...all by myself’ - then exuberate tremendous joy over her accomplishment, boasting ‘I did it all by myself!’ - this unfolded a learning process for me - her desire to discover her environment on her own was so natural, that no matter how much I tried to help her, her desperation to do it on her own would prevail. Maria Montessori (1988, p83) described a child’s first natural instinct to be “ … to carry out his actions by himself, without anyone helping him, and his first conscious bid for independence is made when he defends himself against those who try do the action for him”. I firmly believe in Montessori’s principles, which respect and liberate the child - have utmost faith the child will reach his/her own potential if given the freedom to do so. Her methods enable the child to reach self-worth through success and self-mastery by teaching him/herself, and to achieve internal discipline through self-control. The child is prepared for life and equipped as a self-reliant, motivated individual. Montessori designed the ‘favorable environment’ (MCI, 2013) to meet the child’s individual needs, with the aim of developing his/her true potential. In this essay I will seek to describe Montessori’s model of the favorable environment, including the role of the adult, and explain how it supports children’s developing independence. Psychological research shows that autonomy is a basic need in people - the ability to have choice and control are optimal for learning and wellbeing...
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...CHAPTER ONE 1.1. INTRODUCTION The notion of religion suggests an attempt by man common thread to all the above perspectives, however, is to work out a relationship between humans and a super- that they all link religion to man’s physical and social ordinate or supernatural being. It was borne out of man’s environment. To this extent, it could be argued that, there endeavour to understand the supernatural in the context is largely an interaction between religion and the society of the world he lives in. The need for political stability in Nigeria cannot be overemphasized. Indeed, all segments of the Nigerian society are interested in the political future of the nation. However, this interest is approached from various dimensions. A major interest in the Nigerian polity is the relationship between religion and politics. The Nigerian society is religiously pluralized and this significantly influences political decisions and policies of the nation. On the other hand, there are people who hold the strong opinion that this relationship should not be stressed and that religion and politics should be allowed to operate separately without one interfering with the other. Those who hold this view argued essentially from the position that religion mixed politics is mostly like to imbibe various vices associated with politics. Also that politics may not be properly and dispassionately played if mixed with religion. 1.2. DEFINITION OF TERMS For a better appreciation of the...
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...Agenda-setting Weaver D H, Graber D, McCombs M, Eyal C 1981 Media Agenda Setting in a Presidential Election: Issues, Images and Interest. Praeger, New York M. McCombs Agendas: Political The political agenda is the set of issues that are the subject of decision making and debate within a given political system at any one time. Significant research specifically on the topic of agenda setting, as opposed to decision making, dates mostly from the 1960s. Early studies of agenda setting were quite controversial because they were often presented as critiques of the pluralist studies of the 1950s and 1960s. Truman (1951) mostly ignored the issue of who set the agenda of political debate. Dahl (1956) discusses the matter in mentioning that ensuring that no group have control over the range of alternatives discussed within the political system is a requisite for democracy. In his study of New Haven he explicitly raises the question of agenda setting, noting that with a permeable political system virtually all significant issues would likely come to the attention of the elites. ‘Because of the ease with which the political stratum can be penetrated, whenever dissatisfaction builds up in some segment of the electorate party politicians will probably learn of the discontent and calculate whether it might be converted into a political issue with an electoral pay-off’ (Dahl 1961, p. 93). In Dahl’s view, then, any issue with a significant potential following in the public would likely find...
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...“Secrets are so 20th century”. At least that’s what a Time Magazine headline proclaimed in a 2013 cover story on “The Surveillance Society.” The emergence of ubiquitous surveillance technology, best exemplified by CCTV, presents a pressing ethical dilemma, namely is increased security worth the loss of privacy? This ethical dilemma is difficult to resolve because it requires a balancing a fundamental need, the need for security, against the less tangible benefits of privacy. The value society attaches to security varies depending on how threatened people feel. The less tangible benefits of privacy are most appreciated when they are lost. The ethical dilemma is made even more difficult to resolve by issues related to control of surveillance...
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...person. * Rights: (noun) Things to which you are entitled or allowed; freedoms that are guaranteed. * Human Rights: (noun) The rights you have simply because you are human. * Human rights are commonly understood as "inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being.” Human rights are thus conceived as universal (applicable everywhere) and egalitarian (the same for everyone). These rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in both national and international law. The doctrine of human rights in international practice, within international law, global and regional institutions, in the policies of states and in the activities of non-governmental organizations, has been a cornerstone of public policy around the world. * Every person has dignity and value. One of the ways that we recognize this fundamental worth is by acknowledging and respecting a person’s human rights. * Human rights are concerned with equality and fairness. They recognize our freedom to make choices about our life and develop our potential as human beings. They are about living free from fear, harassment or discrimination. * There are a number of basic rights that people from around the world have agreed on, such as the right to life, freedom from torture and other cruel and inhuman treatment, rights to a fair trial, free speech and freedom of religion, rights to health, education and an adequate standard of living...
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... Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand marked the establishment of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). As the regional organization, the top priority of ASEAN is to accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region. Later on other countries in the region also joined this organization as follows; Brunei Darussalam in 1984, Vietnam in 1995, Laos and Myanmar (Burma) in 1997, and Cambodia in 1999. The ten-member organization is enhancing partnership, not only nations in the region, but also outside the region, especially with the United States (US). The relationship between ASEAN and the US has entered its fourth decade of partnership. Since the first engagement in 1977, both sides have experienced the ups and down of partnership. This relationship will become more significant as it broadens the sectors of partnership in the future. Initially, starting with economic and development cooperation, the enhanced relationships, with cooperation on politic, regional security, counter terrorism and transnational crimes, has achieved a new era of “comprehensive partnership.” For the next decade, regional development in Asia Pacific will require the partnership to become more comprehensive. Several key issues in the region will become the major consideration for the next type of partnership. Some issues exist in Asia Pacific region. These are economic development, environmental issues, transnational...
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...The introduction The Chesapeake and New England Colonies: A Comparison Beginning in the 1600s, England colonized the newly discovered Americas. numerous groups came settled in two regions, the Chesapeake and New England. From the beginning, both had very separate motivation and unique identities. These motivations affected the colonies in every way, including economically, socially, and politically. The Chesapeake and New England attracted different types of settlers and, by 1700, the populations differed enormously. Clearly the Chesapeake and the New England regions did differ in numerous ways. These differences included population, religion, and economy. But also the differences were on a wide-scale range involving almost every aspect of the society, they all sprouted from one initial difference between the two: the very reason the colonists came. Life in colonial America was difficult for all, but more so for some than others. While some colonists struggled to scrape by, some managed to live well and be happy. It is very apparent that health, family, and growth helped New England to be more prosperous and a more enjoyable place to live than in its southern neighbor, Chesapeake Bay. History has proven that these factors have a major effect on the quality of life for people, and this instance is no exception. New England New England was north of the Chesapeake, and included Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Haven. In Puritan...
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...The years before the American Revolution knew the intensification of the political and cultural debate among the colonies. After the Treaty of Paris of 1763 the relations with England were quite complicated because of the new tax policy and administration of the motherland. The new laws clearly represented a change of direction in the management and especially in the conception of the colonies by the British government. The harsh protests and riots that started overseas showed that the colonists insinuated a doubt about the intentions of England, whose behavior was seen as a direct attack against their freedom. In the atmosphere of the colonial debate there were two main options on the positions to take regarding the facts. Many still supported the need for a reconciliation with England, either for the tradition that it bound the colonies or for the protection of trade and security of the American continent. So the fear and uncertainty to be an independent nation in the future restrained settlers' minds. More and more, on the other hand, were the voices, who courageously invoke the separation from the motherland as the only real alternative for the development and prosperity of the colonies. Therefore, the idea of independence had been circulating in the debates and private conversations, but before January 10, 1776 no one had publicly supported his needs, urging Americans to actively pursue it. The English radical Thomas Paine, with his Common Sense was in fact the first to propose...
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...Computer ethics Computer ethics is a branch of practical philosophy which deals with how computing professionals should make decisions regarding professional and social conduct. The term "computer ethics" was first coined by Walter Maner in the mid-1970s, but only since the 1990s has it started being integrated into professional development programs in academic settings. The conceptual foundations of computer ethics are investigated by information ethics, a branch of philosophical ethics established by Luciano Floridi. Computer ethics is a very important topic in computer applications. The importance of computer ethics increased through the 1990s. With the growth of the Internet, privacy issues as well as concerns regarding computing technologies such as spyware and web browser cookies have called into question ethical behavior in technology. Identifying issues Identifying ethical issues as they arise, as well as defining how to deal with them, has traditionally been problematic in computer ethics. Some have argued against the idea of computer ethics as a whole. However, Collins and Miller proposed a method of identifying issues in computer ethics in their Paramedic Ethics model. The model is a data-centered view of judging ethical issues, involving the gathering, analysis, negotiation, and judging of data about the issue. In solving problems relating to ethical issues, Davis proposed a unique problem-solving method. In Davis's model, the ethical problem is stated, facts...
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...perfect example of this aspect of his administration is prevalent in his rhetoric. His small anecdotes, perfect word choice, and references to past great leaders all underscored his incredible ability to communicate the successes and lessen the defeats that faced his administration. Through his use of consistent and unique rhetoric from his first major speech in 1964 continued to his farewell speech in 1989, Ronald Reagan established motifs of freedom, limited government, moral renewal, and hope for the future that ultimately rescue American pride in the executive branch and in the country as a whole. In Ronald Reagan’s second inaugural address, which spans just over three pages, he used the word freedom 17 times. He took one of the most complex and hard to achieve concepts in the world and used America’s mastery of it to his advantage. The majority of American citizens loved the freedoms given to us by this bill of rights making it easy for Reagan to embrace. Furthermore, living in a democratic society with the opportunity and freedom to achieve whatever someone desires in life is truly the American dream. Reagan harnessed this in every single one of...
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...CHAPTER 2 ENRIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE ON ACCOUNTING DEVELOPMENT 1 2.1 Introduction In international accounting research, environmental influence is the key to understanding one country’s accounting system. "To a large extent, accounting is a product of its environment. That is, it is shaped by, reflects, and reinforces particular characteristics unique to its national environment" (Radebaugh and Gray 1997). From the late 1960s, researchers in international accounting have tried to categorize countries according to a series of criteria, which have been developed on a deductive or conductive basis. These criteria tried to explain the reasons for accounting differences between countries; they aimed to describe and compare different systems with each other in an efficient way. There are several advantages to categorize and analyze the differences among countries: First, it promotes improved understanding of the complex realities of accounting practices, as well as the factors that shape a country’s accounting regulations; Second, it provides useful information for solving some of the important accounting problems that exist in the world. For example, it can help policymakers assess the prospects and problems of international harmonization; Third, it can assist in the training of accountants and auditors who operate internationally; And finally, it can enable a developing country to better understand the available and appropriate types of financial...
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...was signed on 8 August 1967 at Saranrom Palace, Bangkok. As stipulated in the Bangkok Declaration, ASEAN was established with an aim to promote peace and stability, and accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through joint endeavors in a spirit of equality and partnership. Over the years, ASEAN has gradually evolved and expanded to include Brunei Darussalam (1984), Viet Nam (1995), Lao PDR and Myanmar (1997), and Cambodia (1999). The peace and stability that the Southeast Asian countries have been enjoying today to a large extent, largely due to ASEAN's role as a forum that promotes and fosters trust and confidence amongst its Member States. ASEAN has successfully maintained peace, stability and security in the region through the various frameworks and mechanisms, such as Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN) (1971), Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia (TAC) (1976), and Southeast Asian Nuclear‐Weapon‐Free Zone Treaty (SEANWFZ) (1995). To further enhance regional cooperation in political and security issues, the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) was established in 1994, which now comprises 27 participating countries including all major regional players. The ARF who serves as a forum for constructive dialogue and consultation is to promote confidence-building and preventive diplomacy in the region. On the economic front, ASEAN has made an important...
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...What is Human Services? Nina Brown BSHS 301 Introduction to Human Services September 6, 2011 University of Phoenix Alberto Reynoso What is Human Services? The field of human service has been around for centuries in many forms with the sole intention of helping marginalized populations attain a sense of accomplishment in managing their lives. Human services are necessary to assist people who otherwise have little or no help in navigating their social environment for various reasons. There are segments of the population that aren’t able to acquire the basic human needs of shelter, food, and health care that everyone should have in order to maintain an ordered life. The goal of the human service profession is to help the disenfranchised overcome various obstacles that prevent them from living their lives to the fullest by providing them with support and various intervention strategies. The very early systems of taking care of the underprivileged were shrouded within a feudalistic society that resulted in slavery. Society’s attitudes towards the poor at that time were somewhat positive; there was no shame in being poor as long as you were seen as worthy (Martin, 2007) . The privileged were basically bestowing their graces on the poor with the understanding that it was necessary in society for the underprivileged to exist and for charity to be provided. The principles behind giving charity to the poor were engrained...
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...Exclusionary Rule Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Exclusionary Rule is constructed on the state constitution of the United States, which requires that evidence or materials qualifying as such, obtained by the arresting or case officers in violation of a suspect's right of freedom from unwarranted searches and arrests are not admissible in the said suspect's case in court. That is; the exclusionary rule dismisses evidences that are obtained by abusing a delinquent's fourth amendment rights. The amendment is mandated to protect the citizens from illegal searches and arrests by law enforcing agencies. Per se, it can be regarded as the hallmark to the flourishing respects for the fourth amendment right in the United States. It is imperious to acknowledge that the rule was made in courts and not the conventional legislative protocols that involve statutes and members of the congress. It was a creation of the Supreme Court and, thus its application is confined within the jurisprudence of the legal system. The historical development of the exclusionary rule dates back to the 1990s. Whilst the development of the rule itself is uniquely American portent, the principle it protects and the justifications for its existence links to the vey origin of western civilization. To effusively grasp the advent of the exclusionary rule as promulgated in Boyd v. United States, it is critical to identify the theoretical foundations of law developed in Britain and America. Principally...
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...LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK IN KENYA ON THE RIGHTS OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES INTERNATIONAL LAWS Under The Constitution of Kenya, article 2(5) and (6), treaties and rules of international law are part of Kenyan Law. This essentially means that even without domesticating some of the treaties their obligations apply directly to Kenya. The Convention on the Rights of the Child is the first treaty that protected children rights. It guiding principles have a direct impact to children with disabilities. These include; non-discrimination, that these children should not be discriminated on the ground of disability, best interests of the child; under this rubric states must eradicate policy laws which do not place the best interests of the child as paramount, A child’s survival and development; that laws set must aim at ensuring development and survival of the child, and finally, Child participation, i.e. that children with disabilities or organizations representing them be consulted in matters and decisions affecting them. Article 23 of the Convention lays emphasis on the right of these children to special care and support to ensure they live full and independent lives. Most importantly the article guarantees the disabled children all the rights in the Convention. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) through General Comment 5 states that persons with disabilities should be guaranteed all rights under the covenant. On education, the...
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