...have been used successfully to further medical knowledge and conquer disease. Medical research almost always carries with it some degree in risk. Human beings cannot be used for testing purposes unless they consent to participate. Obtaining informed consent is particularly important in nontherapeutic research, or research that will not directly benefit the research subjects. Justification for all medical research is that the benefits must outweigh the risk. Medical researchers must abide by the standers for testing that have been established by their medical associations, such as the AMA and the ANA. The HHS implements government standards for research. The government requires that all institutions that receive federal research funds, such as hospitals and universities, to establish an IRB that oversees any human research in that facility. 2.) What should the public have done, since they knew about the study? In my opinion the public should have asked questions about the intent of the study, asked if the patients would benefit from the research and if they had given their consent for the research. Also when they didn’t inform the men in the control group that developed syphilis over the course of the study and transferred them into the research group without ever telling them that they had the disease, and were given no treatment to fight the disease the public should have stepped up and put a stop to the research. 3.) In your opinion, how should the data be used that is...
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...to answer the following questions as the relate to the Tuskegee Syphilis Research Study found on page 264 in the Medical Law and Ethics textbook by Bonnie F. Fremgen. The questions are: 1. Could this type of research be conducted today? Why or why not? 2. What should the public have done, since they knew about the study? 3. In your opinion, how should the data be used that is obtained from an unethical experiment and how can we prevent this from happening again? 4. Discuss the code of ethics as it relates to this study? 5. What are your personal thoughts on the ethical standards exhibited through this study? Tuskegee Syphilis Research Study Any research like the Tuskegee Syphilis Research Study could not be conducted today. There are many reasons as to why this type of research study cannot be conducted today. One reason is because people of all races are more aware of diseases that today’s society has now than they were back then. Also, people nowadays want to be treated for the disease(s) that they have whether than be experimented with. People in today’s society are also more aware of the researches that are taking place to not allow this type of study to be conducted. In my opinion, the public should have not allowed this type of research to be conducted. In the research study on page 264 in our textbook it states “ the public was outraged that poor black men had been subjected to a research project without their consent and denied treatment for a treatable...
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...Could this type of research be conducted today? Why or why not? What should the public have done, since they knew about the study? In your opinion, how should the data be used that is obtained from an unethical experiment and how can we prevent this from happening again? Discuss the code of ethics as it is related to this study? What are your personal thoughts on the ethical standards exhibited through this study? This research could not be conducted in today’s society. There are many reasons why it could not be conducted today. One reason is because people nowadays of all races are more aware of the diseases that today’s society has now than they were back then. Also, that people nowadays want to be treated for the diseases rather than be experimented on. People are more aware of the researches that are taking place to not allow this type of study to be conducted today. In my opinion the public should have allowed this type of research to be conducted. The public didn’t know anything about the research until the 1960 when the researcher working for the US health department services tried to get the project ended and was unsuccessful in getting it stopped. He then went to the press which it ultimately came to a stop. This is what brought it to the public’s attention. In my opinion the data collected should be put to use to treat those who develop syphilis in the future. The data could also be used to see what researches could do differently in their next...
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...am going to answer the following questions as the relate to the Tuskegee Syphilis Research Study found on page 264 in the Medical Law and Ethics textbook by Bonnie F. Fremgen. The questions are:1. Could this type of research be conducted today? Why or why not? 2. What should the public have done, since they knew about the study? 3. In your opinion, how should the data be used that is obtained from an unethical experiment and how can we prevent this from happening again? 4. Discuss the code of ethics as it relates to this study? 5. What are your personal thoughts on the ethical standards exhibited through this study? Tuskegee Syphilis Research StudyAny research like the Tuskegee Syphilis Research Study could not be conducted today. There are many reasons as to why this type of research study cannot be conducted today. One reason is because people of all races are more aware of diseases that today’s society has now than they were back then. Also, people nowadays want to be treated for the disease(s) that they have whether than be experimented with. People in today’s society are also more aware of the researches that are taking place to not allow this type of study to be conducted.In my opinion, the public should have not allowed this type of research to be conducted. In the research study on page 264 in our textbook it states “ the public was outraged that poor black men had been subjected to a research project without their consent and denied treatment for a treatable disease...
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...Facebook Unethical Use of User Data for Social Experimentation Bonita V. Earls Longwood University Abstract His paper explores the ethical impact of Facebooks 2012 study on emotional contagion in a social web environment. The study is controversial due to the fact Facebook researchers failed to follow standard ethical guidelines as set forth in the healthcare industry, failed to clearly communicate the study, its intentions, and methodology to its users, and manipulated data in such a way it invoked emotional and mood changes of its unaware users. The idea of algorithmic program use in the social media sphere comes into question as well. Introduction In January 2012, the news feeds of approximately 700,000 users of the popular social media site, Facebook, were manipulated in a manner so that some of its users only had positive news stories show up on their pages and others had only negative news stories show up. The experiment was conducted over the span of a week, from the 11th to the 18th, without the knowledge of the users (Kramer, 2014). According to the researchers, the goal was to see if “emotional contagion” occurs without direct interaction between people and in the absence of nonverbal cues. By manipulating the news stories, either all positive or all negative, they could study what effects, if any, there was on the moods of the users (LaChance, 2014). This is only one of many social experiments that the Facebook Core Data Science Team, has performed...
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... Research Methodology-A Beginners,(2nd.ed.),Singapore, Pearson Education. Step-by-Step Guide for RESEARCH: a way of examining your practice… Research is undertaken within most professions. More than a set of skills, it is a way of thinking: examining critically the various aspects of your professional work. It is a habit of questioning what you do, and a systematic examination of the observed information to find answers with a view to instituting appropriate changes for a more effective professional service. DEFINITION OF RESEARCH When you say that you are undertaking a research study to find answers to a question, you are implying that the process; 1. is being undertaken within a framework of a set of philosophies ( approaches); 2. uses procedures, methods and techniques that have been tested for their validity and reliability; 3. is designed to be unbiased and objective . Philosophies means approaches e.g. qualitative, quantitative and the academic discipline in which you have been trained. Validity means that correct procedures have been applied to find answers to a question. Reliability refers to the quality of a measurement procedure that provides repeatability and accuracy. Unbiased and objective means that you have taken each step in an unbiased manner and drawn each conclusion to the best of your ability and without introducing your own vested interest. (Bias is a deliberate attempt to either conceal or highlight something). Adherence to the three criteria mentioned...
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...Ethical Guidelines for Statistical Practice Prepared by the Committee on Professional Ethics Approved by the Board of Directors, August 7, 1999 Executive Summary This document contains two parts: I. Preamble and II. Ethical Guidelines. The Preamble addresses A. Purpose of the Guidelines, B. Statistics and Society, and C. Shared Values. The purpose of the document is to encourage ethical and effective statistical work in morally conducive working environments. It is also intended to assist students in learning to perform statistical work responsibly. Statistics plays a vital role in many aspects of science, the economy, governance, and even entertainment. It is important that all statistical practitioners recognize their potential impact on the broader society and the attendant ethical obligations to perform their work responsibly. Furthermore, practitioners are encouraged to exercise "good professional citizenship" in order to improve the public climate for, understanding of, and respect for the use of statistics throughout its range of applications. The Ethical Guidelines address eight general topic areas and specify important ethical considerations under each topic. A. Professionalism points out the need for competence, judgment, diligence, self-respect, and worthiness of the respect of other people. B. Responsibilities to Funders, Clients, and Employers discusses the practitioner's responsibility for assuring that statistical work is suitable to the needs...
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...5 Ethics in business research Chapter outline Introduction Ethical principles Harm to participants Lack of informed consent Invasion of privacy Deception 122 128 128 132 136 136 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 145 Other ethical and legal considerations Data management Copyright Reciprocity and trust Affiliation and conflicts of interest The difficulties of ethical decision-making Checklist Key points Questions for review © Oxford University Press 2011. Alan Bryman and Emma Bell. Business Research Methods 3e 122 Ethics in business research Chapter outline Ethical issues arise at a variety of stages in business and management research. This chapter is concerned with the concerns about ethics that might arise in the course of conducting research. The professional bodies concerned with the social sciences have been keen to spell out the ethical issues that can arise, and some of their statements will be reviewed in this chapter. Ethical issues cannot be ignored, in that they relate directly to the integrity of a piece of research and of the disciplines that are involved. This chapter explores: • • • • some famous, even infamous, cases in which transgressions of ethical principles have occurred, though it is important not to take the view that ethical concerns arise only in relation to these extreme cases; different stances that can be and have been taken on ethics in business research; the significance and operation of four areas in which ethical concerns...
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...Interpreting & Documenting Research & Findings Published by the Universities of Edinburgh, Glasgow and Strathclyde W.L. Wilson Acknowledgements The material from this booklet has been developed from discussion groups and interviews with the research staff of Glasgow and Strathclyde Universities The advice and contributions of Dr Avril Davidson, Mr Keri Davies, Prof George Gordon, Mrs Janice Reid, Dr Alan Taylor and Mrs Sheila Thompson are acknowledged. The advice of the project Steering Group: Prof Michael Anderson, University of Edinburgh; Dr Nuala Booth, University of Aberdeen; Dr Ian Carter, University of Glasgow; Ms Jean Chandler, University of Glasgow; Dr Avril Davidson, University of Glasgow; Prof George Gordon, University of Strathclyde; Prof Caroline MacDonald, University of Paisley; Prof James McGoldrick, University of Dundee; Dr Alan Runcie, University of Strathclyde; Prof Susan Shaw, University of Strathclyde; Dr Alan Taylor, University of Edinburgh; Prof Rick Trainor, University of Glasgow is also acknowledged. The project was funded by the Scottish Higher Education Funding Council. Other titles in Series Gaining Funding for Research Gathering and Evaluating Information from Secondary Sources Preparing the Research Brief © Universities of Edinburgh, Glasgow and Strathclyde 1999 Cartoons D. Brown & W. L. Wilson ISBN 0 85261 688 0 Printed by Universities Design and Print Introduction This booklet is one of a series of four aimed at researchers...
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...carefully checked and accuracy is ensured. - The file is either in .doc, .pdf, excel, or zipped in the package and can easily be read on PCs and Macs. - Delivery is INSTANT. You can download the files IMMEDIATELY once payment is done. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us. Our response is the fastest. All questions will always be answered in 6 hours. This is the quality of service we are providing and we hope to be your helper. Delivery is in the next moment. Solution Manual is accurate. Buy now below and the DOWNLOAD LINK WILL APPEAR IMMEDIATELY once payment is done! Prepare to receive your Business Research Methods Solution Manual in the next moment. -------------------------------------Business Research Methods Solution Manual Business Research Methods 12th Solution Manual This is a sample chapter Business Research Methods Cooper 12th Edition Solutions Manual Business Research Methods Cooper 12th Edition Solutions Manual Chapter 2 Ethics in Business Research CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, students should understand… What issues are covered in research ethics. The goal of “no harm” for all research activities and...
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...Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication About the Authors Preface Changes in the fifth edition Companion websites Acknowledgments Chapter 1: Introduction to research What is research? Business research Types of business research: applied and basic Managers and research The manager and the consultant–researcher Internal versus external consultants/researchers Knowledge about research and managerial effectiveness Ethics and business research Summary Discussion Questions Chapter 2: Scientific investigation The hallmarks of scientific research Some obstacles to conducting scientific research in the management area The hypothetico-deductive method Other types of research Summary Discussion Questions Chapter 3: The research process: the broad problem area and defining the problem statement Broad problem area Preliminary information gathering Literature review Defining the problem statement The research proposal Managerial implications Ethical issues in the preliminary stages of investigation Summary Discussion Questions Practice Projects Appendix Chapter 4: The research process: theoretical framework and hypothesis development The need for a theoretical framework Variables Theoretical framework Hypothesis development Hypothesis testing with qualitative research: negative case analysis Managerial implications Summary Discussion Questions Practice Project Chapter 5: The research process: elements of research design The...
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...Managers’ Ethical Evaluations of Earnings Management and Its Consequences* ERIC N. JOHNSON, University of Wyoming GARY M. FLEISCHMAN, University of Wyoming SEAN VALENTINE, University of North Dakota KENTON B. WALKER, University of Wyoming 1. Introduction and motivation The purpose of this study is to investigate, in an experimental setting, how favorable versus unfavorable organizational consequences influence managerial responses to an employee’s earnings management behavior. We focus on the following question: Do the ends of positive organizational consequences justify the means of earnings management? Earnings management is defined as ‘‘the choice by a manager of accounting policies so as to achieve specific objectives’’ (Scott 2003: 369). Earnings management can be fundamentally classified as either accounting related, involving the manipulation of accounting records through aggressive or fraudulent applications of accounting principles, or operating related, involving choices made by management regarding the timing of investment or operating activities, with the result that reported earnings are influenced by these choices (Lev 2003; Cohen, Dey, and Lys 2008; Roychowdhury 2006; Gunny 2010).1 The effect of earnings management on the value of the firm and the related issues of financial-based incentives for managing earnings has been widely examined in the accounting literature (e.g., Healy 1985; Dechow, Sloan, and Sweeney 1995, 1996; Healy and Wahlen 1999; Fields...
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...ng and “going by gut‐feeling”, the latter of which might sometimes help to solve problems in the short term, but might lead to systemic long‐term adverse consequences. 3. To create an appreciation in students that research is useful for solving problems in ALL areas of business. 4. To help students develop an appreciation of the role of the manager in facilitating the researcher or the consultant’s work. 5. To stress the importance of skill development in research, as opposed to mere gathering of knowledge about research. 6. To emphasize that research and knowledge about research enhance managerial effectiveness. 7. To sensitize students to ethical conduct in business research. Discussion Questions 1. Why should a manager know about research when the job entails managing people, products, events, environments and the like? The manager, while managing people, products, events, and environments, will invariably face problems, big and small, and will have to seek ways to find long lasting, effective solutions. This can be achieved only through knowledge of research even if consultants are engaged to solve problems. 2. For what specific purpose is Basic research important? © 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran 3 Basic research is important for generating and building upon the existing knowledge in the areas of interest. It offers the foundation for applied research by which one can circumvent reinventing the wheel...
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...Responsible Conduct of Research (PET-RCR) seminar. Certification: All training participants are expected to attend and actively participate on both days of training. A certificate of completion will be issued to trainees who complete the two-day training. Purpose: Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) training is part of an effort by the University of Oklahoma to provide graduate students with superior educational opportunities for professional growth. This training has been developed to increase your awareness of ethical issues, to convey common problems in ethical decision-making, and to provide strategies for managing ethical dilemmas that may occur while conducting research. At the end of this training, you will have acquired tools that will help you in conducting research and managing ethical dilemmas. Contents of this Packet: This training packet contains materials that will introduce you to ethical decision-making in research and will be used throughout the training. Please bring your completed packet with all of the enclosed materials to each training session. This packet contains a number of items including: 1) Training Agenda & Packet Instructions 2) Ethical Guidelines for the Conduct of Research 3) Cases & Questions Packet If you have any questions concerning the training, the materials in this packet, or scheduling, please e-mail at prof.ethics.training@ou.edu. Block 1 3 Training Agenda Day 1 Registration 8:30 - 9:00 I. Complexity in Ethical Decision-Making...
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...transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ@WILEY.COM. To order books please call 1(800)-225-5945. ISBN 0-471-20366-1 ISBN 0-471-38448-8 (WIE) Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Sudha Pennathur & Edward Messerly With Love ABOUT THE AUTHOR Uma Sekaran is Professor Emerita of Management, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC), Illinois. Sekaran obtained her MBA degree from the University of Connecticut at Storrs, and...
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