...Analysis of the Gross Domestic Products of CHINA INDIA PAKISTAN Background of the Indian Economy The India economy, the third largest economy in the world in terms of purchasing power, is going to touch new heights in coming years. As predicted by Goldman Sachs, the Global Investment Bank, by 2035 India would be the third largest economy of the world just after US and China. It will grow to 60% of size of the US economy. This booming economy of today has to pass through many phases before it can achieve the current milestone of 9% GDP. | The history of Indian economy can be broadly divided into three phases: Pre- Colonial, Colonial and Post Colonial. Pre Colonial: The economic history of India since Indus Valley Civilization to 1700 AD can be categorized under this phase. During Indus Valley Civilization Indian economy was very well developed. It had very good trade relations with other parts of world, which is evident from the coins of various civilizations found at the site of Indus valley. Before the advent of the East India Company, each village in India was a self sufficient entity and was economically independent as all the economic needs were fulfilled within the village | Colonial Indian Economy: The arrival of the East India Company in India caused a huge strain to the Indian economy and there was a two-way depletion of resources. The British would buy raw materials from India at cheaper rates and the finished goods were sold at higher...
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...Trade Relation between India and Pakistan. Introduction India and Pakistan have been trying, though not very successfully, since the Shimla Agreement, 1972, to create political harmony. Several attempts later, the political and security issues have only become worse. It is imperative to explore the bilateral trade relations between India and Pakistan, so as to seek a way towards a deeper engagement, as these two countries have the potential to change the geopolitical dynamics of Asia.We shall first explore the history of bilateral trade relations between the two nations. History of Trade between India and Pakistan Bilateral trade between India and Pakistan could be of mutual gain to both as they were not separate once. Mumbai and Karachi, their major business centres are near each other, which serves another advantage. But these advantages are marred by disadvantages such as, non-tariff barreiers, poor trade facilitation measures like customs and porcedural barriers, difficult visa regime, poor infrastucture resulting in costly transportation, and many more. At the time of independence, almost3/5th of Pakistan’s total exports were directed towards the Indian market, and 1/3rd of its imports came from India (Sangani and Schaffer 2003). But discord in political relations obstructed bilateral trade. After India’s devaluation of its currency in 1949, Pakistan refused to devalue its currency and later imposed import restrictions...
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...“MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS” A multinational corporation has its facilities, subsidiaries, and other assets in countries other than its home country. A multinational corporation is also known as multinational enterprise . Businesses are always running after profits, therefore, they try to find out ways to decrease the cost as much as they can e.g. cheaper labor to bring about efficiency because it cuts cost of production. The concept of MNC’s originated from Western Europe particularly England and Holland. At that time, with the help of successful trades a lot of banks and money lending agencies emerged. Later in 17th and 18th century, companies like Hudson Bay Company, British East India Company, and French Levant Company emerged as the major multinationals at that time. The modern version of Multinationals emerged after the industrial revolution. During that time, huge foreign investment flowed from Western Europe in Asia, Africa etc. Companies started searching for countries where the labor as well as the resources was cheap and still today, when the no. of MNC’s have reached around 889450, the companies are still searching for countries where they can find much more cheap labor and other resources. A very important factor regarding the topic of MNC’s is globalization. Friedman defined globalization as: “Globalization is the inexorable integration of markets, transportation systems, and communication systems to a degree never witnessed before -- in a way that is enabling...
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...Illuminer, Inc. Country, Market Entry & Strategy Analysis: India & Pakistan This report has been prepared for Illuminer, Inc. a manufacturer of tablets and smartphones. Their smartphones and tablets are assembled in China and then shipped across the world. The company primarily has market share in western markets, specifically the US and across several EU countries. However, as competition is tight between smartphone and tablet manufacturers in more developed western nations, Illuminer has decided to hire KLFH, LLP to explore market potential in two countries with growing 3 and 4G networks – Pakistan and India . Both have telecom companies that have burgeoning data-capable networks and millions of subscribers that would be ripe for Illuminer’s product lines. Illuminer has also asked KLFH to specifically look at two cities for this analysis, as they would serve as test markets for their entry into the country. To this purpose, KLFH has chosen the capital of both nations, New Dehli and Islamabad, for their additional research. KLFH has completed the following country comparison and market entry and strategy analysis, detailed below. Country and City Overviews India India is a highly populous country with a population of 1.21 billion. As the world’s population increases, India still plays an important role because of the fact that India holds over 15% of the overall population in the world. India is a country that has a rather young age group with a median age of 25. Since...
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...Pakistan and India’s relationship can be characterized as that of mistrust and endemic conflict for the last sixty six years. This is unfortunate because a healthy and prosperous relationship between these two neighbors would have led to immense strategic, economic and cultural headway in the challenges that these two countries face today. In fact, the root cause of many of these challenges is this very antagonism that exists between these two countries. So what has given rise to this bad blood? The reasons are myriad and complex and I believe that one needs to look at both the Pakistani and Indian narrative to understand . The seeds of this antagonism were the mindsets of the Congress Party and Muslim League. The congress party always believed that there primary struggle was to get the British out of subcontinent. They views Pakistan as an illegitimate child that could be throttled soon after its birth and made to join United India again. Sardar Patel who was to become the deputy Prime Minister of India expressed publicly that he hoped Pakistan would come join India and Nehru only agreed to the Partition because he felt that Pakistan could not last as an independent state. The Muslims on the hand were the descendants of an ancient conquering class who believed that they would prevail over the Hindus whenever the situation came to armed conflict. Given these mindsets it was preposterous even to assume that the two newly formed stated could follow a policy of reconciliation and...
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...Aamna Mallick ERP: 09189 International Relations -Position Paper Pakistan India relations - positive Pakistan and India are the two inextricably linked neighbors that are engaged in a stagnated relationship since the last 68 years. The hostile attitude of the two religious entities living in the united South Asia left a grave impression on each other’s minds. The events of the past have shaped the sentiments of today. The narrative of the general public stands that India is our enemy. A survey by Pew Research Center (based in Washington) reveals rising concern among Pakistanis about a threat to their country from India. We see contempt and hatred for the Indians in the general masses. Pakistanis believe that Pakistan and India can in no way...
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...been there. Although history is full of territorial conflicts, the two most recent ones include the Palestine issue and the Kashmir issue. While Palestine issue was the result of the First World War and did create a huge impact on the international politics and foreign relations of several countries, however, the Kashmir issue is relatively a more regional conflict with its nucleus being the Indian subcontinent, and can be resolved if flexibility is shown by the conflicting parties. History Kashmir was initially ruled by Muslims, and was an integral part of the Pashtun Durrani Empire, which was primarily a dynasty of Afghan origin. The foundation of the Durrani Empire was laid by an Afghan commander, Ahmed Shah Durrani. When the East India Company started to lay its political foundations in the Indian subcontinent, they started massive annexations of areas that were previously ruled by local princes, nawabs and maharajas. During 1840s Kashmir went under the British control after they signed the Treaty of Lahore with the Sikhs. A few years British rewarded Kashmir to Gulab Singh Dogra, a Hindu general who helped British to annex Punjab. British were always apprehensive of the Russian Expansion in Afghan territory, which is why they had a major interest in installing a pro-British ruler in Kashmir. Ever since Kashmir was awarded to Gulab Singh Dogra, it remained under Hindu rule. On the contrary, Muslims constituted a major proportion of Kashmir’s population. The new rule was...
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...Himalayan region that borders India, Pakistan and China * India's side of Kashmir includes Jammu, Kashmir Valley, and Ladakh * Pakistan side of Kashmir includes the areas known as Azad (Free) Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan * The territory under dispute lies in India's Kashmir Valley, separated from Pakistan by the 450-mile Line of Control (border line) * Indian Kashmir is mostly Muslim; Jammu is Hindu * 65% of Kashmir is located in India while the other 35% is in Pakistan WHAT IS KASHMIR? * Kashmir is a Himalayan region that borders India, Pakistan and China * India's side of Kashmir includes Jammu, Kashmir Valley, and Ladakh * Pakistan side of Kashmir includes the areas known as Azad (Free) Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan * The territory under dispute lies in India's Kashmir Valley, separated from Pakistan by the 450-mile Line of Control (border line) * Indian Kashmir is mostly Muslim; Jammu is Hindu * 65% of Kashmir is located in India while the other 35% is in Pakistan HOW IT STARTED * India's Muslim leaders demanded a Muslim homeland as a condition for independence in 1947 * The British surrendered their hold on the Indian subcontinent, giving way to a predominantly Hindu India and a Muslim Pakistan * Kashmir was free to accede to either nation * Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of the kingdom, initially chose to remain independent but eventually opted to join India after citizens from Pakistan invaded Jammu and Kashmir...
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...What caused the Indo-Pakistan protracted conflict / what were the consequences of the Indo-Pakistan conflict? Nuclearisation of conflict is one of the factors that sustained the Indo-pakistan conflict as it raised tensions and created deep hostility between Pakistan and India. Following Pakistan’s defeat to India in the Bangladeshi War of 1971, Pakistan was determined to establish its own nuclear weapons programme due to its strategic vulnerability and long-held animosities towards India and this was accelerated when India conducted its first nuclear detonation in 1974. Although India later declared a moratorium on nuclear testing after the first nuclear testing that lasted for 24 years, it was broken in 1998 with the rise of Hindu hardliners party, Bharatiya Janata (BJP). Casting the Pakistani-supported insurgencies in Kashmir as a crisis of national security, military expenditure was increased with the resumption of nuclear weapon testing such as Pokhran-ll and Kirana-l. Provocative statements such as India adopting a “pro-active” policy in Kashmir to crush insurgencies were also directed at Pakistan as a warning to stop its military campaign against India. In retaliation to India’s moves, Pakistan was convinced that India would launch a preemptive strike to capture Pakistan-occupied-Kashmir and hence directed its resources to nuclear testing of Chagai-l and ll despite the threat of sanctions from the international community. The prospect of a nuclear exchange was then...
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...The Indus River Basin: The Continuing Water Disputes Between India and Pakistan Anise Ko August 7, 2014 Professor Beth Bennett Introduction The Indus River was a key factor in the development of the Asian civilization. It originates in the Tibetan plateau and flows through four different countries: Tibet, Afghanistan, India and Pakistan to end in the Arabian Sea. The Indus River catchment area is as follows: sixty percent of the area belongs to Pakistan, about twenty percent belongs to India, five percent belongs to Afghanistan and fifteen per cent belongs to Tibet (Aljazeera, 2011). There are a total of six main tributaries: Sutlej, Ravi and Beas flow through Punjab and the other three rivers of the Indus basin - Indus, Jhelum and Chenab run through the territory of Jammu and Kashmir (Harvard, 2011). Since the partition of the British Indian empire in 1947, Pakistan and India have fought over the province of Punjab and the state of Kashmir, which resulted in a partition of the area between the two countries. The water dispute is also closely related to partition of the Kashmir region, too. The six rivers run through India which controls Jammu and Kashmir, before reaching Pakistan and the part of Jammu and Kashmir governed by Pakistan (Harvard, 2011). The geological allocation described above brought out significant disadvantages to Pakistan in early the1950s as a consequence of the political conflicts between the two countries. The help of the World Bank together with...
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...Pakistan and china relations Submitted to: Miss. Ayesha hanif Submitted by: Myrah Anwaar 43 Sidra Awan 38 Sara Amjad 40 Ridha Masood 32 Aimen Siddique 36 Javaria Jamil 02 Table of Contents Executive summary: i China: 1 Pakistan 1 Introduction: 2 Background : 3 Sino-Indian war: 4 Timeline of Important events: 5 Diplomatic relations: 6 China support on Kashmir issues: 6 Sino Pakistan boundary agreement 6 China –us relation with the help of Pakistan 7 China support after 9/11 8 Trade relations: 10 Free Trade Agreement: 10 Exports: 12 Imports: 13 Kashgar Special Economic Zone (KSEZ): 14 Thar Coal Project: 15 Influence of china-india trade relation on pakistan : 15 Pakistan-china military relation 17 China and Pakistan defense ties 17 The Indian influence in military relations: 19 GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF PAKISTAN 20 Location of Gwadar port: 20 CONSTRUCTION OF GWADAR PORT: 20 GEO-STRATEGIC...
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...Projects in Afghanistan and its impact on Pakistan THEME * Pakistan and Afghanistan are generally labeled as inseparable states due to their historical, religious, cultural, linguistic, trade and ethnic linkages. However, history of bilateral relations between Kabul and Islamabad reveals turbulence. The main reasons for this rocky relationship are the issues related to the Durand Line, the idea of a greater Pakhtunistan, the 1980’s Soviet War, the rise of the Taliban, post 9/11 war, and India’s rising influence in Afghanistan. Through multi-sectoral long-term development projects, apparently carving socio-economic space through application of soft power, India ultimately aims at enhancing its regional relevance to extract politico-economic benefits, while correspondingly constricting contemporary space for Pakistan. Indian sponsored / assisted projects in Afghanistan indicate their character to be more of anti-Pakistan than pro-Afghanistan. Development of road Zaranj-Delaram off sets Afghanistan’s over dependence on Pakistan for transit trade, through offering ground link to Iranian Port Chahbhar. Similarly, Indian offer to build water reservoirs on river Kabul can be termed as extension of her water war against Pakistan. It has implications for Pakistan on its economic, defense and foreign policy fronts. Apropos, carry out a detailed analysis of Indian sponsored / assisted projects directly or indirectly influencing Pakistan and recommend response options to safe guard...
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...of Kashmir. India claims the entire erstwhile princely state of Jammu and Kashmirbased on an instrument of accession signed in 1947. Pakistanclaims all areas of the erstwhile state except for those claimed by China. China claims the Shaksam Valley and Aksai Chin. |[show] | |v | | | |d | | | |e | |Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts | | | The Kashmir conflict (Hindi: कश्मीर विवाद, Urdu: مسئلہ کشمیر) is a territorial disputebetween India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region, the northwesternmost region ofSouth Asia. India claims the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir and as of 2010, administers approximately 43% of the region, including most of Jammu, the Kashmir Valley,Ladakh, and the Siachen Glacier. India's claims are contested by Pakistan, which controls approximately 37% of Kashmir, namely Azad Kashmir and the northern areas of Gilgit and Baltistan. India has officially stated that it believes that Kashmir is an integral part of India, though the Prime Minister of India, Manmohan...
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...History of Pakistan Fall of East Pakistan Failure of our foreign policy and governance 1 Introduction In the late 60s, early 70s, Pakistan underwent a great amount of chaos between both the West and the East. The movement in East Pakistan started with a few domestic reason, mentioned as follows. It was the case that East Pakistan always seemed to be dissatisfied with the amount of attention and funds they received from the West chiefly from Punjab ruled government. Yet at the same time they complained about the West having a hand in the 1 Shrivastava, Sanskar. "1971 India Pakistan War: Role of Russia, China, America and Britain." – The World Reporter. 30 Oct. 2011. Web. 9 Sept. 2015. management of the export quality material in East Pakistan. They even caused the conflict of the national language, not accepting Urdu as the one. In fine, the Bengalis were less than unhappy that the newly elected leader of Pakistan Sheikh Mujibur Rahman apparently so,wasn’t given as much power as he, an administrator, should have. To stop any further fuel being added to this act, the Pak Army was sent in. Alas, it is reported though, that the army was involved in both killings of innocent and rape of women. In trying to stop a civil war from breaking out, Pakistan became the main focus of the peril that was the war of 1971 between Pakistan and India who were aware of the severe situation in Pakistan, lying in wait to take advantage...
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...THE INDO-PAKISTAN WARS The Great Britain had ruled over India for more than a century and had much influence over the nation. During that period, the people of India struggled to gain freedom from the British rule which later became a reality on August 15, 1947. When the British government decided to leave India to function as an independent nation, there were many issues arising concerning the future of the newly independent state. The Hindu and Muslim communities of India already had an existing tension between them and so the independence from the Great Britain only stirred a sense of separatism amongst the two communities. The Muslim people wanted a separate Islamic state for themselves because they believed that Muslims would always be in the minority if they were in India because of its larger Hindu population. Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, the leaders of Indian National Congress did not want the Muslim community to form a separate state from India claiming that India was a secular state where all religion could live together under one nation. However, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the All-India Muslim League, was able to create an Islamic state for the Muslim people of India, also known as Pakistan today, through his negotiations and persistence before independence. Following the independence of India from the British rule and the partition of Pakistan from India, there have been three major wars fought between the two countries with continued tension going...
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