...When American schoolchildren are educated about Europe between the years 1936 through 1975, they are taught about the aftereffects of World War I and about World War II. Europe, in high school history classes, ceases to exist after 1945 and the close of World War II unless, of course, one is learning about the Cold War and the Berlin Wall may be mentioned. They do not learn, however, that World War II era Spain—because Spain was neither an ally or a foe during the war—went through enormous conflict of its own. The three-year Spanish Civil War and the fascist dictatorship that followed are largely kept out of the American history books. Yet, the world is privy to much of its legacy through literature, art, film, and personal memory. Spain certainly remembers three hellish years of war and thirty six years of repression under Generalisimo Fransisco Franco, but how is General Franco remembered by the rest of the world? What legacy did he leave internationally? 2 It is a confused and varied one: to those closest to him he was a husband, father, and statesman; to Hitler, he was an obstacle on the road to world domination; to the Jews who fled from Hitler he was a hero; but to the many Spanish minorities and to his opponents in the Spanish Civil War he was a monster. 3 The answers to the questions posed are addressed in a variety of sources. One of these sources is the book Hitler Stopped by Franco, by Jane and Burt Boyar, who write a relatively straightforward book that explores many...
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...During World war 2 the main Axis powers were Germany, Italy, and Japan, while the main Allied powers were; England, The United States, The Soviet Union (aka USSR), and France. There were also some neutral countries consisting of Eire (Republic of Ireland), Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Afghanistan, and Portugal. World War 2 is one of the bloodiest conflicts in the world’s history and it is important to learn and remember why things happened the way they did. Each country had their own reasons for fighting in the war, and some remained neutral for their own reasons. Hitler in Germany wanted to secure a space in Europe for the “German Master Race”. Italy was a political ally, and japan wanted to expand their empire instead of increasing trade...
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...The Spanish Flu was the most devastating pandemic our world has ever seen. Even though few medical records exist, historians believe that 20 – 100 million people were killed by this flu. Despite the number of deaths and the severity and geographic reach of this disease, it merits little attention in the history books. Today one of our greatest medical threats is AIDS. The Spanish Flu is exponential compared to AIDS casualties (Gloria). The Spanish Flu of 1918-19 affected our world like no other disease in history. It changed the ways people sought medical help, the ways physicians treated illness, the role of medical researchers and how society, particularly medical and political leaders respond to pandemic diseases. Influenza is a unique respiratory viral disease infecting the whole respiratory tract-namely, the nose, sinuses, the throat, lungs, and even the middle ear. The disease spreads from person to person by airborne droplets produced when an infected individual coughs or sneezes. Acute symptoms of influenza, including fever, headache, shivering, muscle pain, cough, and pneumonia, are the result of the virus replicating in the respiratory tract, in which infected cells die and slough off (Rosenberg). The Spanish Flu got its name from newspaper reports of that period. It was thought that the influenza infection was carried form Asia to Spain during World War I. During WWI Spain remained neutral and the government did not censor the press. Spanish papers were filled...
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...Date | Event | 1500 | | Rise of Kingdom of Maynila under the Bolkiah dynasty | 1521 | 16 March | Ferdinand Magellan lands on Homonhon with three small ships, named the Concepcion, Trinidad and Victoria. Magellan calls the place the Arcigelago de San Lazaro since March 16 is the feast day of Saint Lazarus | | 28 March | Magellan reaches the Philippines | | 29 March | Blood Compact between Magellan and Rajah Kulambo of Limasawa | | 31 March | The first mass on Philippine soil is celebrated. | | 7 April | Magellan meets Rajah Humabon of Cebu and enters into another Blood Compact. Humabon and his wife are baptized into the Catholic Church. | | 27 April | Magellan is killed by Lapu-Lapu in the battle of Mactan. | 1525 | | Spain sends an expedition under Juan Garcia Jofre de Loaysa to...
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...Symbols[show] | * the Philippines portal | * v * t * e | Part of a series on the | History of the Philippines | | Prehistory (pre-900) | * Callao and Tabon Men * Arrival of the Negritos * Austronesian expansion * Angono Petroglyphs * Society of the Igorot | Classical Period (900–1521) | * Sinified State of Ma-i * Thallasocracy of the Lequios * Tondo Dynasty * Confederation of Madja-as * Kingdom of Maynila * Kingdom of Namayan * Rajahnate of Butuan * Rajahnate of Cebu * Sultanate of Maguindanao * Sultanate of Sulu * Sultanate of Lanao | Spanish Period (1521–1898) | * Viceroyalty of New Spain * Spanish East Indies * Christianization * Dutch Invasions * British Invasion * Revolts and uprisings * Katipunan * Philippine Revolution | American Period (1898–1946) | * First Republic * Philippine–American War * Tagalog Republic * Negros Republic * Zamboanga Republic * Insular Government * Commonwealth * Japanese Occupation * Second Republic | Post-Colonial (1946–present) | * Third Republic * Marcos era * Fourth Republic * Fifth Republic | By topic | * Demographic * Military *...
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...OVERTAKEN The Katipunan was a Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish Filipinos in Manila in 1892, whose primary aim was to gain independence from Spain through revolution. The society was initiated by Filipino patriots Andrés Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, and others on the night of July 7, when Filipino writer José Rizal was to be banished to Dapitan. Initially, the Katipunan was a secret organization until its discovery in 1896 that led to the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution. Being a secret organization, its members were subjected to the utmost secrecy and were expected to abide with the rules established by the society. Aspirant applicants were given standard initiation rites to become members of the society. At first, membership in the Katipunan was only open to male Filipinos; later, women were accepted in the society. The Katipunan had its own publication, Kalayaan (Liberty) that had its first and last print on March 1896. Revolutionary ideals and works flourished within the society, and Philippine literature were expanded by some of its prominent members. In planning the revolution, Bonifacio contacted Rizal for his full-fledged support for the Katipunan in exchange for a promise of rescuing Rizal from his detainment. On May 1896, a delegation was sent to the Emperor of Japan to solicit funds and military arms. The Katipunan's existence was revealed to the Spanish authorities after a member named Teodoro Patiño confessed the Katipunan's illegal...
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...Endre Erno Friedmann also known as Robert Capa was a hungarian war photographer and photojournalist. He was born october 22,1913 in Budapest. Robert was born with his head still wrapped in his caul and when removed he had a full head of hair, also he was born with an extra finger, which was later removed. He was raised in the liberal jewish middle class and spoke hungarian. In 1931, Robert left hungary because of his political affiliation. He left at age 18, and Capa needed a job badly, he decided to switch from journalism to photography because he would later explain, photography “was the nearest thing to journalism for anyone who found himself without a widely spoken language.” Originally he wanted to be a writer, but he found work in photography in berlin, this is where he grew to love the art of photography. When Robert was younger, he had a friend named Eva Besnyo, she helped get him into photography because when they were younger she had a camera and he always followed her around with it. Another friend Lajos Kassak got him into political philosophy. With both of these influences he decided to become a journalist....
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...Rizal’s Nationalist Project: An Analysis of his Major Works Alvin Campomanes University of the Philippines-Diliman University of Asia and the Pacific This study guide aims to: provide a historical background of Rizal’s major works – (Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, his Annotation of Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos and Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años; critically analyze the content of these works; explain the relationship of the ideas contained in these works in order to understand Rizal’s concept of nation, nationhood, and nationalism But before we proceed, here is an overview of Rizal’s life-history 1861-1882 birth, childhood in Calamba, studies in Biñan and Ateneo, execution of the GOMBURZA, imprisonment of Doña Teodora, encounter with police brutality, discrimination in the literary competition of the Liceo Artistico-Literario (where he won first prize for his El Consejo de los Dioses) 1882-1887 trip to Europe, education at the Universidad Central de Madrid, growth of his nationalism, El Amor Patrio (1882), brindis (speech) in honor of Juan Luna and Felix Resureccion Hidalgo (1884), publication of the Noli Me Tangere (1887). 1887-1888 According to historian Floro Quibuyen, the Calamba Hacienda Case was a turning point in Rizal’s life – it marked the beginning of his radicalization; a critical examination of his correspondences reveals a subversive Rizal – a separatist 1888-1892 second trip...
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...ISSN: 2186-8492, ISSN: 2186-8484 Print Vol. 1. No. 2. May 2012 ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES ISSUES AND CONCERNS OF PHILIPPINE EDUCATION THROUGH THE YEARS Joel M. Durban1, Ruby Durban Catalan2 1 Far Eastern University, Manila, 2University of San Agustin Iloilo City, PHILIPPINES joelmdurban@yahoo.com, rmdc60@yahoo.com.ph ABSTRACT The essay is an attempt to analyze, evaluate and criticize issues affecting the educational system through the years with the end view of recommending possible improvements. The metamorphosis of Philippine education through the years was a gradual process brought about by generations of colonialism and imperialism. From the Spaniards to the Americans, to the Japanese even during the Liberation period up to the EDSA revolution, changes in education did not match the high hopes of the Filipino people. Presently, the Philippine educational system needs to address issues not only of accessibility and quality in providing education for all. Other issues needs to addressed involved the role of education in the national development, the unresponsive curriculum, improper monitoring of programs implemented, globalization of education and even politics in education. For the Philippine education to succeed its ills and problems must be addressed. There is a need for values reorientation of the Filipinos as a key to national development. Teachers’ transformation, in terms of their values orientation is necessary. Part of the teachers’...
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...STUDENT GUIDE TO CULTURAL AWARENESS INDEX LESSON TITLE PAGE 1 Philosophical Aspects of Culture SG- 3 C1 Native American Experience SG- 4 C2 White American Experience SG- 23 C3 Arab American Experience SG- 43 C4 Hispanic American Experience SG- 53 C5 Black American Experience SG- 76 C6 Asian American Experience SG-109 C7 Jewish American Experience SG-126 C8 Women in the Military SG-150 C9 Extremist Organizations/Gangs SG-167 STUDENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR BEING FAMILIARIZED WITH ALL CLASS MATERIAL PRIOR TO CLASS. INFORMATION PAPER ON THE PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCE Developed by Edwin J. Nichols, Ph.D. |Ethnic Groups/ |Axiology |Epistemology |Logic |Process | |World Views | | | | | |European |Member-Object |Cognitive |Dichotomous |Technology | |Euro-American |The highest value lies in the object |One knows through counting |Either/Or |All sets are repeatable and| | ...
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...Conversion narratives are crucial to World War II films. They were a regular part of Hollywood movies featuring cynical, self-centered antiheros who only cared about themselves. The selfish hero in the face of absolute need converts to a selfless wartime activist dedicating time and resources to the cause and war effort. Casablanca, released in 1942, is a film that portrayed the consequences of having to convert to war. The movie can be seen as giving purpose to war and encouraging the American people to support the mobilization of their troops. The need to convert to war was imperative at this moment in time. Casablanca brilliantly explained to Americans the reason for the fight through the fictional conversion of Rick Blaine and corrupt Vichy police Captain Louis Renault to self-sacrifice and war. The opening scene for the movie sets up establishing shots of imprisoned Europe. A roundabout refugee trail sprung up in order to get to Lisbon, which was the disembarkation point to the new world. The narrator, in a newsreel format, says people looked for freedom in the Americas. The Moroccan city of Casablanca attracted people from all over as many refugees were trying to get out of Europe. They wait in Casablanca. The first scene shows Casablanca as a very police state with a great military presence. The busyness of the exotic open market the camera frame shows the city as being very walled in. People are trapped and they can’t move or go anywhere. The murder of two German...
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...of the Philippine languages, in Spanish and in English, and in Chinese as well. Philippine literature may be produced in the capital city of Manila and in the different urban centers and rural outposts, even in foreign lands where descendants of Filipino migrants use English or any of the languages of the Philippines to create works that tell about their lives and aspirations. The forms used by Filipino authors may be indigenous or borrowed from other cultures, and these may range from popular pieces addressed to mass audiences to highly sophisticated works intended for the intellectual elite. Having gone through two colonial regimes, the Philippines has manifested the cultural influences of the Spanish and American colonial powers in its literary production. Works may be grouped according to the dominant tradition or traditions operative in them. The first grouping belongs to the ethnic tradition, which comprises oral lore identifiably precolonial in provenance and works that circulate within contemporary communities of tribal Filipinos, or among lowland Filipinos that have maintained their links with the culture of their non-Islamic or non-Christian ancestors. The second grouping consists of works that show Spanish derivation or influence in the themes and forms employed, and these may include literary works that are translations of original Spanish writings, or adaptations of the same. A third grouping comprises works belonging to the American colonial tradition. Literary production...
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...regards to local history. We can continue the work began by the older generation by filling in the gaps and omissions and presenting alternative viewpoints that reflect more accurately the complex nature of our collective history. We are all familiar with the souvenir programs generated by countless town fiestas and similar community celebrations that almost always contain a short account of the town’s history but we always fail to produce something to be of lasting value. One of the hazards of writing a historical document destined to be used as a future reference which may draw special interest from the readers and may have a wide circulation is the gathering of accurate and reliable information. It is surely one of the reasons why Castillejos has no written document about its own local history for no one has shown their intention to write something which is of utmost importance to unfold significant local stories and to enrich awareness and consciousness about the origin and roots of a true blooded citizen of Castillejos. According to Dr. Jose Rizal, “In order to understand the destiny of a people, it is necessary to open the book of its past.” Now is the opportune time to look back to be able to know ourselves better, the essence of our existence today and understand the reasons of what and how we become today. For any inaccuracy and misinterpretation of events and facts, the writer is responsible and hopes for the indulgence and...
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...the Native American groups prior to European colonization. Even though Christopher Columbus claimed to have discovered the Americas in 1492, it was already inhabited some fifteen to twenty thousand years prior. The glaciers were reduced because of global warming and this gave the nomadic hunters access to the core of the North American continent. Amazingly, this contributed to their food supply abundantly and this produced a swift population growth. More changes became evident in the environment which included a new food source such as fish, nuts and berries. These Native Americans, known as Paleo-Indians, adjusted and propelled forward. Because they were exposed to a new food source they discovered how to cultivate certain plants. At this stage, the Agriculture Revolution was born and this significantly altered the Native American culture. With a more stable food source these Indians became docile and established. This also helped in establishing stable villages and eventually led to some type of government which included elders and leaders. The Eastern Woodland Cultures did not practice agriculture first and foremost but supplemented their food chain with hunting and fishing. They had settled in the northern region along the Atlantic coast. The Algonquian-speaking Natives resided from North Carolina to Main and spoke many different dialects depending on the region they were associated with. Furthermore, most Native American hierarchy was...
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...Rizal National Centennial Commission in 1961) NATIONAL HISTORICAL COMMISSION Manila 1974 First Printing 1963 Second Printing 1965 Third Printing 1969 Fourth Printing 1971 Fifth Printing 1974 This Book is dedicated by the Author to the other Filipinos Speak of me as I am; nothing extenuate, Nor set down aught in malice, Shakespeare: °the/Lo. Paint my picture truly like me, and not flatter me at all ; but remark all those roughnesses, pimples, warts, and everything as you see me. — Oliver Cromwell. Report me and my cause aright. The rest is silence. Shakespeare : OTHELLO PREFACE Like most Filipinos I was told about Rizal as a child, and to me, like to most, he remained only a name. In school I learned only that he had died for our country, shot by the Spaniards. I read his two novels in...
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