...other developments in architecture lead to evolutionary changes. In earlier times, the patrons where the kings or the rulers, the architecture that time was autocratic and power centric in nature. When India was colonized, British rulers gained dominance and the role of the older patrons got diluted with time. Colonial architecture was power centric and showed dominance. Post independence the patrons became the government agencies who wanted a modern national identity for the country. Later, this shifted to the private agencies and the nature of architecture also shifted from public sponsored to private. With the advent of globalization in the 1990’s, rapid socio cultural changes started taking place. With social, cultural and economic changes, the patronage also shifted to the ever increasing public sector that brought about a major change in the architecture, both its style and functions. The architecture of today is based on economy, efficiency, modern and progressive lifestyle and aspirations of people. With the shifting patronage there is a corresponding change in the style of architecture. Over the years, the continuity in architectural language seems to be broken somewhere. There was an important role played by the colonial architecture and later the post independence modern movement in the breaking this continuity. This research proposes to find that what is the role of patronage in today’s time...
Words: 3134 - Pages: 13
...stopped to consider why we want education—what its purpose is. Therefore, although over time there have been various criticisms about the details of curricula provided in schools, we have not until now questioned the basic system of education which we took over at the time of, independence. We have never done that because we have never thought about education except in terms of obtaining teachers, engineers, administrators, etc. Individually and collectively we have in practice thought of education as a training for the skills required to earn high salaries in the modern sector of our economy. It is now time that we looked again at the justification for a poor society like ours spending almost 20 per cent of its Government revenues on providing education for its children and young people, and began to consider what that education should be doing. For in our circumstances it is impossible to devote Shs. 147,330,000/- every year to education for some of our children (while others go without) unless its result has a proportionate relevance, to the society we are trying to create. The educational systems in different kinds of societies in the world have been, and are, very different in organization and in content. They are different because the societies providing the education are different, and because education, whether it be formal or informal, has a purpose. That purpose is to transmit from one generation to the next the accumulated wisdom and knowledge of the society, and to...
Words: 9998 - Pages: 40
...population but has indeed offered employment and capital in terms of cash to farmers. It is also a source of foreign exchange to most economics. And it feeds the industrial sector with raw materials. The African continent like any continent in the world is dominated by agricultural activities. In fact, the pre-colonial era were pre-dominated by the production of food crop mainly for subsistence purpose. However, the economy later changed from mere consumption to commercial production, which marks the beginning of cash crop production as a source of raw materials to support metropolitan industries. In Europe immediately after the Second World War, there was a phenomena increase in the export trade of which in turn increase the incomes of both peasant farmers and local traders1. As a result, crop like cocoa, palm oil, rubber, cotton, soybeans and groundnut were introduced into the colonial agricultural crops. By implication, food production was ignored and commercial cash productions became dominant. Furthermore, the Nigerian economy was worsened by the oil boom era of 1970s2 when agricultural activities became neglected. This led to gradual departure of the attention of the economy from agriculture to the emerging oil industries as evidence in the serious of policies which embarked upon by past administrations like National Accelerated Food Production Programmed...
Words: 5087 - Pages: 21
...Museum Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION A. The Problem and Its Setting a. Background of the Study Various cultural influences are here in our country, there’s the Chinese, Indian, Islamic, Spanish and even American traditions left their trademarks on the Filipino culture that plays a part on country’s architecture. Different traditions, motifs and even culture are merged with our identity. Identity that had struggled for centuries by Filipino especially in designing and architecture. Many of us are wondering with these questions: Does Philippine Architecture really exist? Is there Filipino architecture?People said that our architecture is an adaptation of Asian architecture. Our very own bahay -kubo, our mountain region dwellings are said to be similar with the other countries. Architecture, as an art, It is “subject to social, political or cultural influences”. It reflects the values of the society. we should provide an opportunity of more accommodating for the presentation, promotion and development of this art. The aim of this study is to give us the information about the architectural background of our country, not to prove that, but to give the facts and knowledge of our architecture. b. Statement of the Problem Major problem: Filipino architecture is not that recognized. Sub-problems: Non existence of architectural museum in our country. Several people are asking about the country’s architecture. Only arch’l students and professionals are those people...
Words: 4239 - Pages: 17
...Tragic Times In Salem Salem Witch Trials The Salem Witch Trials was a horrific event that occurred in colonial Massachusetts between the years 1692 and 1693. More than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft and 20 ended up being executed. Some researchers believe that there may have been other current events that were affecting the trials during the same time period. Throughout this research paper I will explain the Salem Witch Trials and show the research I have done in terms of the events that may have a connection to the event, along with other factors that may have influenced the Salem Witch Trials. In the late 16 hundreds in colonial North America, the supernatural was highly considered to be a part of everyday life. Many people were strong believers that Satan was present and active on Earth. These beliefs were first formed in Europe during the fifteenth century and later spread throughout North America. Peasants were known for often using a particular kind of witchcraft to help enhance their crops, and to benefit farming and agriculture. Over time, the idea of witchcraft transformed into a very evil act. It started to became associated with demons and evil spirits. From 1560 to 1670, witchcraft persecutions became common as superstitions became associated with the devil. Through out the colonies, the most common cause for a witch hunt was caused by young girls having a mysterious screaming fit; they would often be diagnosed as having been bewitched...
Words: 1224 - Pages: 5
...Inc. was then called Blue Ribbon Sports and has evolved from being an importer and distributor of Japanese specialty running shoes to becoming the world leader in the design, marketing, and distribution of athletic footwear. Nike's business model was developed by Knight while attending Stanford Business School in the early 1960's. Knight realized that the United States' consumer appliance and electronic markets were beginning to be dominated by the lower-cost, higher quality Japanese producers. Most of the leading footwear companies were still producing their own shoes in higher-costing companies such as the United States and Germany, and Knight believed that by outsourcing shoe production to lower-cost Japanese producers, Blue Ribbon Sports could undersell its competitors and break into this market. As a result of this model, Blue Ribbon Sports began to import sports shoes from Japan and sales increased to almost $2 million in the early 1970's. Nike employers approximately 25,000 people on worldwide. In addition, approximately 650,000 workers are employed in Nike contracted factories around the globe . Nike owned over 200 Nike Factory Stores and over 100 sales and administrative offices. Many people these days are angered by the steps that corporations take simply to make money, and it is quite disgusting in some of the ways a corporation operates. Rallies and protests are always being held to fight against the idea of corporatocracy, yet despite all that is happening still...
Words: 2105 - Pages: 9
...America has seen many changes in our family structure and society. Different eras have brought about different effects and results on families. This is evident by looking at the best and brightest each era has to offer. Looking at the 'heroes' of an era and what family structure helped to create them can give insight as to what effect an era had on its society. Colonial America was no different. The era was a complicated time when America was attempting to find itself. The family structure was one of hard work and survival. School and education came second to providing for ones family. During Benjamin Franklin’s early childhood, his family experienced some of the same newfound troubles many of these families were experiencing. Growing up his father, brother, and other family members had substantial influence on molding young Benjamin Franklin. As Franklin’s life unfolded, he exceeded in many fields, including science, politics, journalism, and philosophy, while also becoming one of the Founding Fathers of the nation. Thus, it is evident the childhood of Benjamin Franklin had tremendous effects on his future. Benjamin Franklin was born on January 17, 1706 in Boston. Raised by his father, Josiah Franklin, and his mother, Abiah Folger Franklin, he was cast into a large family consisting of sixteen brothers and sisters. Josiah Franklin had seven children with another women before she passed away and he married Abiah. Due to the popularity of illnesses and diseases...
Words: 3813 - Pages: 16
...University of Nigeria iii EDU 604 HISTORY OF EDUCATION IN NIGERIA Contents Page Introduction ……………………………………………. 1 Course Aims ………………………………………………... 2 Course Objectives ………………………………………….. 2 Working through this Course ………………………………. 2 Course Materials …………………………………………… 3 Study Unit …………………………………………………. 3 Assessment …………………………………………………. 4 End of Course Examination ………………………………... 4 Summary ………………………………………………….. 4-5 Introduction To appreciate the current educational development and plan better for the future requires studying of the past. History of education anchors this relevance in our tertiary institutions (Teacher Education Programmes). iv EDU 604 HISTORY OF EDUCATION IN NIGERIA Since education is a cultural activity of the people, it means that every cultural system has its own education process. The yardstick for measuring quality and standard varies from...
Words: 33103 - Pages: 133
...President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points It will be our wish and purpose that the processes of peace, when they are begun, shall be absolutely open and that they shall involve and permit henceforth no secret understandings of any kind. The day of conquest and aggrandizement is gone by; so is also the day of secret covenants entered into in the interest of particular governments and likely at some unlooked-for moment to upset the peace of the world. It is this happy fact, now clear to the view of every public man whose thoughts do not still linger in an age that is dead and gone, which makes it possible for every nation whose purposes are consistent with justice and the peace of the world to avow nor or at any other time the objects it has in view. We entered this war because violations of right had occurred which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own people impossible unless they were corrected and the world secure once for all against their recurrence. What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression. All the peoples of the world are in effect partners in this interest, and for our own part we see very clearly that unless justice...
Words: 1513 - Pages: 7
...By: Paul-Sewa Thovoethin, Department of Political Studies, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535 Cape Town, South Africa. E-Mail:3168726@uwc.ac.za Or paulsewanu@yahoo.com Phone: +27788580086, Or +2348037258409 Being a Paper Presented at the Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa Organized Conference on Globalization, Regionalization and Privatization in and of Education in Africa, Held at Crowne Plaza Hotel, Johannesburg, South Africa, from 12 th-13th October, 2012 1 Abstract With the dire need for technological development occasioned by the need to move with the trend of globalization the Nigerian government in early 1980 introduced what is now popular referred to as the 6-3-3-4 educational system. Under this system a student is expected to spend six years for primary education, three years for junior secondary education, three years for senior secondary education and four years for tertiary education. The focus of this policy is to build technical capacities of students right from their secondary school level which will prepare them for engaging more in engineering and technological related courses in higher institution. To achieve this, the government was expected to equip secondary schools with modern technological equipments, so that the first three years of students in Junior secondary is concentrated in the teachings of technological related subjects. Students are therefore expected to be exposed to practical application of engineering machines...
Words: 7871 - Pages: 32
...FOREWORD CHAPTER I page 7 The Terms Used to Define the Commonwealth CHAPTER II page 11 Equality CHAPTER III page18 Autonomy CHAPTER IV page 26 Autochthony CHAPTER V page 37 Membership CHAPTER VI page 42 Co-operation CHAPTER VII page 48 Symbols CHAPTER VIII page 56 Members of the Commonwealth REFERENCES page 61 FOREWORD The Commonwealth of Nations, normally referred to as the Commonwealth and previously as the British Commonwealth, is an intergovernmental organization of fifty-four independent member states. All but two of these countries were formerly part of the British Empire. The member states co-operate within a framework of common values and goals as outlined in the Singapore Declaration. These include the promotion of democracy, human rights, good governance, the rule of law, individual liberty, egalitarianism, free trade, multilateralism and world peace. The Commonwealth is not a political union, but an intergovernmental organization through which countries with diverse social, political and economic backgrounds are regarded as equal in status. Its activities are carried out through the permanent Commonwealth Secretariat, headed by the Secretary-General, and biennial Meetings between Commonwealth Heads of Government. The symbol of their free association is the Head of the Commonwealth, which is a ceremonial position currently held by Queen Elizabeth II. Elizabeth II is also monarch, separately...
Words: 22380 - Pages: 90
...parents in the large village Ogidi, in Igboland, Eastern Nigeria. He received an early education in English, but grew up surrounded by a complex fusion of Igbo traditions and colonial legacy. He studied literature and medicine at the University of Ibadan; after graduating, he went to work for the Nigerian Broadcasting Company in Lagos and later studied at the British Broadcasting Corporation staff school in London. During this time, Achebe was developing work as a writer. Starting in the 1950s, he was central to a new Nigerian literary movement that drew on the oral traditions of Nigeria's indigenous tribes. Although Achebe wrote in English, he attempted to incorporate Igbo vocabulary and narratives. Things Fall Apart (1958) was his first novel, and remains his best-known work. It has been translated into at least forty-five languages, and has sold eight million copies worldwide. Chinua Achebe’s “African Trilogy” : Things Fall Apart, No Longer at Ease, Arrow of God captures a society caught between its traditional roots and the demands of a rapidly changing world. A titled Ibo chieftain himself, Achebe's novels focus on the traditions of Igbo society, the effect of Christian influences, and the clash of Western and traditional African values during and after the colonial era. His style relies heavily on the Ibo oral tradition, and combines...
Words: 6408 - Pages: 26
...ORIGIN OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE INTRODUCTION What is English? English is a Germanic language of the Indo- European family (a group of hundreds of related languages and dialects including most current languages of Europe, Iranian plateau and south Asia). It is the second most spoken languages in the world. A rough estimate says that there are 300 million native speakers of English and 300 million people who speak English as a second language and 100 million speak English as a foreign language. Below is a description of countries that use English as an official language and as a second language and as a foreign language. ENGLISH AS A NATIVE LANGUAGE | ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE | ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE | Australia | Pakistan | Spain | Nigeria | Malaysia | Portugal | New Zealand | Philippines | Angola | Ghana | Papua New Guinea | France | USA | United Arab Emirates | Italy | Canada | Israel | Ukraine | Guyana | Kenya | Russia | Grenada | Tanzania | Poland | Trinidad and Tobago | Botswana | Greece | England | Uganda | China | Scotland | Mexico | Japan | Ireland | India | Hungary | Wales | Brunei | Vatican City | Sierra Leone | Cameroon | Cyprus | Liberia | Samoa | Brazil | Jamaica | Qatar | Argentina | South Africa | Malawi | Colombia | St Vincent | Malta | Venezuela | St Lucia | Mauritius | Egypt | St Christopher and Nevis | Thailand | Morocco | Barbados | Indonesia |...
Words: 1432 - Pages: 6
...we relate traditional architecture to a specific, pre-existing style and avant-garde architecture to the use of new technologies. When tradition plays a part in contemporary architecture it is most frequently as an aesthetic consideration in which the most obvious element is the use of some style from the past. At the other end of the spectrum is the avant-garde tendency, where the latest technology is the means architects use to achieve novel forms of expression. Both of these perceptions are limited. Not only are they presented to us as two extremes of one thing, opposed to one another, but also as excluding one another. An architecture that follows a given style cannot be avant-garde because it makes use of compositional rules derived from the past; it is backward-looking and dependent on various forms of counterfeit to create the look of a bygone era. It is this tendency which, starting in the 1970s, has gained momentum as an option and has now become the universally accepted norm, with examples of buildings that show considerable ingenuity in the way tradition has been interpreted. The result, however, is a proliferation of architectural styles lacking in cogent ideas and which, in addition, have ended by debasing the very cultural values on which traditional...
Words: 5561 - Pages: 23
...of Nigeria Printed 2009 ISBN: 978-058-415-3 All Rights Reserved iii POL 122 INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ………………………………………….…………… 1 Course Aims ……………………………………………………… 1 Course Objectives ………………………………………………... 1 Working through Course……………………………………. This 2 Course Materials………………………………………………….. 2 Study Units………………………………………………………. . 2 Text books and References……………………………………….. 3 Assessment File…………………………………………………… 3 Tutor-Marked Assignment ……………………….. ……………… 4 iv POL 122 INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS Final Examination Grading…………………………………... and 4 Course Marking Scheme………………………………………….. 4 Presentation Schedule…………………………………………….. 4 Course Overview ……………………………….………..…….….. 5 How to Get the Most from This Course………………………….. 6 Facilitators/Tutors and Tutorials………….……………………….7 Summary…………………………………………………………. . 8 Introduction Welcome to POS 102: Introduction to African Politics This course is a three-credit unit course for...
Words: 67952 - Pages: 272
