...To get power in our houses and businesses, there are several processes that the power goes though to get generated and carried across miles of power lines. Electricity is generated in a thermal power plant, hydroelectric power plant, and nuclear power plant, etc. This electricity is then supplied to a transmission substation near the generating plant. In the transmission substation the voltage is increased substantially using step up transformers. The voltage is increased to reduce the transmission losses over long distances. This electricity then is supplied to a power substation where it is stepped down using step down transformers and then supplied to a distribution grid. In the distribution grid there are additional transformers and voltage is further reduced for distributing further down the grid. From here the electricity is supplied to step down transformers near residential quarters that step down the voltage to 110/220 Volts as per each country's requirement. The power is produced using a three-phase generator that takes some kind of mechanical energy and generates three-phase power. The three-phase power leaves the generator and enters a transmission substation at the power plant. This substation uses large transformers to convert the generator's voltage (which is at the thousands of volts level) up to extremely high voltages for long-distance transmission on the transmission grid. You can see at the back several three-wire towers leaving the substation. Typical...
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...Wireless Power Transmission Evolution and Developmental Prospects Rachit Sethia Department of Electrical & Electronics Oriental Institute of Science & Technology Bhopal, India rachitsethia19@gmail.com Sahil Saxena Department of Electronics & Communication Lakshmi Narain College of Technology Bhopal, India saxena.sahil.16@gmail.com Abstract— In the present paper, wireless power transmission is shown as the righteous alternative for present day power distribution system. Various method of wireless power distribution system are acquainted which can be ramified for power distribution, showing electrodynamic induction as the befitting one. Many concepts, research papers, patents are available on wireless power transmission and are fruitfully materialized by Witricity by magnetic resonant coupling method. This paper is mainly concentrated on: 1. The most popular concept i.e. Electrodynamic induction. 2. Microwave transmission method. The paper also discusses the possible ways to get useful and practical results out of all research carried out so far elsewhere. Keywords- Wireless power transmission, Electromagnetic induction, Nikola Tesla, Witricity, Electrodynamic Induction. Introduction Our present power distribution system encompasses various losses and flaws which blemishes the same. Recent canvas have shown that existing power transmission system see a considerably high power loss that in 26-30% in developed countries and about30-40% in developing...
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...connections. This technique passes electromagnetic energy to the portable devices when it is placed close to the wireless charger. magnetic field by passing alternating current through it for which there is a voltage induced in the receiver. I. INTRODUCTION In 1900 June Nikola Tesla introduced the concept of wireless charging. During 1891 to 1904 using Tesla coils (generates high AC voltage) he transmitted power without wires by capacitive coupling and inductive. Wireless charging is also known as inductive charging. It consists of two coils which is transmitter coil and receiver coil. Recent technology has introduced movable transmission coil and the receiver coils made of silver plated copper. Sometimes it is also made of aluminium to reduce resistance and weight. From the past few years wireless charging has appeared in the electronic markets. In present, wireless charging can be seen in many restaurants like Starbucks, McDonalds. Figure 1. Wireless Charging II. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE WIRELESS POWER FUNCTION The wireless charging defines inductive coupling. It uses two for coils one is transmitting and another one is for receiving. They are usually kept at a...
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...Chapter 01 1.1 Introduction: A storage device may be used to store energy from renewable energy source in DC form which can be converted to AC power by using power inverter. Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) technique may be used to control output rms voltage of the inverter. As the load is variable, the power consumed by the load (PL) may be smaller than the power generated from the renewable energy source (PR). Therefore a Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) Controller may be used to supply the additional power (PR – PL) from the renewable energy source to the grid. On the other hand if the power consumed by the load (PL) is greater than the power generated from the renewable energy source (PR) therefore the same FACTS controller may be used to absorb the additional power (PR – PL) from the grid to the load. In this case the FACTS controller must allow bi-directional power flow. If all the active houses are connected to the grid in the same way (proposed way), the active houses that generate more power than the load can be supplied to the active houses that generate less power than the load. Therefore a suitable FACTS controller should be designed in such a way that it can control the power flow in both directions. The idea is illustrated in the following figure. 1.2 Objectives: • Study on different FACTS controllers • Study on different renewable energy sources • Study on different...
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...along with my fellow batchmates who provided valuable support and co-operation during the execution of project. Introduction The basic function of a transmission system is to transfer electrical power from one place to another or from one network to another network. A transmission system includes the terminal substations, transmission lines and intermediate substations. Transmission systems are required for ● Transfer of bulk power from large group of generating stations upto the main transmission network ● System interconnection ● Transfer of power from main transmission from the main transmission network to secondary substations The increasing need of transmitting greater and greater amounts of power over long distances has led to a continuous increase in transmission voltages. As a rule, larger the amount of power to be transmitted, higher is the requirement of transmission voltages. In India, the transmission voltages in use are 33, 66, 110, 132, 220 & 400 kV . The next higher voltage of 765/800kV has been selected for transmission of huge blocks of power from generating stations to load centres. Necessity of EHV Transmission Reduction of Electric Losses , increase in Transmission efficiency , inprovement of Voltage Regulation and reduction in Conductor Material requirement For transmission of given amount of power over a given distance through...
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...Paper accepted for presentation at 2009 IEEE Bucharest Power Tech Conference, June 28th - July 2nd, Bucharest, Romania 1 New participants in SmartGrids and associated challenges in the transition towards the grid of the future P. Favre-Perrod, Member, IEEE, R. Critchley, E. Catz & M. Bazargan electricity networks. Abstract – Different concepts for the long term evolution of electricity networks have been proposed. Visions of large scale, continent-wide interconnections, local scale independent distribution network cells and networks integrating other forms of energy have emerged. The inclusion of new classes of network participants, e.g. prosumers, services providers, transportation applications, regulators and the increase of the number of distributed generators is a common feature of all these frameworks. A series of challenges result from this evolution: the need to coordinate distributed participants, the need to harmonize standards and procedures, as well as the need to overcome a series of obstacles to change. This contribution reviews emerging network concepts and the associated challenges. Series compensation, reconfigurable power electronic systems and wide-scale use of phasor measurement units are early examples for these emerging solutions. Index terms – Power transmission, Power transmission planning II. CONCEPTS FOR FUTURE ELECTRICITY NETWORKS A. Microgrids In a system comprising distributed electricity generation, consumers and producers may be located...
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...ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF CONSTANT POWER OUTAGES ON SMES IN NIGERIA International Centre for Basic Research, 20 Limpopo Street, FHA, Abuja College of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State been identified [2]. A particular finding revealed the high cost of providing back-up energy (partly infrastructural) for SMEs which sometimes is as critical as three times the cost of publicly supplied electricity [3], [4]. In Nigeria and perhaps generally, SMEs classification is done on the basis of capital investment and employed labour force while other criteria could be the annual turnover or gross output [5]. Until very recently, energy was rarely cited as one of the problems militating against the development of SMEs in Nigeria and elsewhere. This study is built on the argument that, unlike larger businesses, the establishment and operation of SMEs promotes economic development which by extension, boosts a country’s GDP number [6] (see Fig. 1). A separate study identifies this link (between SMEs and GDP) but could not establish if it is actually responsible for economic growth [7] while another study presents a decreasing link of 51%, 39% and 16% of GDP being produced by SMEs in high-income, medium income and low-income countries respectively [8]. Elsewhere, it has been confirmed that SMEs were responsible for pulling the US out of economic slump and can therefore, serve...
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...Chapter I Introduction It took a power outage for me to see the light Of what it is I am really like To hear the words that you said without the noise I could listen close, without distraction of toys I saw the darkness of how I felt surround me The candle that you lit, so profound within me Safety, security, as well as desire Lit so lovingly by that fire “Power outage” a poem by Deanna Repose (September 23, 2009 (blog.deannarepose.com) Electricity is an imperative necessity and essential to modern life; one basically depends on the use of electricity with almost every task. People suppose that it will be present when they need it to power the engines and systems which on the other hand are also involved in practically everything we do. In Lipa City, the residents expect their power supply to be always ready and available every time considering that theirs are busy and rushed lives. In exchange, they compensate for that power, depending on how much they use. That's about as much as most of us think about in the process. Unfortunately, BATELEC does not always meet the expectations for minimized power outage in most places of Lipa. In order to meet the problems in power shortages, there are factors that are needed to be addressed by electric cooperative employees; in why it happens and in which places in Lipa City it is frequently happening, to arrive at different ways to avoid these problems. 1 It is evident that power shortage occurs frequently in specific...
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...Chapter I Introduction It took a power outage for me to see the light Of what it is I am really like To hear the words that you said without the noise I could listen close, without distraction of toys I saw the darkness of how I felt surround me The candle that you lit, so profound within me Safety, security, as well as desire Lit so lovingly by that fire “Power outage” a poem by Deanna Repose (September 23, 2009 (blog.deannarepose.com) Electricity is an imperative necessity and essential to modern life; one basically depends on the use of electricity with almost every task. People suppose that it will be present when they need it to power the engines and systems which on the other hand are also involved in practically everything we do. In Lipa City, the residents expect their power supply to be always ready and available every time considering that theirs are busy and rushed lives. In exchange, they compensate for that power, depending on how much they use. That's about as much as most of us think about in the process. Unfortunately, BATELEC does not always meet the expectations for minimized power outage in most places of Lipa. In order to meet the problems in power shortages, there are factors that are needed to be addressed by electric cooperative employees; in why it happens and in which places in Lipa City it is frequently happening, to arrive at different ways to avoid these problems. 1 It is evident that power shortage occurs frequently in specific...
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...(SSR) screening analysis using a developed frequency scanning tool capable of handling power networks with hundreds of buses. PTI’s software packages like PSS/E and IPLAN programs were used for the development of the SSR tool. The frequency scanning technique scans for the sub-synchronous frequency range between 5 Hz to 59 Hz to determine the system driving point impedance (as a function of frequency) viewed from the neutral point of the generating unit under study. The proposed approach was applied to analyze the SSR phenomenon on several steam and gas driven turbine-generator plants in the northern part of the Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) control area where several 500kV-transmission lines include series capacitor compensation. As a part of the study, credible contingencies that may lead to a network topology susceptible to SSR phenomenon are identified for proposed plants considered in the study. Key Words: Capacitor Compensated Transmission Lines, Sub-synchronous resonance. IEEE Sub-Synchronous Resonance Working Group report [4] presented the basic theory, problem definition, analytical tools, testing, and countermeasures for mitigating the SSR effects. The report also discussed some related problems not caused by series capacitors such as device dependent synchronous oscillation (SSO) resulting from the interaction of a turbine-generator with fast acting controllers of power system components. In an attempt to analyze the SSR phenomenon, several techniques were...
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...20 Unified Power Flow Controllers Ali Feliachi West Virginia University Azra Hasanovic West Virginia University 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 Introduction Power Flow on a Transmission Line UPFC Description and Operation Series Converter: Four Modes of Operation • Automatic Power Control Karl Schoder West Virginia University UPFC Modeling UPFC Steady-State or Load Flow Model • UPFC Dynamic Model • Interfacing the UPFC with the Power Network Control Design UPFC Basic Control Design • Power System Damping Control through UPFC Using Fuzzy Control Case Study Test System • Tracking Real and Reactive Power Flows • Operation under Fault Conditions Conclusion 20.1 Introduction An electric power system is an interconnection of generating units to load centers through high-voltage electric transmission lines. It consists of generation, transmission, and distribution subsystems, which used to belong to the same electric utility in a given geographical area. But, currently, the electric power industry is in transition from large, vertically integrated utilities providing power at regulated rates to an industry that will incorporate competitive companies selling unbundled power at possibly lower rates. With this new structure, which will include separate generation, distribution, and transmission companies with an open-access policy, comes the need for tighter control strategies. The strategies must maintain the level of reliability that consumers not...
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...MINISTRY OF POWER AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN APPROVED by Prikaz No 189 of the Minister of Power and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as of August 26, 2004.) REGULATIONS ON ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN (PUE) Astana, 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1: GENERAL REGULATIONS 10 CHAPTER 1.1: GENERAL 10 SCOPE, TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 10 GENERAL REGULATIONS FOR INSTALLATION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT 11 CONNECTION OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS TO THE POWER STATIONS 13 COMMISSIONING OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS 14 CHAPTER 1.2 POWER SUPPLY AND POWER SYSTEMS 14 SCOPE, DEFINITIONS 14 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 14 CATEGORIES OF POWER CONSUMING DEVICES AND RELIABILITY OF POWER SUPPLY 15 VOLTAGE LEVELS AND CONTROLS, REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION 16 CHAPTER 1.3 SELECTION OF CONDUCTORS: HEATING, CURRENT DENSITY AND CORONA DISCHARGE CONDITIONS 16 SCOPE 16 SELECTION OF CROSS-SECTION OF CONDUCTORS: HEATING 17 MAXUIMUM CONTINUOUS CURRENTS FOR WIRES, CORDS AND CABLES IN RUBBER OR PLASTIC INSULATION 18 MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS CURRENTS FOR CABLES IN IMPREGNATED PAPER INSULATION 22 MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS CURRENTS FOR BARE WIRES...
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...I have prepared a report of my investigation into the economic benefits and reliability of common electrical power distribution configurations currently used in the United Kingdom. About 40% of power system investment is in the distribution system equipment (40% in generation, 20% in transmission). Power systems are comprised of 3 basic electrical subsystems. • Generation subsystem • Transmission subsystem • Distribution subsystem We distinguish between these various portions of the power system by voltage levels as follows: • Generation: 1kV-30 kV • EHV Transmission: 500kV-765kV • HV Transmission: 230kV-345kV • Sub transmission system: 69kV-169kV • Distribution system: 120V-35kV The distribution system may also be divided into three distinct subsystems. • Distribution substation • Primary distribution system • Secondary distribution system Distribution substations The distribution substation receives power from one or more transmission or sub transmission lines at the corresponding transmission or sub transmission voltage level and provides that power to one or more distribution feeders that originate in the substation and comprise the primary network. Most feeders emanate radially from the substation to supply the load. There are five main functions of the distribution substation: 1. Voltage transformation: One or more transformers will always be located within the substation to step down the voltage to the primary distribution voltage level. These...
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...Assistance to India for the Uttaranchal Power Sector Capacity Building Project August 2005 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 1 August 2005) Currency Unit Re1.00 $1.00 ADB DEA EA EMP HR IA IPDF IT kV kWh MOP MW O&M PIU PMO PTCUL RF RMU RP SGU SHP TA UEID UJVNL UPCL UREDA v – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Rupees (Re/Rs) $0.0231 Rs43.3800 ABBREVIATIONS Asian Development Bank Department of Economic Affairs executing agency environmental monitoring plan human resources implementing agency Indigenous People’s Development Framework information technology kilovolt kilowatt-hour (1,000 watt-hours) Ministry of Power megawatt (1,000,000 watts) operation and maintenance project implementation unit project management office Power Transmission Corporation of Uttaranchal, Ltd. resettlement framework rehabilitation, modernization, and upgrading resettlement plan State Government of Uttaranchal small hydropower plant technical assistance Uttaranchal Energy and Irrigation Department Uttaranchal Jal Vidyut Nigam, Ltd. Uttaranchal Power Corporation, Ltd. Uttaranchal Renewable Energy Development Agency volts TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CLASSIFICATION Targeting Classification Sector Subsectors Themes Subthemes – – – – – General intervention Energy Hydropower generation, transmission and distribution Sustainable economic growth, environmental sustainability Fostering physical infrastructure development, cleaner industrial production [power] NOTE In this report, “$” refers...
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...[pic] [pic] 1.1 INTRODUCTION ABOUT SGSSL The South Gujarat Shares and Share brokers Ltd. (SGSSL) was started with authorized share capital of Rs. 3 crores and it’s paid up capital 1.27 crores under the company Act 1956. In 1992, The Company started its activities as association of person as sub broker giving service for buying and selling of securities to investors in Surat. Mr. Anil Choksy, Mr. Ashok Mehta, Mr. Jagdish Patel, Mr.Paresh Jhaveri Who took initiative to forming a limited company, So as become member of NSE India .In this way SGSSL was registered under company Act on the 5th January 1995, and conducted it’s trading business as member of National Stock Exchange. 31st march 1995 which was first financial year completed by the company after its registration & in this year the company suffered a loss of Rs.80000 due to heavy expenses like assets purchase, maintenance, establishment of building, furniture etc. The company had also faced loss in next financial year (1995) of RS.118000 because of prevailing poor market condition. During the year ended 31st march, 1997 the company has turned the table. On the total income of Rs. 45,80,000, the company made a net profit of Rs.3,70,000 and after adjusting the losses of Rs. 1,98,000, the Net Profit shown to the Balance Sheet was Rs. 1,78,000. On the 27th February 1996, the company obtained SEBI registration as broker. Originally the operation was started at Baroda because at that time National...
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