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Ice Cream

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HISTORY OF ATOM: Atom is the basic unit of matter, the smallest unit of an element, atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons, and all matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible. All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties. Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms. A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms; atoms can be neither created nor destroyed. BONDS BETWEEN ATOMS: Bond between atoms, the very heart of bonding is the attraction between positive and negative charges, specifically the positive charge of the nucleus and the negative charge of the electrons. The varying tendencies of atoms to gain or lose electrons allow them to attract one another in various ways and form different kinds of bonds. ATOMIC STRUCTURE: Protons and neutrons are held together rather closely in the center of the atom. Together they make up the nucleus, which accounts for nearly all of the mass of the atom. Electrons move rapidly around the nucleus and constitute almost the entire volume of the atom. Although quantum mechanics are necessary to explain the motion of an electron about the nucleus, we can say that the distribution of electrons about an atom is such that the atom has a spherical shape. ATOMIC BONDING a) Ionic Bonds: Ionic bonding occurs between charged particles. These may be atoms or groups of atoms, but this discuss will be conducted in terms of single atoms. Ionic bonding occurs between metal atoms and nonmetal atoms. Metals usually have 1, 2, or 3 electrons in their outermost shell. Nonmetals have 5, 6, or 7 electrons in their outer shell. Atoms with outer shells that are only partially filled are unstable. To become stable, the metal atom wants to get rid of one or more electrons in its outer shell. Losing electrons will either result in an empty outer shell or get it closer

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