min • Tachypnoea (respiratory rate > 20 breaths/min or hyperventilation (Paco2 < 4.25 kPa)) • White blood cell count > 12 ⋅ 109/l or < 4 ⋅ 109/l or the presence of more than 10% immature neutrophils In the setting (or strong suspicion) of a known cause of endothelial inflammation such as: • Infection (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, yeasts, or other organisms) • Pancreatitis x Ischaemia x Multiple trauma and tissue injury x Haemorrhagic shock x Immune mediated organ injury x Absence of any other known cause for such clinical abnormalities Sepsis Systemic response to infection manifested by two or more of the following: • Temperature > 38°C or < 36°C x Raised heart rate > 90/min • Tachypnoea (respiratory rate > 20 breaths/min or hyperventilation (Paco2 < 4.25 kPa)) • White blood cell count > 12 × 109/l or < 4 × 109/l or the presence of more than 10% immature neutrophils Septic shock Sepsis induced hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg or a reduction of >40 mm Hg from baseline) despite adequate fluid resuscitation Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Presence of altered organ...
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...Relaxes bronchioles. Acute use only. Can cause HOTN * Expectorants: guaifenesin * Can cause drowsiness. HYDRATE. * Mucolytics: acetylcysteine (mucomyst) * Decrease viscosity of secretions. Used to tx Tylenol OD, and given to protect kidney from contrast dyes. * CAUTION: sedatives (if anxiety r/t hypoxia fix hypoxia), antitussives (hydrododone, codeine) Medications: * Bronchodilators: * Beta2-agonists: terbutaline, albuterol, metaproterenol * Short: rescue meds. ADEs: increased SNS response. STOP if chest pain. * Parasympatholytics: Atrovent * Given in combo with beta 2 agonists. AntiACh effect * Xanthines: theophylline, aminophylline * Increase SNS response, broken down into caffeine. STOP if chest pain. Not maintenance med. * Magnesium * Relaxes bronchioles. Acute use only. Can cause HOTN * Expectorants: guaifenesin * Can cause drowsiness. HYDRATE. * Mucolytics: acetylcysteine (mucomyst) * Decrease viscosity of secretions. Used to tx Tylenol OD, and given to protect kidney from contrast dyes. * CAUTION: sedatives (if anxiety r/t hypoxia fix hypoxia), antitussives (hydrododone, codeine) Acute Respiratory Failure Acute Respiratory Failure Types: 1. Hypoxemic: * PaO2<60 when pt is on O2 @ 60% or highter. * Causes: V/Q mismatch by shunt (atelectasis or...
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...GROWLER community has experienced an astonishing 269 hypoxia and / or decompression sickness (DCS) related physiological events (PHYSEPS), or one episode per week. As aviators whose tactics rely on maximizing altitude (making them susceptible to atmospherically dangerous zones for humans) and airspeed (thereby compressing space-time), Strike-Fighter aircrew are pulled in diametrically opposed directions that divorce tactical execution from their own safety. The same aircrew are deservedly upset with the the Chief of Naval Air Forces' (CNAF) failure to find meaningful solutions to the problem. Although spending money to enact control measures to mitigate the risk against this deadly hazard would be very high, this author concludes that the price of losing...
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...CFRN test questions Contraindications to autotransfusion – bowel contents Enter scene and you feel tingling/numbness. What do you do? Can’t remember if they mentioned down power lines. Choices were similar to these - Stop where you are - Call for help and wait - Quickly retreat (definite choice on test) Hop on one foot to safe area (definite choice on test) Fractured larnynx Fremitus Changing vocal tones Which is the worse eye injury Flash (arc burn) Acid Alkali Decompression sickness – joint pain, how do you transport – lowest altitude Stagnant Hypoxia - patient has stagnant hypoxia and is a vent-dependent patient; what treatment is approx (can’t remember is decompensating or just a treatment that will improve the condition) Choices included: increasing PEEP, decreasing SVR Snake bites – removing jewelry Also one about what you do before treatment 4 hrs later with slight redness and swelling: Choices included: give antivenom, immobilize extremity Dig toxic: patient in AVB 2, type II; which do you use for treatment? Atropine of transcutaneous pacemaker. Can’t remember is patient was stable or unstable Change patient from transport pacemaker to facility pacer and don’t get capture. What do you do? CPR or place back on transport pacer. TCA OD. Patient received gastric lavage. Pt in ST with QRS 0.12 Answers include: treatment is working Expect cardiac abnormalities Suspect pneumo. Put in...
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