...of the high rate of cell division and the intricate and complex coordination among chemical, cellular, and genetic processes that is necessary for normal development. Toxic insults to the conceptus are thought more likely to be lethal during the preimplantation and embryonic periods than the fetal period. The timing of an exposure or event has a dramatic influence on the developmental effects that will likely result. For example, alterations of hormones such as prostaglandins and the progesterone-estrogen balance can prevent implantation, resulting in embryonic death. During organogenesis, when the molecular, cellular, and morphological structural organization of tissues and organs takes place, the embryo is considered to be most susceptible to structural defects. Animal experiments show that the exact timing of exposure to a teratogen affects the pattern of structural malformations. However, malformations usually occur in more than one organ system because of overlap in the sensitive period of development of different systems. Functional effects and growth retardation, rather than malformations, are considered to be the most likely outcomes of toxic exposures during the fetal period. However, there are exceptions to these generalizations. For example, skeletal abnormalities in mice can be induced...
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...become more pronounced by the age of five years. By age seven years the beliefs are still there, although less rigid. Preschooler's ideas of stereotypical behavior are compared to those of traditional adults. Preschoolers develop a gender schema, "a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender"(Feldman, 2011). For example, a preschool boy may refuse to wear makeup in a school play because he knows that makeup is for girls only. In 1966, Lawrence Kohlberg proposed a cognitive-developmental theory, which explains the rigidity of preschoolers as their understanding of gender, and gender appropriate behavior (Feldman, 2011). Shuvo Ghosh states that the development of gender identity "clearly begins in the intrauterine stage". He attributes this to hormone production and surges during the development of the fetus. Initially, all human fetuses appear to be female. During the eighth week of development, fetuses with the testes determining factor (TDF), begin to develop testicles. This is in part due to the surge of testosterone that takes place. "Further progression toward the eventual male phenotype occurs as antimullerian hormone is produced,...
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...following: * Etiological agent- spirochetes from the genus Borrelia burgorferi. Reduction of host population will limit the number of ticks. I.e. limit deer and rodent population. * Reservoir- ticks. Kill ticks using environmental insecticides. * Transmission- bite from tick carrying the borrelia bacterium in its gut. Use of skin repellants. * Portal of entry- skin -wear long and long sleeved shirts. Wear light colored clothing. * Susceptible host- dogs, deers, rodents. Spray dogs and deers. Reduce population of rodents and deers in the wild. At each link insert some likely intervention that would prevent the development of Lyme disease. Food (5pts) List five consequences of under-nutrition? Osteoporosis, Intrauterine growth restriction, blindness from vitamin A deficiency, Kwashiorkor from protein deficiency, anemia from iron deficiency. If you had hamburger that you know to be tainted with E. coli and you were stuck in a cave with no other foods and no access to leaving the area for several days, would you eat the hamburger? I would eat the hamburger but only after I have taken measures to limit the amount of contamination I may be exposed to. What would do to make the hamburger safe to consume? To make the hamburger safe I would start by making a fire and cooking the hamburger, not only until the pink is not visible in the middle of the meat patty, but until it is slightly charred. A group of four people went for dinner at the same restaurant...
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...includes birth defects in Chapter XVII: Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities. Birth defects like inborn errors of metabolism and blood disorders of prenatal origin appear in other chapters. Birth defects can be defined as structural or functional abnormalities, including metabolic disorders, which are present from birth. The term congenital disorder is considered to have the same definition; the two terms are used interchangeably.2 The eleventh revision of the classification provides an opportunity for a review of the current entry. 3. Irrespective of definition, birth defects can cause spontaneous abortions and stillbirths and are a significant but underrecognized cause of mortality and disability among infants and children under five years of age. They can be life-threatening, result in long-term disability, and negatively affect individuals, families, health-care systems and societies. BIRTH DEFECTS AND GLOBAL NEWBORN AND CHILD MORTALITY 4. Congenital disorders are a common condition. WHO estimates that some 260 000 deaths worldwide (about 7% of all neonatal deaths) were caused by congenital anomalies in 2004.3 They are most prominent as a cause of death in settings where overall...
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...“Rhesus (RH) Incompatibility Disease” Sharon C. Clatterbuck Ottawa University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Proseminar Class Dr. Richard Kimberly. November 9, 2004 All the technology of our medical institutions and doctors do no good unless each female who becomes pregnant takes advantage of the prenatal care that is offered to them. According to the article titled “Routine ABO and RH Typing: An Introduction”, Phillip Levine and R.E. Stetson were the first scientists to discover the rhesus blood groups in 1939. Soon after their amazing discovery, Karl Landsteiner and A.S. Weiner discovered the ABO blood typing system in the late 1940’s, which ultimately lead to discovery of the Rh differences. Several medical studies and journals have concluded that the father is the basis of all fetal blood typing. The problem arises when the father’s blood type is positive and the mother’s blood type is negative, thus causes a condition called Rhesus (RH) Incompatibility or the RH Incompatibility Disease. (Mark-Maris) Women who receive proper treatment and testing during their first prenatal visit and subsequent visits can avoid most complications in their pregnancy, including the Rhesus Incompatibility. John M Bowman of the Canadian Medical Association states “the condition was first described as a medical problem in pregnancies in 1609, during the birth of a set of twins by a French midwife. The first twin had a severe case of Rh Incompatibility...
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...behavior. According to Dr. Manchanda’s book titled “the upstream doctors”, effective care for most illness requires understanding the social conditions of one’s patients, and this is true because patients are faced with various limitations that deter them from accessing good medical services. Fear, finance, cultural belief, distance to Health Centre or Hospitals, lack of awareness about treatment availability and benefits, and poor health outcome after treatment, are some of the major contributory factors that deter patients from accessing good medical services, thus, causing a decline in health status globally. Poverty is also a contributory factor especially in developing countries. This can be explained in patient’s inability to purchase drugs or hesitancy to seek proper medical attention due to lack of funds. These barriers can be tackled using the holistic response that includes both social and cultural approach. The means to achieve success is to involve local health care professionals, experienced health workers and local health workers. This is also essential for sustainability. In addition, for any change to occur there must be surveillance to ensure that patients adhere to their medications or treatment plan. However, limited resources can also be contributory factor for a poor outcome. Thus, a process evaluation of health services needs to be assessed in order...
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...Santa Maria National High School Santa Maria, Laguna The Impact of Abortion to the Physical and Psychological Behavior of a Woman Presented to: Mrs. Lorena H. Bernardino Presented by: Sinag, Ma. Victoria C. English IV 16 February 2015 Sinag i Sinag i Outline Thesis statement: Physical changes and psychological implication of aborting pregnancy of women. I. What is the Abortion? A. Meaning of abortion B. Origin of abortion C. Method of aborting D. Types of abortion E. What drive a woman to abort their pregnancy? II. After Effects of Abortion A. Physical B. Psychological III. Prevention to reduce abortion A. Good Policies B. Good Politics IV. Conclusion V. Bibliography Sinag 1 Sinag 1 The Impact of Abortion to the Physical and Psychological Behavior of a Woman Introduction Many women, not only in the Philippines aborting their pregnancy because of economical or financial factor. In this study the researchers aiming to give information what is the physical and psychological behavior implication of aborting pregnancy. What is the process of abortion and reasons why a women needs to abort their pregnancy. In this study, the researcher also sited some prevention to avoid women pregnancy abortion, especially in the Philippines. Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by the removal or forcing out from the womb of a fetus or embryo before it is able to...
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...Mental illness has been acknowledged for thousands of years. Those who were different, or acted different from what main stream society felt was the norm; those who committed adultery, those pregnant out of wedlock, or even those who were mentally different, were all singled out, treated the same, and considered abnormal. Abnormal behavior cannot simply be defined into a single definition, with no definite line that can be crossed which separates whether someone on one side of the line has abnormal tendencies, with someone on the other side which is considered normal behavior. This paper focuses on Schizophrenia, a major mental illness, and will discuss and evaluate the symptoms, causes, and treatments which are currently being used. The human mind can be fragile, and there are many diseases and disorders that can affect it. Some may be serious while others are minor and barely recognizable. Schizophrenia is just one of those diseases which can encompass being both minor and serious. The definition for a mental illness is an illness that affects a person's mind, thoughts, emotions, personality, or behavior. Just like a physical illness, mental illness also shows symptoms that make it possible for the mental disorder or illness to be identified. Some of the recognizable symptoms can be extreme moods, sadness, anxiety, and inability to think clearly, or remember well. It does not mean, that just because a person may experience some of these symptoms, that she or he is suffering...
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...Mental Illness and Schizophrenia Mental Illness and Schizophrenia Joyce Dalton PSY350: Physiological Psychology Instructor: Brandy Goldston February 5, 2012 Mental Illness and Schizophrenia Mental illness has been acknowledged for thousands of years. Those who were different, or acted different from what main stream society felt was the norm; those who committed adultery, those pregnant out of wedlock, or even those who were mentally different, were all singled out, treated the same, and considered abnormal. Abnormal behavior cannot simply be defined into a single definition, with no definite line that can be crossed which separates whether someone on one side of the line has abnormal tendencies, with someone on the other side which is considered normal behavior. This paper focuses on Schizophrenia, a major mental illness, and will discuss and evaluate the symptoms, causes, and treatments which are currently being used. The human mind can be fragile, and there are many diseases and disorders that can affect it. Some may be serious while others are minor and barely recognizable. Schizophrenia is just one of those diseases which can encompass being both minor and serious. The definition for a mental illness is an illness that affects a person's mind, thoughts, emotions, personality, or behavior. Just like a physical illness, mental illness also shows symptoms that make it possible for the mental disorder or illness to be identified. Some of the recognizable symptoms...
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...Lindsey Daugherty BEH.350.B December 3, 2015 Term Paper Mental illness has been acknowledged for thousands of years. Those who were different, or acted different from what main stream society felt was the norm; those who committed adultery, those pregnant out of wedlock, or even those who were mentally different, were all singled out, treated the same, and considered abnormal. Abnormal behavior cannot simply be defined into a single definition, with no definite line that can be crossed which separates whether someone on one side of the line has abnormal tendencies, with someone on the other side which is considered normal behavior. This paper focuses on Schizophrenia, a major mental illness, and will discuss and evaluate the symptoms, causes, and treatments which are currently being used. The human mind can be fragile, and there are many diseases and disorders that can affect it. Some may be serious while others are minor and barely recognizable. Schizophrenia is just one of those diseases which can encompass being both minor and serious. The definition for a mental illness is an illness that affects a person's mind, thoughts, emotions, personality, or behavior. Just like a physical illness, mental illness also shows symptoms that make it possible for the mental disorder or illness to be identified. Some of the recognizable symptoms can be extreme moods, sadness, anxiety, and inability to think clearly, or remember well. It does not mean, that just because a person may...
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...------------------------------------------------- KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,KUMASI. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- BIRTHWEIGHT OF NEWBORNS IN RELATION TO THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN THE ATWIMA NWABIAGYA DISTRICT OF ASHANTI REGION OF GHANA. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES, ------------------------------------------------- KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI IN ------------------------------------------------- PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ------------------------------------------------- PUBLIC HEALTH (MPH) DEGREE IN POPULATION AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...* Getting Ready Signs of Labor: happens 2-3 weeks prior to true labor ~ lightening (engagement): baby drops down and presses on bladder ~nesting: mom has sudden burst of energy ~Braxton Hicks contractions ~cervical ripening (softening and dilating) ~bloody show * Effacement: the thinning of the cervix; measured from 0-100% * Dilatation: the opening of the cervix; measured from 0-10 cm * Stages of Labor: ~1st Stage -Early/Latent: -0-3 cm dilatation -contractions 5-30 min apart -lasting 30-45 seconds -mild to moderate intensity -lasting 6-8 hours -Active: -4-7 cm dilatation -contractions 3-5 min apart -lasting 40-70 seconds -mild to strong intensity -lasting 3-6 hours -inwardly directed, focused, serious -Transition: -8-10 cm dilatation -contractions 2-3 min apart -strong intensity -lasting 45-90 seconds -lasting about 20-30 min -severe pain, N/V, irritable ~2nd Stage: Pushing -from complete dilatation until the birth of the baby -Early/Latent: -contractions are weak; no urge to push yet -Active: -strong contractions resume; urge to push comes (Ferguson reflex) ~3rd Stage: Placenta -from the delivery of the baby to the delivery of the placenta -usually occurs within 10 min -uterus changes shape; globular right before it detaches; sudden gush of blood; cord lengthens ~4th Stage: Post partum Recovery -1st hour after birth -Post partum...
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...1. Congenital rubella: a) Has an incubation period of 7-10 days. b) May be complicated by polyarthralgia. c) Rarely causes deafness. d) Is an indication for termination if it occurs in the first two months of pregnancy. e) May cause prolonged jaundice. 2. Recognised causes of delayed bone age include: a) Hypopiturtarism b) Primary hypothyroidism c) Congenital adrenal hypoplasia d) Prolonged corticosteroid therapy e) Tuberculosis 3. Kwashiorkor: a) Hypothermia is a recognized complication T b) Edema is mainly due to protein losing enteropathy. T c) Measles is a recognized precipitant F d) The incidence is highest in the first two month of life F e) The birth of a second child to the mother may be a contributory factor F 4. At the age of eight months a baby can be expected to: a) Roll over from front to back T b) Sit up with a straight back T c) Pick a small bead between thumb and finger T d) Say up to five word clearly F e) Feed himself with a spoon F 5. if a child in the ward's develops measles, the following action are appropriate a) Close the wards to all admissions for one week F b) Actively immunized all the other patients against measles T c) Give gamma globulin to all patients who have not been immunized or had measles T d) Forbid visiting by the parents until the rash has gone F e) Give prophylactic antibiotics to all contacts at home T 6. Convulsion in the first week of life is characteristic of a) Hypocalcaemia T b) Post maturity...
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...00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page i NCLEX-PN ® SECOND EDITION Wilda Rinehart Diann Sloan Clara Hurd 00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page ii NCLEX-PN® Exam Cram, Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN-13:978-0-7897-2706-9 ISBN-10: 0-7897-3706-x Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rinehart, Wilda. NCLEX-PN exam cram / Wilda Rinehart, Diann Sloan, Clara Hurd. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-7897-3706-9 (pbk. w/cd) 1. Practical nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 2. Nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 3. National Council Licensure Examination for Practical/Vocational Nurses--Study guides. I. Sloan, Diann. II. Hurd, Clara. III. Title. RT62.R55 2008 610.73'076--dc22 2008000133 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: February 2008 Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately...
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...documenting the health hazards posed by environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) continues to mount, workplace decision makers have more reason than ever to protect employees from exposure to ETS on the job. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency concluded in January 1993 that each year ETS kills an estimated 3,000 adult nonsmokers from lung cancer and that the workplace is a significant source of ETS. In a recent study, nonsmoking employees exposed to ETS at work but not at home had significantly higher levels of a nicotine metabolite in their blood than did nonsmoking workers with no work or home exposure to ETS. Levels of exposure to ETS are lowest in smokefree workplaces. Even before these recent studies were available, the U.S. Surgeon General had determined in 1986 that ETS is a cause of disease, including lung cancer, in otherwise healthy nonsmokers. The Surgeon General also reported that the simple separation of smokers and nonsmokers within the same airspace may reduce, but does not eliminate, the exposure of nonsmokers to ETS. In 1991, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended that “all available preventive measures should be used to minimize occupational exposure to ETS.” Health issues provide ample justification for restricting ETS exposure at the worksite. But there are other good business reasons. Instituting smokefree work environments can reduce costs for cleaning and...
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