...South Africa Apartheid Policy of 1948 Apartheid is the name of the racial institution and established by the National Party, it was formally introduced into South Africa in 1948 and maintained a segregated society until its fall in 1994, due largely to the efforts of Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk. According to Martin Meredith, the term literally means “apartness,” reflected a violently repressive policy designed to ensure that whites, who comprised 20% of the nation's population, would continue to dominate the country. Although the policy began officially in 1948, the practice of racial discrimination has deep roots in South African society. As early as 1788, Dutch colonizers began establishing laws and regulations that separated white settlers and native Africans. These laws and regulations continued after the British occupation in 1795, and soon led to the channeling of Africans into specific areas that would later constitute their so-called homelands. By 1910, the year that all of the formerly separate Boer Republics united with the British colony to become the Union of South Africa, there were nearly 300 reserves for natives throughout the country. By 1948, Dr. D.F. Malan, the prime architect of apartheid, led the National Party in the first campaign that centered on openly racist appeals to white unity. The Party promised that if elected it would make permanent these reserves under the joint fundamental principles of separation and trusteeship. The National Party...
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...Race/Ethnicity Institutional vs. Blatant Racism and Education and Race vs. Social Class Race has been a serious concern in the United States. More specifically, people have been treated differently according to their race. Different races have also had different levels of academic and professional success. Despite being illegal for several decades, segregation is still existent in many public schools in the United States. However, it has become institutionalized; it is hidden deep inside society. Many Black Americans live in poor communities. Therefore, they attend poorly equipped and worn out schools. Without the necessary materials and environment needed to learn, they lose interest in school. Consequently, many of these students drop out of school before graduation. In turn, their potential to achieve higher education and economic status severely diminishes. As discussed in class, prejudice and discrimination are closely related. Prejudice is the thought one has towards another group while discrimination is the action performed towards another group. Prejudice often leads to discrimination. Derogatory terms towards other races or ethnicites have been the cause for genocides, population transfer, and segregation (Witt 2010:302) Discrimination is a great obstacle for Black Americans who seek to achieve a higher economic status. More specifically, racial profiling has been an impediment towards Black American employment. Better known as the glass ceiling, this has caused...
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...Discuss the symbolism in the novel. Be specific. Mama Day, a novel which has won many acclaimed awards and recognition from many in the literature world, was a fictional piece of writing full with many images, sounds, great settings and fascinating characters. The author, Gloria Nylor, uses many intriguing characters of which she places them with many actual realistic settings and situations as she describes the entire event they were faced with. Nylor centers her novel on the characters of Cocoa and George, whom both have to deal with the parallels of life in both the small island of Willow Springs and the large city life of New York. The other main characters of this book are Ophelia, Baby Girl and Mama Day. Mama Day is the most prognostic in the book and often the most outspoken, brave and powerful person of Willow Springs. What would happen if she left the town, since it seems that she is the one with the most authority there? Well as she said it herself, she has no intention of leaving. Mama Day is often symbolized with Eco-feminism, as the author would always place her at scenes in her Garden, or in the forest or with some natural inclement weather. Mama Day also focuses on what will be said the two most important characters of the novel, Cocoa Day and George Andrews. Cocoa Day is torn between two worlds of the nature and city life, where in the city everything is dependent on an explanation. Cocoa’s husband, George, is an engineer from the big city and often...
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...James Baldwin writes about two African-American brothers growing up in Harlem, a black ghetto in New York, during the 1950's. During this time black people were forced to live in a world of prejudice, discrimination, poverty and suppression. The life of a black person was very difficult; many opportunities afforded to whites were not afforded to blacks. Sonny and his brother lived in the projects and had many obstacles to overcome that white people didn't have to. Sonny chose music to outwardly express his suffering, his brother chose to bottle it up and keep it inside, but this is the common thread they both shared. Suffering is also shown in the story when Baldwin says "it came to me that what we both were seeking through our separate cab windows was that part of ourselves which had been left behind" (P 47). I think this quote means that both Sonny and his older brother want to retrieve some of their past so that it can help them cope with what has happened in their lives. If Sonny and his brother can both cope with what has happened in their lives and get over it, I think t they both can start moving forward and putting this behind them. I feel having Sonny's brother narrate the story in the first person is Baldwin's way of telling us that Sonny's brother is also suffering but inside, unlike Sonny who takes drugs and sings the blues. Sonny's brother remains nameless because I feel he prefers to remain anonymous; he's too embarrassed to have people know that this college...
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...Running Head: BLACK AND WHITE PRIVILEGE IN AMERICA 1 Black and White Privilege in America Jacki Barnes Davenport University Diversity in Society – SOSC201 Professor Narketta Sparkman October 21, 2012 Black and White Privilege in America There are many definitions of “white Privilege” in text books, media, and on the internet, but all of those definitions include one common thread: It allows white persons advantages over non-whites and it is a form of social privilege. According to Akbar (Koppelman, 2011, p. 44), white privilege originated with the arrival of the white man in America. He states that, “They began to effectively eliminate any contradiction to the imposed redefinition of reality that they dictated.” White privilege has been referred to as rightness of white, meaning that white is normal and any deviation from that is abnormal (Koppelman & Goodhart, 2011, p. 189). It offers economic benefits as well as cultural benefits. Being white means you will most likely be paid a higher salary, receive promotions, and have loans approved. In classrooms, anything that happened prior to white people arriving in America is referred to as prehistory (2011, p. 191). Because of white privilege, there are many things that white people take for granted that people of color have no access to. For example, whites can choose to purchase a home in an area they can afford and want to live in. Researchers at Dartmouth, the University of Georgia...
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...events over the past decade, many Americans have a feeling that this man is a terrorist and is going to blow up the plane. Although this is not the truth, this is how most people think. People obtain these prejudices from family, friends and events. When you are growing up your personality, beliefs and lifestyles are formed. Prejudice does not just come out through skin color, but about other qualities such as physical and mental disabilities. Throughout this course we have discussed many different types of prejudices. We learned about Mike Rose, Majora Carter, the Fugees, Jo Goodwin Parker, Lars Eighner, Jane Elliot and others. Each story told another form a prejudice, each equally wrong and powerful. The most common form of prejudice is racism. See this form displayed in Majora Carter’s “Greening the Ghetto”, the Fugees story and Jane Elliot’s “A Class Divided”. Majora Carter is a young educated African American woman who grew up in the ghettos in the South Bronx. During the time of her childhood many of the buildings in her neighborhood were abandoned; landlords were burning their buildings to collect the insurance; light manufacturing industries were moving out and waste facilities were moving in to take their place. Ghettos are known for housing low-income minorities. Most of the residents never make it out of these living areas, but the few who do, such as Majora go on to do great things. Prejudices were placed on her not giving her a chance to reach her full potential. ...
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...Everyday Americans take advantage of the wonderful oppurtunities we have in out country. We're one of the few countries in the world that has them and most of us don't realize how lucky we really are. In "In Our Defense" by Ellen Alderman and Caroline Kennedy, they share the stories behind each that we don't take into consideration for creating such a ______ country. Each case shows the good, the bad, and the rough patches in the history of the United States and The Bill of Rights. The first case of the book, "Missouri Knights of the Ku Klux Klan vs. Kansas City", deals with Freedon of Speech. Dennis Mahon ans J. Allan Moran, Missouri Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, asked to be able to air their planned episodes of "Race and Reason" on the radio. The episode already could be watched on T.V for the previous five years. But in Kasas City, there were many people of the town who didn't agree with the situation. Kansas City's community felt that people shouldn't have to deal with the racial comment in their own home, community, etc. The Knights then changed their title to "Klansas City Kable" but the Reverend Cleaver still didn't think it was an example of free speech. He felt it was the beginning of a terrorist organization. But under the First Amendment, they couldn't do anything about it until it showed clear and obvious hints of danger. Reverend Cleaver knew it would be hard to cancel the show since Freedom of Speech is so protected so they decided to cancel the channel altogether...
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...The movie that I watched was called, “Crash”. The movie was about racism and diversity in the world today. To me that is one of the hardest subjects to talk about, mostly because I do not understand why people are like that in today’s society. In the movie I didn’t really understand where it was actually going to lead up to the way it started out, and I was actually surprised by the way the ending was. It had a wide variety of different conflicts in it. The major conflict that I saw was the way that everyone treated each other because of the color or what they thought there nationality was. To me is shows how ignorant people are today. Just because one person may be brown does not make him a terrorist or because there is a Spanish or black guy doesn’t make him involved with gangs either. This movie actually went more into how the world is really color blind and how people really are. It makes you think what would happen if the world did not judge a person because of their nationality. One of the main events that happen in the movie is when Sandra bullock and her husband who is the district attorney get robbed of their vehicle. Sandra bullock goes on a rampage saying that she wants her locks changed on the door because the guy who was doing was Mexican and he was going to give is gang bang buddies a key to her house. Its kind of hard to believe that someone would say what she said in front of them or actually accuse them of doing something like that just because of their nationality...
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...Unfair Incarceration: Minorities’ Plight in the U.S. Judicial System DeVry University Cultural Diversity in the Professions SOCS 350N Spring 2013 Abstract The United States is well known as the Land of Opportunity, but if you’re a minority that opportunity maybe a greater chance of being incarcerated in the state and federal penal systems. Civil rights battles have raged for the greater part of the last century in this country. With milestone victories in the early and mid 1960’s equality under the law seemed to be a foregone conclusion. There are numerous laws, policies and even a Constitutional Amendment that address the matter that race should never be a factor. With this is all in play and in mind, you would think that statistics of the U.S. penal systems racial analysis has to be completed with a huge margin in error because it is not near equality. In a cursory search of this topic one can find a deluge of graphs, tables, and statistical analysis. The one thing you cannot find is a quantitative or qualitative consensus of why this has occurred or why it is still occurring. A preponderance of the evidence is anecdotal and offers suggestions of policies and attitudes that have led to this epidemic in contemporary American society. In this review, an endeavor to gather the gist of the issue and attempt to answer why or how this came about and the numerical extent. Followed by the consequences to the affected groups and the whole of society. Finally...
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...Shawnta Morris CJE 101-01 Research Paper October1, 2013 Racial Profiling and the Effects it has on Blacks in the Criminal Justice System. Some people wonder what is racial profiling. Racial profiling deals with miss-education, slavery, and incarceration. Since the beginning of slavery African Americans have suffered due to their identity. Racial profiling deals with selecting a person for their complaint of a specific racial group. The main reason in advocating racial profiling in the background of criminal study can enlarge the possibility of arresting criminals. Paul Bou-Habib stated, “If the rate at which members of a specific racial group commits a crime is higher than that of other criminals will be caught if the police concentrate their efforts on investigating members of the racial group in question?” (2011, p.34). It is injustice, when police officers, political officials, and judges have learned how to automatically have a racist attitude towards blacks. For example, my friend was in McDonald’s parking lot and he was in the process of switching seats with his friend because he was exhausted of driving. While leaving the parking lot, the officer had pulled them over because he seen a black guy get out of his car and thought something seemed suspicious. The officer implied that my friend did not use his right turning signal. The term “driving while black has been used to describe the practice of law enforcement officials to stop African-American drivers without probable...
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...The one-drop rule is a historical colloquial term in the United States for the social classification as Negro of individuals with any African ancestry; meaning any person with "one drop of Negro blood" was considered black. The principle of "invisible blackness" was an example of hypodescent, the automatic assignment of children of a mixed union between different socioeconomic or ethnic groups to the group with the lower status. Although racial segregation was adopted legally by southern states of the former Confederacy in the late 19th century, legislators resisted defining race by law. In 1895 in South Carolina during discussion, George D. Tillman said, "...It is a scientific fact that there is not one full-blooded Caucasian on the floor of this convention. Every member has in him a certain mixture of… colored blood...It would be a cruel injustice and the source of endless litigation, of scandal, horror, feud, and bloodshed to undertake to annul or forbid marriage for a remote, perhaps obsolete trace of Negro blood. The doors would be open to scandal, malice and greed..." The one-drop rule was not adopted as law until the 20th century: first in Tennessee in 1910 and in Virginia under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 (following the passage of similar laws in several other states). Before and during slavery, interracial relationships formed. In the antebellum years, free people of mixed race (free people of color) were considered legally white if individuals had...
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...Ethnic Group Conflict Paper Steven Byrd Psy/450 7/13/2013 Conflict in Ethnics The world is made up of many different types of people and cultures and of course when you have people who are different, you will have some type of conflict with some of them, maybe not as whole but there will be conflicts for the simple fact that sometimes we fear what we don’t know and we can also become very judgmental just based on how we were raised or what we have seen throughout the media. Times have improved when it comes to ethnic relations but there is still a very high tension rate with certain ethnic groups. Two groups that I believe that have improved vastly but are still at war would be African Americans and Caucasians. War is not just countries at battling, war is also defined as being in a state of conflict. Of course war is usually recognized by two countries fighting against each other or even wars within the same country such as Korea, North Korea and South Korea for example have had many different problems but that is all because of leadership. The war amongst whites and blacks is one that takes place all over and as mentioned before it is not as bad as it used to be but there is still a lot of tension between the two races, especially in certain places in the world. Examples of Conflict There are many examples of the how blacks and whites are still at war. Although they are not as dominant as before, the Ku Klux Klan is a group that was at war against many different races...
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...vvvallow the employer to discover hidden prejudices and related harmful experiences in the work environment. These discoveries give the employer an opportunity to address risks that could lead to harassment or discrimination lawsuits. The information gathered will also be helpful in understanding the needs of the employees including issues revolving around training, support, employee turnover, and opportunities for advancement. In addition, a diversity audit also looks at the range of clientele and if their public image is limited to particular racial or cultural backgrounds. Audits of this nature vary widely depending on how in depth the organization is willing to investigate. Read more: http://www.ehow.com/info_8774039_diversity-audit.html#ixzz2ffHNX74Lallow the employer to discover hidden prejudices and related harmful experiences in the work environment. These discoveries give the employer an opportunity to address risks that could lead to harassment or discrimination lawsuits. The information gathered will also be helpful in understanding the needs of the employees including issues revolving around training, support, employee turnover, and opportunities for advancement. In addition, a diversity audit also looks at the range of clientele and if their public image is limited to particular racial or cultural backgrounds. Audits of this nature vary widely depending on how in depth the organization is willing to investigate. Read more: http://www.ehow.com/info_8774039_diversity-audit...
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...Daniel Zith Business Ethics – Module 6 The affirmative action debate has been growing since the 1960’s when President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Affirmative action plan can be defined as plan that outlines the hiring and development policies such as recruitment, training, promotion and evaluations for employees belonging to for the minority or the protected groups within the organization. On the staffing plan highlights the hiring and selection policies for all the employees across the organization without any exceptions. The ethical dilemma faced by organizations who opt for affirmative action plan, is that, they might face possibility that a person belonging to the minority maybe unjustifiably benefitted even though the does not deserve it in actual fact. On the other hand people belonging to the typical category might find this distinction unfair and this might become a major demotivating factor for them having a negative impact on their overall satisfaction levels. Therefore it is evident though the basis and logic of framing an affirmative action plan is sound, but the organization has to be extremely careful during its implementation and administration to avoid feelings of discomfort and dissatisfaction among its employees. In 1972 The Equal Employment Opportunity Act was implemented. This applies to all employers, both public and private, with fifteen or more employees; it prohibits all forms of discrimination based on race, color, sex...
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...http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/16/net-us-google-idUSBRE83B1GJ20120416 Web freedom facing greatest threat: Google founder Summary: The co-founder of Google, Sergey Brinn, said “the principles of openness and universal access that underpinned the Internet’s creation are facing their greatest threat.” Brinn said that the threat to freedom of the Internet came from various factors including government effort to control access and communication. The attempts by the entertainment industry to stop piracy and the rise of restricting platforms such as Facebook and Apple which determines which type of software can be released are also leading to greater restrictions. Facebook and Apple’s can contribute to stifling innovation and lead to the fragmentation of the webverse. Significance: Why is there a want for a free unrestrained internet? Why is openness good? The internet is abstract in its idea, an abstract form that encompasses the entire world connecting people from across the globe. The concept is so enormous and the possibilities within leads people to believe it to be as a sort of uncharted territory where the possibilities are endless. This realm can be used for entertainment, business, black market dealings, and innovation. Restriction on the internet closes the idea of the internet itself and for many who have been so accustomed to its freedom find it unsettling. http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-0414-ucsd-harassment-20120414,0,5116422.story U.S. ends probe...
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