...Congress System and It’s breakdown After independence and before 1967, the Congress was in a dominant position and this period normally referred as a “Congress Dominated System” or “Congress System”. Congress was a dominant force under the leadership of a majestic personality like Nehru and formed governments in centre and in most of the states. After the demise of Nehru, the Congress System started breaking up because of the fights between internal factions and power ambitions. This essay is an attempt to study the reasons behind break down of the congress system. Breakdown of Congress System Congress dominance started crumbling from the mid of 1960s. Fourth general election held in 1967 saw a fall in congress vote share and seats. The party system which emerged from this general election and till 1989 can be termed as a bipolar system where congress was facing a united opposition in almost all the states. This period also witnessed making of many coalition governments in the states where opposition posed a united front to keep congress out of power. One point can be noted here is that the votes of the congress party declined much more drastically in the assembly elections than in parliamentary elections. Following are some of the reasons which can be identified for the breakdown of the Congress systemUnited Opposition: Indian electoral system is a “First past the post” system or in India the candidate who gets the maximum vote wins. Congress never secured more that 50%...
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...A problem of perspective Over the past two centuries the developed world has evolved a single dimensional worldview. Advances in technology and living standards have glossed over and in many places erased, the regional and class differences that characterised the world for previous generations. This is particularly obvious in countries like Australia where the national ethos has an ingrained commitment to egalitarianism. A view compounded by the dominant Christian belief system with its underlying conviction of personal and social equality. Westerners react to India as a paradox, an enigma, an absurdity. India is a complex, multidimensional and truly multicultural society which outside observers with their one dimensional worldview become completely confused. A population of almost one billion and a history of over 4000 years has developed with a belief system that institutionalises social difference and inequality yet underpins the world's largest and most vibrant democracy. The western visitor sees the complexity and confusion, the high rise apartment blocks being built next to the slum but fails to comprehend the rich and important connections between these seemingly irreconcilable establishments. To appreciate India a good starting point is any intersection on any day in the city of Jaipur1. The traffic will come to a halt at a red light and wait. Vying for position are hand carts, cycle rickshaws, auto rickshaws, bullock carts, camel carts and a plethora of buses...
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...rP os t 9 -7 1 2 -0 3 8 REV: MARCH 12, 2014 LAKSHMI IYER RICHARD H. K. VIETOR India 2014: The Challenges of Governance op yo Introduction In January 2014, India’s government faced significant economic and social challenges. Economic growth rates had slowed from 10.5% in 2010 to only 4.9% in 2013. Inflation remained stubbornly high at 10.1%, despite sustained interest rates of around 10%, and the rupee/dollar exchange rate depreciated from 45 rupees in March 2011 to 62 rupees in December 2013. tC The ruling Congress Party faced worsening political obstacles as well. After the 2009 elections, the government had found it very difficult to enact substantive new legislation, owing to gridlock caused by opposition political parties and the Congress Party’s own coalition partners. A decision to allow foreign investment in retail megastores had been put on hold following objections by the Trinamool Congress, a key political ally.1 In September 2012, legislation was passed to allow foreign investment in multi-brand retail stores in states which agreed to implement the decision. 2 After making more than 100 amendments to satisfy diverse stakeholders, a new Land Act was passed in August 2013 to enable the state to acquire land for industrial growth more efficiently, with increased compensation for landowners.3 No Over the past few years, a series of high-profile corruption scandals had resulted in the resignation of several cabinet ministers and state chief ministers. These scandals...
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...THE ACCIDENTAL PRIME MINISTER THE ACCIDENTAL PRIME MINISTER THE MAKING AND UNMAKING OF MANMOHAN SINGH SANJAYA BARU VIKING Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, India Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, M4P 2Y3, Canada (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England Penguin Ireland, 25 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd) Penguin Group (Australia), 707 Collins Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3008, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd) Penguin Group (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, Block D, Rosebank Office Park, 181 Jan Smuts Avenue, Parktown North, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England First published in Viking by Penguin Books India 2014 Copyright © Sanjaya Baru 2014 All rights reserved 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The views and opinions expressed in this book are the author’s own and the facts are as reported by him which have been verified to the extent possible, and the publishers are not in any way liable for the same. ISBN 9780670086740 Typeset in Bembo by R. Ajith Kumar, New Delhi Printed at Thomson Press India...
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...No. | Portrait | Name (birth–death); constituency | CM | Took office | Left office | Tenure length | Elections (Lok Sabha) | Appointed by | Political party (alliance) | Ref | 1 | | Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964) MP for PhulpurJawaharlal Nehru (Hindustani: [ˈdʒəʋaːɦərˈlaːl ˈneːɦru] ( listen); 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) was the first Prime Minister of India and a central figure in Indian politics for much of the 20th century. He emerged as the paramount leader of the Indian Independence Movement under the tutelage of Mahatma Gandhi and ruled India from its establishment as an independent nation in 1947 until his death in office in 1964.[5] Nehru is considered to be the architect of the modern Indian nation-state; a sovereign, socialist, secular, anddemocratic republic.[6] He was the father of Indira Gandhi and the maternal grandfather ofRajiv Gandhi, who were to later serve as the third and sixth Prime Ministers of India, respectively. | 1 | 15 August 1947 | 27 May 1964 [†] | 16 years,286 days | – | Lord Mountbatten | Indian National Congress | | [32] | | | | 2 | | | | 1952 (1st) | Rajendra Prasad | | | | | | | 3 | | | | 1957 (2nd) | | | | | | | | 4 | | | | 1962 (3rd) | | | | | – | | Gulzarilal Nanda[j] (1898–1998) MP for SabarkanthaGulzarilal Nanda (4 July 1898 – 15 January 1998) was an Indian politician and an economist with specialisation in labour problems. He was the interimPrime Minister of India twice for thirteen days...
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...Bajpai, was Agent-General for India in the United States prior to India gaining independence.His all family enrolled to study at The Doon School. After leaving Doon in 1972, Bajpai obtained Bachelor of Arts in Economics and Master of Arts in Political Science from the University of British Columbia in British Columbia, Canada, and returned to Doon and taught there in 1981. Dr. Bajpai went to North America for PhD in Political Science from the University of Illinois in 1982.[6] Career[edit] Bajpai returned to India in 1989 and taught at Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda for three years, he went back to America to teach at Wesleyan University. In 1993 he returned again to India to the Institute of Contemporary Studies of the Rajiv Gandhi Foundation. In 1994 he joined Jawaharlal Nehru University as professor of international studies. In 2000, he was a visiting professor at Notre Dame University in South Bend, Indiana. He also worked as a researcher at the Brookings Institute in Washington,D.C. the same year. In June 2003, Bajpai was appointed eighth Headmaster of the Doon, where he taught courses in general knowledge and English. Bajpai left Doon in 2009 to join the School of Inter Disciplinary Area studies, Wolfson College, Oxford University.[7] After a short stint at Oxford, he joined the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at National University of Singapore as a Senior Professor.[8] He is married to Bobbi, and they have two children, Gayatri and...
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...Introduction- Fundamental rights are enshrined in the part III of the Indian constitution. They are part of those rights which are necessary for the survival of a human being with dignity. Fundamental rights have been incorporated in the ‘fundamental law of the land’, i.e. the constitution of India and one can approach courts in case of violation of these rights. These rights reflect a desire of the founding fathers of Indian constitution to build a new social order. For example, there are rights declaring practice of untouchability an offence or conferring certain culture and educational rights on the minorities, both linguistic as well as religious. Moreover, the given rights are not absolute but subject to certain reasonable restrictions. For example, the right to freedom of speech and expression can be restricted on grounds of public order, morality or decency and national security. The fundamental rights can be suspended during national emergency (act 352), only exception being right to life. Having discussed the basic features of these fundamental rights, one can find that these rights have classified under six heads in a logical manner depending upon their scope and nature. * Right to equality (art 14-18) * Right to freedom (arts 19-22) * Right against exploitation (art 23-24) * Right to freedom of religion (art 25-28) * Cultural and educational rights (art 29-30) * Right to constitutional remedies (art 32) In 1978, right to property mentioned...
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...The period of time including and following Operation Blue star is considered a dark time in India and black spot in Indian history. It is a time Indian would rather forget, yet still to this day debate about. Was Indihar Gandhi correct in instating operation Blue Star, inflicting damage to the Golden temple, and being responsible for the killing of anywhere from 492 (official reports) to 1500 (estimates run as high as) civilians, which lead to an additional 5,000 Sikh deaths following, due to anti-Sikh riots? Was Indihar Gandhi’s actions justified, and could her problems with the Sikhs have been solved in any other way? These are all question India still debates to this day. We will look at who exactly Indihar Gandhi is, what is operation blue star, why she invoked Operation Blue Star, how did her actions eventually lead to her assassination, India’s Sikh population afterwards, and how Indihar’s actions affected the Gandhi dynasty? On June 3, 1984 Indihar Gandhi gave the executive decision to invoke Operation Blue Star, a military attack on the golden temple in Amritsar, Punjab. The Golden Tempe is considered one of the most sacred and religious places in the world, in what Indihar Gandhi taught was a necessity following a chain of events. Sikhs, involved in the Khalistan movement wanted Punjab to be an independent state, and felt they were being oppressed. The Khalistan movement led under Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale used tactics to express their views and desires in a very...
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...it is our RIGHTS to know this!! TO MY FELLOW INDIANS.... Indira Priyadarshini perpetuated immorality in the Nehru dynasty. Intellectual Indira was admitted in Oxford University but driven out from there for non-performance. She was then admitted to Shantiniketan University but, Guru Dev Rabindranath Tagore chased her out for bad conduct. After driven out of Shantiniketan, Indira became lonely as father was busy with politics and mother was dieing of tuberculosis in Switzerland. Playing with her loneliness, Feroze Khan, son of a grocer named Nawab Khan who supplied wines etc to Motilal Nehru’s household in Allahabad, was able to draw close to her. The then Governor of Maharashtra, Dr. Shriprakash warned Nehru, that Indira was having an illicit relation with Feroze Khan. Feroze Khan was then in England and he was quite sympathetic to Indira. Soon enough she changed her religion, became a Muslim woman and married Feroze Khan in a London mosque. Indira Priyadarshini Nehru changed her name to Maimuna Begum. Her mother Kamala Nehru was totally against that marriage. Nehru was not happy as conversion to Muslim will jeopardize her prospect of becoming Prime Minister. So, Nehru asked the young man Feroze Khan to change his surname from Khan to Gandhi. It had nothing to do with change of religion from Islam to Hinduism. It was just a case of a change of name by an affidavit. And so Feroze Khan became Feroze Gandhi, though it is an inconsistent name like Bismillah Sarma. Both...
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...The first I heard of the 21st Century was about a quarter of century ago when the-then Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi said – "Here I come, the bare foot prime minister marching into the 21st century. I remember asking my dad, what 21st century meant. Like always, he answered me in a way that made me understand what exactly it was that the scion of the Gandhi family meant. Unfortunately, Rajiv Gandi did not make it to the 21st century. I am sure had he been there he would have been amazed to see where Indians have marched (not barefoot I might add!). Many of them, like us, have marched into foreign countries, making a life for ourselves and taking our national pride with us. This essay is being written as a mark of that national pride that still lingers with us. We have witnessed India go from just another developing nation to a force to reckon with in the 21st century. We have watched as India and Indians have come to dictate the policies of major nations. We have seen what was once deemed as a major setback for India’s development – our population – become one of the reason’s for our advancement. As the purchasing power of our populace has grown stronger, so has the market for outside companies who vie with each other to get a fair share of this burgeoning market. This has led to an increase interest into India’s psyche and culture and in turn allowed Indians make their mark internationally with their talent, intelligence, art, engineering and more. It would be no exaggeration...
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...Answer: timothy-berners lee------ | 8. gateway of mt.Everest? | Correct Answer: Namche Bazzar | 9. who is the father of computer | Correct Answer: charles babbage-------- | 10. How many parts are in Holy Quran? | Correct Answer: 30 | 11. How many Sura are in the Holy Quran ? | Correct Answer: 114 | 12. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATE ON INDIA IS CALLED "LAND OF GOD" ? | Correct Answer: ORISSA | 13. which is the largest flower in the world? | Correct Answer: rafflesia | 14. how many teams are selected for 2011 worldcup cricket? | Correct Answer: 14 | 15. Who gave the name Kolkata ? | Correct Answer: Charls Aiyar | 16. WHERE IS TAJ MAHAL SITUATED | Correct Answer: AGRA | 17. who got the indira gandhi award 2010 | Correct Answer: seikh hasina | 18. Colosseum is situated at | Correct Answer: Rome | 19. What is National Language of Pakistan | Correct Answer: Urdu | 20. Who is the first lady primeminister of the world | Correct Answer: sirimavo bandaranayeke | 21. who is the winner of T20 first worldcup | Correct Answer: india | 22. what month did the nintendo come out? | Correct Answer: 5th June | 23. Who wrote Lajja? | Correct Answer: Taslima Narseem | 24. who was the president of indian national congress at the time of indian independence | Correct Answer: acharya...
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...Indira Gandhi Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi born 19 November 1917 and she died on 31 October 1984) she was the fourth Prime Minister of India and a central figure of the Indian National Congress party. Gandhi, who served from 1966 to 1977 and then again from 1980 until her assassination in 1984, is the second-longest-serving Prime Minister of India and the only woman to hold the office. Indira Gandhi was the only child of Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. She served as the Chief of Staff of her father's highly centralised administration between 1947 and 1964 and came to wield considerable unofficial influence in government. Elected Congress President in 1959, she was offered the premiership in succession to her father. Gandhi refused and instead chose to become a cabinet minister in the government. She finally consented to become Prime Minister in succession to Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966. As Prime Minister, Gandhi became known for her political ruthlessness and unprecedented centralisation of power. She went to war with Pakistan in support of the independence movement and war of independence in East Pakistan, which resulted in an Indian victory and the creation of Bangladesh, as well as increasing India's influence to the point where it became the regional hegemon of South Asia. Gandhi also presided over a state of emergency from 1975 to 1977 during which she ruled by decree and made lasting changes to the constitution of India. She was assassinated in the aftermath of...
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...Politics is the science of running governmental affairs based on a ruling principle that shapes the identity of a nation. Politics in essence involves the art of forming, directing and administrating political units by a chosen set of ardent leaders who represent the interests of the majority of the people of the nation. The origin of politics dates back to early 2100 B.C with the monarchical rule practiced in the lands of Sumeria shaping the concept of legislation. But since the conception of the ideology of governance, the fairer sex has not had an equitable representation at the helm of decision making. In spite of being the largest democracy in the world, women’s representation is only 9.1 percent in the Indian parliament. In this male-dominated power game of politics, there are women leaders who have revolutionized the space of policymaking with their adroit and finesse. Listed below are the stories of five powerful female Indian politicians of all time who showed the world that women can be brilliant administrators. • Vijay Lakshmi Pandit, an Indian diplomat and politician, heralded as one of the world’s leading women in public life in the 20th century, was the daughter of noted aristocratic nationalist leader Motilal Nehru. She was an active worker in the Indian nationalist movement and was imprisoned by the British three times on accounts of her struggle to free India. In 1937, she was elected to the provincial legislature of the United Provinces and was designated...
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...Chapter 8 • Islam’s main language is Arabic. • Muslim is part of the Islamic religion. • Muhammad is the prophet who started Islam. • The Shiites are the supporters of the Husayn’s. • The Koran is the holy book of Islam. Chapter 12 • Many families (dynasties) have ruled China for long periods of time. • The last dynasty of China, the Qing Dynasty, was founded by the Manchu’s. • China and Japan both welcomed Western Europe with trade agreements. • Both countries were infiltrated and settled on by foreign powers. • Chinese Inventions: paper, gunpowder, compass, printing. • Chinese traded: opium, gunpowder, silk, paper. • The Forbidden City was the Imperial Complex in Beijing. • 1000 – 1200, Japan was a feudalistic nation. • 1100 – 1600, Japan was run by shoguns. • The Tokugawa policies were excusatory towards Europe • The shoguns were the leaders. Samurai are like soldiers. Chapter 13 • Hindu is India’s main religion. • A guru is an advisor or teacher. • Europeans first came to India in the 16th C. because they wanted trading posts. • Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos make up Southeast Asia. Chapter 14 • The historical founder of Mali was the magician, Sundjata. • Mali was an iron working civilization. • Caravan trade 700-1075 Africa. • Sahara b/t north and south Africas. • Griot is oral storyteller in Africa • Belgium has a Christian king...
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