...Introduction: Individuals bring a number of differences to work, such as unique personalities, values, emotions, and moods. When new employees enter new organizations, their stable or transient characteristics affect how they behave and perform. Moreover, companies hire people with a degree of expectation that those individuals have certain skills, abilities, personalities, and values. Therefore, it is important to understand individual characteristics that matter for organizations. Individual differences - are those differences among humans that distinguish or separate them from one another and make one as a single unique individual. Research in IDs ranges from analyses of genetic codes to the study of sexual, social, ethnic, and cultural differences and includes research on cognitive abilities, interpersonal styles, and emotional reactivity. Personality: Personality is the unique and relatively stable pattern of behavior, thoughts, and emotions shown by individuals. Do describe the personality of a person; researchers agreed that there are 5 main traits (The Big Five) that make up the personality of an individual. Personality is a potentially important predictor of work behavior. Matching people to jobs matters, because when people do not fit with their jobs or the company, they are more likely to leave, costing companies as much as a person’s annual salary to replace them. In job interviews, companies try to assess a candidate’s personality and the potential for...
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...Individual Differences Individual differences Approach FACT: No two individuals are born the same. This Approach aims to assess the differences that exist between people. WHY? Individual differences Approach Understand People - Classify People - Individual differences Approach Personality Intelligence Values and Beliefs Individual differences Approach Personality Definition Defined as an individual differences in feeling, mood, attitude, thinking, and behaving FACT: Personality forms generalized pattern Explaining Personality Trait Perspective of Personality Biological Perspective of Personality Cognitive Perspective of Personality Trait Perspective of Personality Personality is a set of traits Thinking, Behaviour or Feeling enduring over time (don’t change Quickly) Funny adventurous Talkative Introvert Extrovert Trait Perspective of Personality Enduring over time Disposition (Acting in a particular way in certain situation) Trait 1 Trait 2 Trait 3 Trait 4 Trait 5 Personality Generalized pattern Trait Perspective of Personality FACT: All people have same traits but with different degree -FACT: There Are 3 Types of Trait Cardinal Trait Secondary Trait Central Trait Trait Perspective of Personality Trait Types Cardinal Trait Dominant Trait Secondary Trait Trait Exhibited in a certain Situation Central Trait Characterize an individual’s daily interaction Trait...
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...INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES U05A1 PSYC3500 LEARNING AND COGNITION CAPELLA UNIVERSITY PROFESOR ULDALL TAMARA BARR FEBUARY 15, 2015 REFERENCES: Terry, W. S. (2009). Learning and memory: Basic principles, processes, and procedures. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Personality can be defines as an individuals characteristics mode of thinking, feeling, and acting. Usually personality is describes in terms of some relatively stable and enduring traits, such as extraversion, emotional stability, openness to new experiences, impulsiveness, or conscientiousness (McCrae & DeCosta, 1986). Personality becomes very relevant to learning if variations in one or another trait are associated to with different behaviors or cognitions that affect learning. The two traits that have been studied concerning this is extraversion and anxiety (introversion). Io9.com/the-science-behind-extroversion-and-introversion-1282059791 Extroversion and introversion are recognized as core aspects of people’s personality. Extroverts are thought of as those people who are outspoken, outgoing, and concerned with what’s going on in the outer world. In addition extroverts are talkative, open and show emotions, and act before thinking. Introverts are quiet, reflective, and focused on inner (mental) world. Introverts also tend to keep emotions to themselves, think before acting, and like to spend time alone. According to Psychologist Carl Jung, the difference in the two personalities has to do with the amount of energy...
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...2.2. Individual Differences (IDs): It is clear that people reply in a different way to the same situations. They use different approaches towards communicating with others and solving the problems they encounter. Individuals also behave differently in learning contexts; As stated by Brown (2000), each of them practices a special type of learning style. For example, some individuals learn better with pictures and illustrations, some learn better with repetition and some others get better results through participation. Dörnyei (2005) defines individual differences (IDs) as: "characteristics or traits in respect of which individuals may be shown to differ from each other."(p.1). As a matter of fact, individual learner differences are the distinct...
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...Name: University: Course: Tutor: Date: Personality and individual differences are crucial element in both human and animal development. The personality traits are therefore a rage of differences that arise between individuals and emanate in form of thoughts feelings and behavior hence differentiating one individual from another. Human beings are different from one another not only in their physical appearance but also in there behavior. Take for instance, two identical twins may respond to the same stimulus quite differently even though all aspects of their appearance seem to be similar. Oliver (2008) illustrates that there is much evidence that the behavioral (psychological) development is shaped by multiple factors which ranges from biological, familial and cultural. The underlying perspective is that all behaviors are learnt through the interaction with the environment .For instance a newly born child is believed to be completely black and his/her characters are developed as a result interaction with the environment .This learning theory differs with the common perspective that all human beings are born with personality characters. Oliver (2008) goes further to explain that parents have a crucial role to ensure that there kids glow up with the kind of character traits they want or admire. He believes that children have always depend on the resources there parents provide making parents a unique influence on all aspect of children development. This always...
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...The film 12 Angry Men depicts the challenge faced by a jury as they deliberate the charges brought against an 18 year old boy for the first degree murder of his father. Their task is to come to an impartial verdict, based on the testimony which was heard in court. The group went through the common stages of group development as presented in the text; forming, storming, norming, and performing (Robbins, & Judge, 2010) while personal prejudices, personality differences, and tension mounted as the process evolved. After a first vote, juror 8 is the only individual who would like to explore if there is a reasonable doubt in this case. The remainder of the jurors have expressed indifference and have conformed to the group belief that the boy is guilty without further discussion. They are irritable secondary to the environmental conditions, and they are eager to return to their personal responsibilities. In spite of the aggressive atmosphere caused by Juror 8’s decision he uses reason to try to delve deeper into the case and testimony. His use of reason forces the rest of the group, who have fallen victim to groupthink, to investigate other facts and points of view that were not presented in the courtroom. He has a sympathetic personality, and uses another method of appealing to higher values within the group to attempt to influence the members. The use of higher values and reason allows for more open discussion amongst the group and for the discovery of the personal biases...
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...Personality and ability have major implications for how people feel, think and behave in organizations. Based on your review of Chapter 4 and on individual personality differences – present your views on this quote “Organizations should or should not select or hire prospective employees on the basis of their personality traits” In a general sense, I completely agree with this statement. People are hired on credentials such as experience or education, so this is merely another criteria albeit an important one. It is always a good idea to hire people who will mesh well with the organizations values and beliefs. The values and beliefs are typically what will dictate the environment and thus culture of an organization. Take Google for example. Google’s unorthodox culture of having fun and being innovative probably wouldn’t mesh well with someone that has a high external locus of control as they prefer structured, directed work environments as explained by Daft & Lane (2011). However, I also feel that the level or degree of desirable traits versus undesirable and the extent of value placed in them should play a role in evaluating candidates. This is especially true in leadership roles. Daft & Lane (2011) conclude that a person with a high level of authoritarianism would not work well with a team with an equally high level of dogmatism which would typically result in lower productivity and morale. However, if both sides have a lower to moderate level of those two characteristics...
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...Case Description This is the experience I met, and the following names are fictitious. When I was in one business class last year, there was a group project and was counted thirty percent in total grades. For the group project, each group needed to hand in one essay which contained introduction, content, summary, and gave a fifteen minutes long presentation in front of the class. I signed group number four which my presentation was four weeks after, so I could have enough time to prepare. The group project was five people in a group, and I was in a totally new group that we did not know each other in the group. Our group was very diverse, there were two from Asia (included me), one from Africa, another one from Europe, and the last one is from Canada. I was very excited about the group diversity because we can have many ideas for the project. We gave our contact E-mail to John, who is from Canada. He was willing to be the contact person in this group. This group seemed to be very productive at the beginning, because we had assigned all the work to everyone in the group and set the time for next meeting. In fact, the other person from Asia, Allen, he organized how we can do in this project. We all discussed which part in the project we were interested in, so everyone can do their own preference. We aimed our goal to get above eighty percent in this project, which was a huge challenge for us. And, the professor in this class expected higher quality of performance from students...
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...INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES: PESONALITY AND ABILITY Ya-Hsin Chen Introduction Bill Gates (2003) has said: If you take the most important twenty persons away, Microsoft will turn into a company without any importance and will drag the company into the gutter. In the Hi-Tech industry, the ability to development is a source of creating the competitive advantages. The research indicates individuals are core resources of company. If I am an investor, I will judge company's good and bad important reference standard from their research and develop personnel's quality and quantity. Outstanding research and development talents mean the company has better prospective and creativity. It indicates that employee is the property of company and their qualities results whether a company is successful. Basically, for a company, how to distinguish out employees’ key quality early and to manage effectively is vital for an enterprise to strengthen its organization. In addition, when discussing the individual differences and the way they affect the performances and behaviors of employees, we are also concerned not about their personalities but also about their abilities. Organizations should strive to ensure the people they hire are strong enough to use their abilities on the job and effectively utilize their abilities effectively. In organizations, human resources apartment plays a role to select individuals who have the abilities needed to suit different kinds of job and task, and trains employees...
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...The Individual Differences Within An Organization Case Study The behavior of humans is the interaction between two or more persons. Inside the organization and outside it. The personal behavior is the action between two or more persons. It is important to build and maintain any type of relationship in the world. When we look at interpersonal behavior in the workplace, we see it a little more complicated. The Interpersonal behavior effects on the relationships between managers and workers, the manager and supervisor, and even worker and customer. The personal relationships are important in a person career and profession success. The Positive relationships can lead to successful work performance and make a great achievement. One of the most main components of the human resource is a good understanding of human needs it is directly connected to the motivation. And in order to motivate the employees the organization needs to identify the needs of their employees. The management should look for ways in order to motivate the employees to work harder and better, to make them more productive, effective, and be more efficient. The organizations must understand that the employees need to be motivated in their jobs and there is a need for them to be provided with more responsibilities at work. "It is useful in an understanding of the human resource frame, specific motivation, because it presents an idea on how it will be possible for managers to create a culture of encouragement, in which...
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...PEOPLE AND ORGANISATIONS: MOTIVATION AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES - LITERATURE REVIEW – INTRODUCTION Many literatures in the past have served as string evidences of the need for the right approach towards the management of people within an organisation. In lieu of being able to improve the performance of an organisation, taking into account the management of its workforce, difference approaches and frameworks have been introduced. For instance, Bolman and Deal (2008) introduced four major frames which are significant for the management of firms as it presents ways on how to understand how an organisation operates. The four frames which have been introduced include structural frame, human resource frame, political frame, and symbolic frame. In this literature review, the focus of the discussions which will be made will be the human resource frame, specifically, an understanding of how motivation and individual differences becomes essential in such context. DISCUSSION The human resource frame is commonly used in having an understanding of how organisations work basically because of the psychology and counselling components included in such. This frame places an emphasis on the subsystem of the organisation, with focus on different factors such as motivation, training, needs, hiring, commitment, and socialization of people who are working within the organisation. More importantly, the...
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...person, I am tasked with coming up to terms with the inevitability of change. It remains extremely impossible to remain fearless about the future. A lot of effort and courage remains a great requirement for having a purpose driven life because it’s not always easy. Life seems unpredictable in most cases and, as a result, all young people approach the future as blind nomads. In life, most people tend to believe that they will remain the same as they seem now in the next decade. Regardless of the age of an individual, they always tend to act in a way that suggests that history shaped them to the people they become. One thing remains certain, personalities and values keep changing. I will experience a lot of differences in 2025 as compared to now 2015. In a decade all human beings experience great changes in terms of their personality and their lives. A COMPARISON OF RELATIONSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN A DECADE There exists a great difference in the relationship status of an individual between a lifespan of 2015 and 2025.I am a single 38-year-old man currently studying and working. I am looking forward to studying network administration, marrying and having children. I wish to become an entrepreneur in the future and open my networking firm. The future seems so near when I have a lot of activities in the plan. Currently, in my case there seems a less sense of responsibility on my part as I do not have a family. In the next decade, I would be tasked with more responsibilities as a result...
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...University of Phoenix Material Team Building Worksheet Complete the Team Building Worksheet by answering the following questions in 200 to 300 words each. 1. Describe team members’ results on the Discovery Wheel and Develop your multiple intelligences exercises. What similarities and differences exist within the team? We are Team Charlie, and our team consists of Robert Row, Scott Roush, and Tag Krogseng. Robert was quite shocked at his results on The Discovery Wheel. He was deficient in communicating and taking tests. The rest of his results were within 2 or 3 points. What he found most intriguing was with his career, it is imperative to communicate. As he pondered this, he realized that he has not been communicating, but just giving direction. Listening is extremely important to the communication process. His second deficiency was taking tests. In the past he has done well on test, but not all tests. As he thought about his previous school experiences, he realized that tests did give him some trouble. Robert will need to work on the studying aspect to ensure that tests are completed with the desired result. Motivation, memory, and thinking were the three highest categories on Scott’s Discovery Wheel. With the motivation portion being the highest, it shows that Scott is ready to take on any task. While all the other traits are somewhat balanced with each other, as time goes on those traits may become stronger or weaker...
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...could be said that age and culture can change how one looks at friendship. The simplest way to define friendship would be as a relationship between two people who consider themselves “friends”. This essay will also consider the advantages, disadvantages, similarities and differences between two studies that used the content analysis approach and the ethnographic approach. When looking at both bigelow & la gaipa (1975) and william corsaro's (2006) studies I will also look at how there work as influenced future studies in this area of research and what criticism's have been made of there research. When looking firstly at the content analysis approach that bigelow & la gaipa took,to that of corsaro and the ethnographic method there is at first stark similarity,both bigelow & la gaipa and corsaro's studies were looking at what a child's understanding of friendship was. However after the inital comparison the aims are actually quite different,as bigelow & la gaipa's aim was to investigate children's understanding of friendship,in contrast to william corsaro who investigated children's individual understanding of the word “friend” he was interested in how children talked to each other. Basically the main difference is where corsaro explored the term “friend” and how children used the word. Bigelow & la gaipa wanted to know about actual relationship between children. For example william carsaro looked for interactions and communication between children in there own setting,whereas bigelow...
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...splendid but transient life. The opinion also resembles to the sentence in Professor Huang’s book-“No matter how long we lived in the world, the life for us is limited.” As for the similarities in mentality, I firmly believe that two different people may have something in common. Not only limited to the “mentally speaking, we all seek emotional pleasure and avoid pain”, different people may feel the same thing from each other, and these two people are so-called soul mate. I still remember the movie Mary and Max, which exactly describes a pair of soul mate sharing common thoughts in spite of the difference of age. There are also many examples in couples and friends, though they may have a big age gap. Actually, the differences among people may much more than those similarities. Twins can be different in many aspects, let alone those people of different nationalities. The most obvious difference is appearance. Despite twins are really alike, they are still not identical in appearance. The elder sister may have a mole on her palm while her sis doesn’t have one. Those women who pursue beauty may ask their cosmetic surgeons to do the face-lifting in the light of the photo of a pretty celebrity, but as we have seen, they can never be exactly alike in appearance. People are also different in characteristics. The husband can be impulsive, active...
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