...Qualitative Research in Nursing Date of last revision : January 28, 2011 “Not everything that counts can be counted, and not everything that can be counted counts” -Albert Einstein INTRODUCTION • Qualitative research methods have become increasingly important as ways of developing nursing knowledge for evidence-based nursing practice. Qualitative research answers a wide variety of questions related to nursing's concern with human responses to actual or potential health problems. (Ploeg J, 1999) • Qualitative research is a type of scientific research which has its roots in philosophy and human sciences. • Qualitative research plays an important part in providing evidence for practice in nursing, and is gaining greater acceptance within medicine. (Bailey C, 2002) • Definition: "A quantitative approach is one in which the investigator primarily uses post-positivist claims for developing knowledge (i.e. cause and effect thinking, reduction to specific variables and hypotheses and questions, use of measurement and observation, and the test of theories)." (Creswell, 2003) • Qualitative research is used to gain insight into people's attitudes, behaviours, value systems, concerns, motivations, aspirations, culture or lifestyles. • Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. • Qualitative research is often associated with naturalistic inquiry. • Naturalistic methods of inquiry attempt...
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...understands the accounting process. This step, is the start of analytical procedures. 3. Develop Audit Plan Developing an audit plan consists of 5 main steps. First one is assesing the potential error level and risks. Second step is deciding on the audit approach. Third step is controlling; in this step potential errors are tested such as cutoff, valuation, completeness. Tn fourth step, substantive tests are planned. In the last step, all of the steps above are summarized and submitted to the entity. 4. Perform Audit Plan In this process, auditor performs the plans which are made in the previous step. The auditor checks the effectiveness of the audit plan. Then, substantive analytical procedures goes on. The auditor identfies the account balance and errors to be tested. An expectation of the entity’s substances are developped. The properties which requires a further imnvestigation are identified. Briefly, further investigations are planned and the analytical results are evaluated in this step. Then the tests of detail takes place. This step is required when balances can’t be predicted and it’s more effective to apply tests of detail. After all these steps are done, a financial statement review is made. Financial statement review means observation and confirmation of the whole process. 5. Conclude...
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...Organizational Structure & Culture Organizational Structure What is Organizational Structure? Defines how job tasks are formally – Divided – Grouped – Coordinated Six key elements – – – – – – Work specialization Departmentalization Chain of command Span of control Centralization & decentralization Formalization Controls, coordinates & motivates employees Work Specialization Degree to which tasks in organization are subdivided into separate jobs Efficiency gains – Payment related to skill-level required skill– Increase in performance in specific task – Encouraging creation of special inventions Efficiency losses – – – – – Boredom Fatigues Stress Poor quality High absenteeism & turnover Productivity specialization Departmentalization The basis by which jobs are grouped together Possible ways – By functions performed E.g., engineering, accounting, personnel…. – By type of product E.g., fuel, waxes, chemicals – On basis of geography E.g., western, southern, midwestern, eastern… – On basis of process E.g., Casting, press, tubing, finishing, inspect, pack, ship…. – By type of customer E.g., Service retail, wholesale, government customers Large companies might combine the forms! The Chain of Command & Span of Control Chain of command – Line of authority from top of the organization to lowest part – Specifies who reports to whom – Each managerial position is given its place & degree of authority – Unity of command principle...
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...Organizational Structure & Culture Organizational Structure What is Organizational Structure? Defines how job tasks are formally – Divided – Grouped – Coordinated Six key elements – – – – – – Work specialization Departmentalization Chain of command Span of control Centralization & decentralization Formalization Controls, coordinates & motivates employees Work Specialization Degree to which tasks in organization are subdivided into separate jobs Efficiency gains – Payment related to skill-level required skill– Increase in performance in specific task – Encouraging creation of special inventions Efficiency losses Boredom Fatigues Stress Poor quality High absenteeism & turnover Productivity – – – – – specialization Departmentalization The basis by which jobs are grouped together Possible ways – By functions performed E.g., engineering, accounting, personnel…. – By type of product E.g., fuel, waxes, chemicals – On basis of geography E.g., western, southern, midwestern, eastern… – On basis of process E.g., Casting, press, tubing, finishing, inspect, pack, ship…. – By type of customer E.g., Service retail, wholesale, government customers Large companies might combine the forms! The Chain of Command & Span of Control Chain of command – Line of authority from top of the organization to lowest part – Specifies who reports to whom – Each managerial position is given its place & degree of authority – Unity of command principle preserves unbroken line of command Span...
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...UNIVERSITÄT DUISBURG ESSEN Campus Duisburg Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften Abteilung Maschinenbau Institut für Produkt Engineering Transportsysteme und -logistik Keetmanstr. 3-9 47058 Duisburg Telefon: 0203 379-2785 Telefax: 0203 379-3048 eMail: bernd.noche@uni-due.de Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bernd Noche ABC-/XYZ Analysis Introduction tul Quelle: Powerpoint-Folien: Uta Horstmann ABC-Analysis 2 M0000 A short definition of ABC-Analysis The ABC-Analysis represents a simple method of material classification in respect of value and quantity. (G. Wöhe) Expressed in a more general way it is a process in order to identfy important kinds of customers, suppliers or articles. 3 ABC-Analysis M0000 The Pareto principle The so called Pareto principle indicates that for many phenomenons the following is valid: 80 % of effects are reached by 20 % of causes. The principle traces back to Vilfredo Pareto (Italian economist) who, related to Italy, had noticed that 80 % of property belonged to 20 % of the Italian population. Vilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto 1848 - 1923 4 ABC-Analysis M0000 However, the rule often is misunderstood: It seems that 80 % + 20 % = 100 %. But it can also be valid that: 80 % of effects are traced back to 10 % of causes. The principle can also be applied recursively, and not only used for 20% of the reasons : e.g. 64-4 Rule: 96-36 Rule: 64-4 Rule: 51,2-0,8 Rule: e. g. (80 – 16) % (20 – 16)% e. g. (80 + 16) % (20 + 16)% e. g. from (80•80/100)% - (20•20/100)%...
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...CCT 355 E-Business Technologies Division of Labour We have divided up the entire work load into five main stages, with the following break-down: • Analyze: For this part of the report, firstly, each group member studied the case as well as the change primer to get a detailed understanding of the problem at hand. Secondly, each group member has spent time with the game, experimenting with the tactics and their consequences. A key aspect of this component is conducting interviews of the Management. The list of departments interviewed was split up based on the following break-down: Tarek: Administration Department Kevieon: Marketing Timur: Manufacturing, R&D • Plan list of adequate tactics Tarek: Summarize the change primer with additional notes. Timur: roughly break down the list of all available tactics into the 7 stages outlined in the primer. • Implement tactics Kevieon: enter the available tactics into the game in various order. • Evaluate tactics used Collective activity, group discussion of tactics used Interviews Administration Maurice Gagnon - CEO • Very worried about present managerial state • Need a leader • Not happy with Brian • Thinking about coming out of retirement • Company changed a lot since Brian took over • Company may have grown too much • Likes Brians cost containment initiatives • Market has changed • Company should be doing better • Company has great resources • Bit performing as well as competitors • Need action...
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...THE EXTENT OF INTERNET BANKING SERVICES USAGE IN RELATION WITH CUSTOMERS’ PERCEIVED E-SERVICE QUALITY (PeSQ) OF MALAYSIAN BANKS IN PENANG: THE MODERATING ROLE OF ADOPTERS RISK PROFILE Sri Zuliarni1, Hasnah Hj Haroon2, Sofri Yahya2 ABSTRAK Studi ini mengkaji perilaku penggunaan jasa Internet banking lanjutan dalam konteks nasabah tetap pada Bank nasional Malaysia di Penang. Kerangka penelitian berasaskan Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) dan modifikasi model Perceived e-Service Quality (PeSQ) untuk mengidentifikasi faktor yang mempengaruhi penggunaan jasa Internet banking lanjutan. Variabel penelitian diantaranya profil risiko pengguna, kegunaan yang diterima, kemudahan dalam penggunaan, kebolehpercayaan, ketanggapan, keselamatan, dan kemajuan berkelanjutan. Mahasiswa S2 pada Universiti Sains Malaysia telah digunakan sebagai sampel penelitian. Hierarchical Regression Analysis digunakan untuk menguji pengaruh antar hubungan antar ke-7 sub-variabel yang diusulkan dan untuk memastikan proposisi berkait secara empiris. Kegunaan yang diterima, kemudahan dalam penggunaan, kebolehpercayaan, ketanggapan, keselamatan, dan kemajuan berkelanjutan mempunyai suatu pengaruh tidak langsung terhadap tingkat penggunaan jasa Internet banking lanjutan melalui profil risiko pengguna. Sebaliknya tiada pengaruh langsung dalam kajian empirik ini. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pelanggan Internet banking pada bank-bank nasional di Pulau Pinang, Malaysia berada pada kategori memiliki minat/...
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...RECOMMENDED SOLUTIONS TO ECON. 1266 MACROECONOMICS 2 FINAL EXAMINATION PAPER: SEMESTER | 2012. ,,1 HAVE INSERTED MY RECOMMENDED SOLUTIONS IN BOLD ITALICS AFTER EACH OF THE QUESTIONS ON THIS EXAMINATION PAPER." Question I For this question you can choose to answer either (A), or (B)' but NOT BOTH. A. Assume that the Asset Demand for money is relatively elastic or flat, and that the Investment Demand Curve, is relatively inelastic or steep. Compare and contrast the effect of an increase in Money Supply upon the overall level of economic activity, using both the traditional transmission mechanism, and in the IS'LM model. Are there any major differences between these 2 models? Your answer should include all relevant diagrams. (20 marks IN RELATION TO THIS QUESTION, STUDENTS WOALD BE EXPECTED TO IDENTIFY AND EXPILIIN THE TRADITIONAL TRANSMISSION MECHANISM AND BRIEFLY EXPLAIN ITS CONSTITUENT PARTS; NAMELY MONEY MARKET, THE INVESTMENT DEMAND CARVE, AND FINALLY THE 45 DEGREE LINE PRODUCT MARKET MODEL. THEY WOALD BE EXPECTED TO BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THE EFFECT OF AN INCREASE IN MONEY SAPPLY WHEN THE ASSET DEMAND CURVE FOR MONEY IS RELATIVLY FLAT AND THE INVESTMENT DEMAND CT]RVE IS RELATIVELY STEEP. BETTER ANSWERS WOALD EXPLAIN WHAT THE LATTER 2 SLOPES INDCATE ABOUT THE PARTICULAR MARKETS. ANSWERING THIS QAESTION STUDENTS SHOALD IDENTIFY THE 2 PARTICULAR WEAKNESSES THAT CHARACTERISE THE TRADITIONAL TRANSMISSION MECHANISM. THE ARTE THE 2 PROBLEMS...
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