Indicators of Effective and Efficient Use of Language

A Paper Work Presented to Professor Rowena J Rivero
The Faculty of the Graduate School
Meycauayan College

In Fulfillment of the Requirements for the ENG202 Descriptive Linguistics

Nathaniel R. Bautista
Student

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Words are basic element in communication, to communicate effectively one must know what exactly he/she wanted to express. Use specific rather than general words avoid clincher, there repeated words lost its effectiveness, because of redundancy. Do not use slang, jargon, or foreign words. It only confuse your listener, you also avoid euphemisms that can create subtle ideas. Above all avoid self–favorite words. In this world of complex individual men and women are two distinct creatures, who actually had opposite expressions, ideas and choice of words. This is the main reason why conflicts arise. A lot of studies show the diversity of men to women. To start with let us explore the languages each one utilizes. Facilitating better connotation between sexes, doesn’t mean that men need to completely change their behaviors or that women need to change, but in order to improve communication and have more harmonious relationship and effective work environment, we each have to work harder to understand and respect our differences. The men speak “menglish” women say “it’s a girl thing“. It may sound the same the same but words and phrases have entirely different meanings thus leading to catastrophic communication issues between the sexes Men and women actually have their own unique languages But you can learn how to approach and respond to , in a way that will bring you into synch , and closer together.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The researcher will determine the effectiveness of language of men and women: Specifically it attempts to answer the following questions: 1. What are the factors affecting the language use of men and women? 2. How are the spoken words, mannerisms, facial expressions affect each respondent in terms of the following? a. Age b. Civil status c. Economic status d. Gender e. Educational attainment 3. What is the effect of the differences in language between men and women? 4. Is there a significant difference in the assessment of the language use by both sexes?

CHAPTER II
IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY Language as the basic element of communication is very vital to society, community and to the whole wide world. It is proven when the tower of Babel is not completed because of the language barriers. The United Nations committee itself will not prosper if it did not use one central language for communication, not to mention the roles of interpreters scattered across the world. Language includes spoken words, gestures, facial expressions, mannerisms, gestures and some bodily actions. It is important that one must familiarize himself in all of the aspects to be able soar on the fast pace environment. To fully understand the personalities of men and women one must fully comprehend himself/herself.

CHAPTER III
PRESENTATION
The idea that men and women speak a different language is well worn with regards to personal relationships, but Jhon Gray, author of the famous relationship guide, said that men are from Mars and women are from Venus. They argue there are innate differences, how men and women respond to situations in the work place and understanding what they are and why they exist cannot only facilitate better communication result in a happier and more productive working environment. When we tell people about ourselves or our circumstances or ask for information about others and their circumstances are using language in order to exchange facts or opinions. The use of language is often called referential, propositional, ideational and are used by human beings in social context, communicating their needs, ideas, and emotions to one another (labor 1983). Human language, according to Sapir (1921) is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires by means of synthesis of voluntary produced symbols. Only human possesses language. Language gives shape to people’s thought. It reflects attitudes and develops it by their views and spoken words (Holmes 1996). Gender studies have shown that language users have a wide range of beliefs and knowledge about language that go beyond the rules and representations of specifying grammars. The social roles that men and women play, their different values and social networks (who they must talk to) and their sensitivity to contextual factors including characteristics of the person they are talking to are relevant factors in accounting for people’s speech patterns. There are other reasons underlying the differences in the use of language by males and females. Men think women ask too many questions. Some men felt these questions should down to progress and delayed decision making, while others felt questions were sign that a female boss was being too controlling or critical. Women admitted to asking questions but felt their questions were their best contribution needed to stimulate an exchange of ideas to build consensus, show concern for others and help arrive at the best possible outcome. Women don’t feel included and men just keep talking, they didn’t feel included in the work whether in workplace or in business. So who is correct? Both, it turns out (Gray). Men like to receive individual acknowledgement, women like to be seen as part of the team. The way men and women feel and show appreciation in the work place also differs. While men want their individual results to be acknowledged, (“Jhon did a great job on that report”), women tend to share the praise and like to be acknowledged as part of a team. When a woman is credited for a task, she shares to other participants. Men seek recluse to solve a problem, women seek companionship. The ways in which men and women solve problems is also linked to these favorite hormones. The stress reaction when a man is challenged by a problem to withdraw. This is a man’s reaction to rising hormone level to meet a challenge (Gray). After working with posttraumatic stress disorder patients for years, Pennebaker had noticed deficiency in people’s self reporting of their experiences. So he devised a measure that would capture people’s real life. His devise is called EAR (Electronically Activated Recorded), is a digital recorder that subjects can store in a sheath similar to a case for glasses in their purses or pockets. It is used to collect data on the chatter patterns on 396 university students (240 women, 186 men). In this experiment the average number of words spoken by males and females are almost the same.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Language

Male
Female

Spoken words, actions, mannerism, gestures

This shows the interrelations of variance in language. As Pennebaker describes it in his study, that complexity in language is found in the dependent variables such as spoken words, mannerisms, facial expressions of gestures and actions.

CHAPTER IV
DEFINITION OF TERMS The following are hereby operationally defined, according to the context of the study.
Language – method of human communication either spoken or written consisting of the use of words, in a structured and conversational way. (Wikipedia)
Gesture – a form of non-verbal communication in which visible body actions communicate a particular message.
Culture- refers to the beliefs, customs of a particular society, group, place, or time (Merriam Webster).
Male – (gender) organism in the physiological sex that produces sperm (Wikipedia).
Female – (gender) is the sex that produces a non-mobile ova.
Response – any behavior of a living organism that results from an external or internal stimulus (Webster).

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS Language development is a process starting early in human life. Infants start without language, yet by four months of age, babies can distinguish speech sounds and engage in babbling. Usually productive language is considered to begin with a stage of pre-verbal communication in which infants use gestures and vocalizations to make their intent known to others. This is normal development of humans in the sense that language is concern. From the very beginning it is complicated. Until the time that both men and women know how to talk.
Language development is thought to proceed by ordinary process of learning in which children acquire the forms, meanings and uses of words and utterances from the linguistics input (Wikipedia).
The method in which we develop language skills is universal, however, the nativist theory, proposed by Noam Chomsky, argues that language is a unique human accomplishment which every individual had. The empiricist theory suggests that there is enough information in the linguistic input children receive and therefore there is no need to assume an innate language acquisition devise exists.
Behaviorist theory proposed by B. F. Skinner suggested that language is learnt through operant conditioning, namely by imitation of stimuli and by reinforcement of correct responses.
Lastly Piaget’s theory of cognitive development which considers the development of language as a confirmation of general cognitive development of language as a continuation of general cognitive development to an individual‘s social interactions and growth.
CONCLUSION
Uniqueness of language is indescribable. So as its study is unstoppable, inevitable. When people learn a new language, most of us think of each language as a unified, consistent entity. Spanish is Spanish, French is French, but that is not the case language in a constant state of change. Any depiction of a language can only be freeze frame within that constant evolution. Every individual‘s language is different from everyone else. Only a collection of shared and agreed usages and meanings make up a language. You will need to decide how specific you want to be in mapping out the patterns. While this may seem to complicate things, it actually simplifies the process. Learn the language of those with whom you want to speak.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The current study may be use in the future for reference in language topics. It discusses the roots and development of language as well as its nature and characteristics.
One of the most amazing aspects of human cognitive abilities is the capacity to understand, learn, and produce language. It is defined as a systematic way to convey meaning using symbols and sounds.
Communication and language are integral to this study. In order to scientifically approach the study of language you must dispense with some false but widely held linguistic beliefs.
Thus, this short study will be able to suffice the questions that will arise in the future about an effective and efficient use of language in our society.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter I - Introduction Statement of the Problem

Chapter II - Importance of the Study

Chapter III - Presentation

Chapter IV - Definition of Terms

Chapter V - Summary, Conclusion, Recommendations