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THE CIVIL COURTS ACT, 1887

(ACT NO. XII OF 1887).

[11th March 1887]

1 An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to Civil Courts in Bangladesh.

WHEREAS it is expedient to consolidate and amend the law relating to Civil Courts in Bangladesh; It is hereby enacted as follows:-

CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

Title, extent and commencement 1. (1) This Act may be called the 2[ * * *] Civil Courts Act.

(2) It extends to Bangladesh except such portions 3[ thereof] as for the time being are not subject to the ordinary civil jurisdiction of the High Court Division 4[ * * *]; and

(3) It shall come into force on the first day of July, 1887.

[Repealed] 2. (1) 5[ Repealed by the Amendment Act, 1891 (Act No. XII of 1891)].

(2) [Omitted by the Bangladesh Laws (Revision And Declaration) Act, 1973 (Act No. VIII of 1973), section 3 and 2nd Schedule.]

(3) Any enactment or document referring to the Bengal Civil Courts Act, 1871, [or East Bengal Civil Court Act] or to any enactment thereby repealed, shall be construed to refer to this Act or to the corresponding portion thereof.

CHAPTER II

CONSTITUTION OF CIVIL COURTS

Classes of Civil Courts 6[ 3. There shall be following classes of Civil Courts, namely:-

(a) the Court of the District Judge;

(b) the Court of the Additional District Judge;

(c) the Court of the Joint District Judge;

(d) the Court of the Senior Assistant Judge; and

(e) the Court of the Assistant Judge.]

Number of Judges 7[ 4. The Government may alter the number of District Judges, Additional District Judges, Joint District Judges, Senior Assistant Judges and Assistant Judges now fixed.]

[Repealed] 5. [Repealed by the Decentralization Act, 1914 (Act No. IV of 1914).]

Vacancies among District or Joint District Judges 6. (1) Whenever the office of District Judge or 8[ Joint District] Judge is vacant by reason of the death, resignation or removal of the Judge or other cause, or whenever an increase in the number of District or 9[ Joint District] Judges has been made under the provisions of section 4, the Government or, as the case

may be, the High Court Division may fill up the vacancy or appoint the Additional District Judges or 10[ Joint District] Judges.

(2) Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent a Government from appointing a District Judge or 11[ Joint District] Judge to discharge, for such period as it thinks fit, in addition to the functions devolving on him as such District Judge or 12[ Joint District] Judge, all or any of the functions of another District Judge or 13[ Joint District] Judge, as the case may be.

Additional District Judges 8.(1) When the business pending before any District Judge requires the aid of 14[ Additional District] Judges for its speedy disposal, the Government may, having consulted the High Court Division, appoint such 15[ Additional District] Judges as may be requisite.

(2) 16[ Additional District] Judges so appointed shall discharge any of the functions of a District Judge which the District Judge may assign to them, and, in the discharge of those functions, they shall exercise the same powers as the District Judge.

Administrative control of Courts 9. Subject to the superintendence of the High Court Division, the District Judge shall have administrative control over all the Civil Courts under this Act within the local limits of his jurisdiction.

Temporary charge of District Court 10. (1) In the event of the death, resignation or removal of the District Judge, or of his being incapacitated by illness or otherwise for the performance of his duties, or of his absence from the place at which his Court is held, the 17[ Additional District] Judges, or, if an 18[ Additional District] Judge is not present at that place, the senior 19[ Joint District] Judge present thereat, shall, without relinquishing his ordinary duties, assume charge of the office of the District Judge, and shall continue in charge thereof until the office is resumed by the District Judge or assumed by an officer appointed thereto.

(2) While in charge of the office of the District Judge, the 20[ Additional District] Judge or 21[ Joint District] Judge, as the case may be, may, subject to any rules which the High Court Division may make in this behalf, exercise any of the powers of the District Judge.

Transfer of proceedings on vacation of office of Joint District Judge 11. (1) In the event of the death, resignation or removal of a 22[ Joint District] Judge, or of his being incapacitated by illness or otherwise for the performance of his duties, or of his absence from the place at which his Court is held, the District Judge may transfer all or any of the proceedings pending in the Court of the 23[ Joint District] Judge either to his own Court or to any Court under his administrative control competent to dispose of them.

(2) Proceedings transferred under sub-section (1) shall be disposed of as if they had been instituted in the Court to which they are so transferred:

(3) Provided that the District Judge may re-transfer to the Court of the 24[ Joint District] Judge or his successor any proceedings transferred under sub-section (1) to his own or any other Court.

(4) For the purposes of proceedings which are not pending in the Court of the 25[ Joint District] Judge on the occurrence of an event referred to in sub-section (1), and with respect to which that Court has exclusive jurisdiction, the District Judge may exercise all or any of the jurisdiction of that Court.

Power to fix local limits of jurisdiction of Courts 13. (1) The Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, fix and alter the local limits of the jurisdiction of any Civil Court under this Act.

(2) If the same local jurisdiction is assigned to two or more 26[ Joint District] Judges or to two or more 27[ Senior Assistant Judges or Assistant Judges], the District Judge may assign to each of them such civil business cognizable by the 28[ Joint District] Judge or 29[ Senior Assistant Judge or Assistant Judge], as the case may be, as, subject to any general or special orders of the High Court Division, he thinks fit.

(3) When civil business arising in any local area is assigned by the District Judge under sub-section (2) to one of two or more 30[ Joint District] Judges or to one of two or more 31[ Senior Assistant Judges or Assistant Judges], a decree or order passed by the 32[ Joint District] Judge or 33[ Senior Assistant Judge or Assistant Judge] shall not be invalid by reason only of the case in which it was made having arisen wholly or in part in a place beyond the local area if that place is within the local limits fixed by the Government under sub-section (I).

(4) A Judge of a Court of Small Causes appointed to be also a 34[ Joint District Judge or Senior Assistant Judge or Assistant Judge is a Joint District Judge or Senior Assistant Judge or Assistant Judge], as the case may be, within the meaning of this section.

(5) The present local limits of the jurisdiction of every Civil Court under this Act shall be deemed to have been fixed under this section.

Place of sitting of Courts 14. (1) The Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, fix and alter the place or places at which any Civil Court under this Act is to be held.

(2) All places at which any such Courts are now held shall be deemed to have been fixed under this section.

Vacations of Courts 15. (1) Subject to such orders as may be made by the Government the High Court Division shall prepare a list of days to be observed in each year as closed holidays in the Civil Courts.

(2) The list shall be published in the official Gazette.

(3) A judicial act done by a Civil Court on a day specified in the list shall not be invalid by reason only of its having been done on that day.

Seals of Courts 16. Every Civil Court under this Act shall use a seal of such form and dimensions as are prescribed by the Government.

Continuance of proceedings of Courts ceasing to have jurisdiction 17. (1) Where any Civil Court under this Act has from any cause ceased to have jurisdiction with respect to any case, any proceedings in relation to that case which, if that Court had not ceased to have jurisdiction, might have been had therein may be had in the Court to which the business of the former Court has been transferred.

(2) Nothing in this section applies to cases for which provision is made in sections 36, 37 and 114 of, and rule 1 of Order XLVII in Schedule I to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, or in any other enactment for the time being in force.

CHAPTER III

ORDINARY JURISDICTION

Extent of original jurisdiction of District or Joint District Judge 18. Save as otherwise provided by any enactment for the time being in force, the jurisdiction of a District Judge or 35[ Joint District] Judge extends, subject to the provisions of section 15 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 to all original suits for the time being cognizable by Civil Courts.

Extent of jurisdiction of Senior Assistant Judge, etc 36[ 19. Save as otherwise provided by any enactment for the time being in force, the jurisdiction of a Senior Assistant Judge and an Assistant Judge shall extend to all suits of which the value does not exceed four lac Taka and two lac Taka respectively.]

37[ Appeal from District and Additional District Judges]

41[ ] 21. (1) Save as aforesaid, an appeal from a decree or order of a 42[ Joint District] Judge shall lie-

(a) to the District Judge where the value of the original suit in which or in any proceeding arising out of which the decree or order was made did not exceed 43[ five lac Taka] and

(b) to the High Court Division in any other case.

(2) Save as aforesaid, an appeal from a decree or order of a 44[ Senior Assistant Judge or an Assistant Judge] shall lie to the District Judge.

(3) Where the function of receiving any appeals which lie to the District Judge under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) has been assigned to an 45[ Additional District] Judge, the appeals may be preferred to the 46[ Additional District] Judge.

(4) The High Court Division may, with the previous sanction of the Government, direct, by notification in the official Gazette, that appeals lying to the District Judge under sub-section (2) from all or any of the decrees or orders of any 47[ Senior Assistant Judge or an Assistant Judge], shall be preferred to the Court of such 48[ Joint District] Judge as may be mentioned in the notification, and the appeals shall thereupon be preferred accordingly.

CHAPTER IV

SPECIAL JURISDICTION

49[ Power of District Judge to transfer appeals] 22.(1) A District Judge may transfer to any 50[ Joint District] Judge under his administrative control any appeals 22.(1) A District Judge may transfer to any 51[ Joint District] Judge under his administrative control any appeals pending before him from the decrees or orders of [Senior Assistant Judges or Assistant Judges].(2) The District Judge may withdraw any appeal so transferred, and either hear and depose of it himself or transfer it to a Court under his administrative control competent to dispose of it.

(3) Appeals transferred under this section shall be disposed of subject to the rules applicable to like appeals when disposed of by the District Judge.

Exercise by Joint District Judge or Senior Assistant Judge or Assistant Judge of Jurisdiction of District Court in certain proceedings 23.(1) The High Court Division may, by general or special order, authorise any 52[ Joint District] Judge or 53[ Senior Assistant Judge or Assistant Judge] to take cognizance of, or any District Judge to transfer to a 54[ Joint District] Judge or 55[ Senior Assistant Judge or Assistant Judge] under his administrative control, any of the proceedings next hereinafter mentioned or any class of those proceedings specified in the order.

(2) The proceedings referred to in sub-section (1) are the following, namely:-

(a) Proceedings under the Bengal Wills and Intestacy Regulation, 1799;

(b)-(c) [Repealed by the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 (Act VIII of 1890).]

(d) Proceedings under the Succession Act, 1925, which cannot be disposed of by District Delegates; and

56[ * * *]. (3) The District Judge may withdraw any such proceedings taken cognizance of by, or transferred to, a 57[ Joint District] Judge or 58[ Senior Assistant Judge or Assistant Judge], and may either himself dispose of them or transfer them to a Court under his administrative control competent to dispose of them.

Disposal of proceedings referred to in last foregoing section 24. (1) Proceedings taken cognizance of by, or transferred to, a 59[ Joint District] Judge or 60[ Senior Assistant Judge or Assistant Judge], as the case may be, under the last foregoing section shall be disposed of by him subject to the rules applicable to like proceedings when disposed of by the District Judge:

Provided that an appeal from an order of a 61[ Senior Assistant Judge or Assistant Judge] in any such proceeding shall lie to the District Judge.

(2) An appeal from the order of the District Judge on the Appeal from the order of the 62[ Senior Assistant Judge or Assistant Judge] under this section shall lie to the High Court Division if a further appeal from the order of the District Judge is allowed by the law for the time being in force.

Power to invest Joint District Judges and 63[ Senior Assistant Judges or Assistant Judges with Small Cause Court jurisdiction] 25. The Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, confer, within such local limits as it thinks fit, upon any 64[ Joint District] Judge or 65[ Senior Assistant Judge or Assistant Judge] the jurisdiction of a Judge of a Court of Small Causes under the 66[ * * *] Small Cause Courts Act, 1887, for the trail of suits, cognizable by such Courts, up to such value not exceeding 67[ twenty thousand Taka in the case of a 68[ Joint District] Judge or ten thousand Taka in the case of 69[ a Senior Assistant Judge or six thousand Taka in the case of an Assistant Judge]] as it thinks fit, and may withdraw any jurisdiction so conferred:

Provided that the Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, delegate to the High Court Division its powers under this section. 70[

Reference of Judges in other laws 71[ 25A. Where in any other law for the time being inforce any reference is made to Additional Judge, or Subordinate Judge, or Assistant Judge, the reference shall be construed respectively as to Additional District Judge, or Joint District Judge, or Senior Assistant Judge or Assistant Judge as the case may be.]

72[ Omitted] 26-35. [Omitted by the 1st Schedule of the Government of India (Adaptation of Indian Laws) Order, 1937.]

CHAPTER VII

SUPPLEMENTAL PROVISIONS

Power to confer powers of Civil Courts on officers 36. (1) The Government may invest with the powers of any Civil Court under this Act, by name or in virtue of office,-

Clause (a) [Omitted by the Governor General Order 4 of 1949, Schedule.]

(b) after consultation with the High Court Division any officer serving in any part of the territories to which this Act extends and belonging to a class defined in this behalf by the Government.

(2) Nothing in sections 4, 5, 6, 8. 10 or 11 applies to any officer so invested, but all the other provisions of this Act shall, so far as those provisions can be made applicable, apply to him as if he were a Judge of the Court with the powers of which he is invested.

(3) [Omitted by East Pakistan (Amendment) Ordinance, 1962 (Ordinance No. XIII of 1962).]

(4) Where the place at which the Court of an officer invested with powers under sub-section (1) is to be held has not been fixed under section 14, the Court may be held at any place within the local limits of its jurisdiction.

Certain decisions to be according to local law 37.(1) Where in any suit or other proceeding it is necessary for a Civil Court to decide any question regarding succession, inheritance, marriage or caste, or any religious usage or institution, the 73[ Muslim] law in cases where the parties are 74[ Muslim], and the Hindu law in cases where the parties are Hindus, shall form the rule of decision except in so far as such law has, by legislative enactment, been altered or abolished.

(2) In cases not provided for by sub-section (1) or by any other law for the time being in force, the Court shall act according to justice, equity and good conscience.

Judges not to try suits in which they are interested 38. (1) The presiding officer of a Civil Court shall not try any suit or other proceeding to which he is a party or in which he is personally interested.

(2) The presiding officer of an appellate Civil Court under this Act shall not try an appeal against a decree or order passed by himself in another capacity.

(3) When any such suit, proceeding or appeal as is referred to in sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) comes before any such officer, the officer shall forthwith transmit the record of the case to the Court to which he is immediately subordinate, with a report of the circumstances attending the reference.

(4) The superior Court shall thereupon dispose of the case under 75[ section 24 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908].

(5) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to affect the extraordinary original civil jurisdiction of the High Court Division.

Subordination of Courts to District Court 39. For the purposes of the last foregoing section the presiding officer of a Court subject to the administrative control of the District Judge shall be deemed to be immediately subordinate to the Court of the District Judge, and, for the purposes of the Code of Civil Procedure 1908, the Court of such an officer shall be deemed to be of a grade inferior to that of the Court of the District Judge.

Application of Act to Courts of Small Causes 40.(1) This section and sections 15, 32, 37, 38 and 39 apply to Courts of Small Causes constituted under the 76[ * * *] Small Cause Courts Act, 1887.

(2) Save as provided by that Act, the other sections of this Act do not apply to those Courts.

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...INFLATION Economists use the term “inflation” to denote an ongoing rise in the general level of prices quoted in units of money. The magnitude of inflation ,the inflation rate is usually reported as the annualized percentage growth of some broad index of money prices. With U.S. dollar prices rising, a one-dollar bill buys less each year. Inflation thus means an ongoing fall in the overall purchasing power of the monetary unit. Inflation rates vary from year to year and from currency to currency. Since 1950, the U.S. dollar inflation rate, as measured by the December-to-December change in the U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI), has ranged from a low of −0.7 percent (1954) to a high of 13.3 percent (1979). Since 1991, the rate has stayed between 1.6 percent and 3.3 percent per year. Since 1950 at least eighteen countries have experienced episodes of hyperinflation, in which the CPI inflation rate has soared above 50 percent per month. In recent years, Japan has experienced negative inflation, or “deflation,” of around 1 percent per year, as measured by the Japanese CPI. Central banks in most countries today profess concern with keeping inflation low but positive. Some specify a target range for the inflation rate, typically 13 percent. Although economies on silver and gold standards sometimes experienced inflation, inflation rates in such economies seldom exceeded 2 percent per year, and the overall experience over the centuries was inflation of close to zero. Economies on paper-money...

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Inflation

...Inflation and Government Economic Policies Inflation is a measure of how prices have changed over time.  If prices are changing due to inflation, each dollar spent will buy less.

In order to answer the questions below, go to the following website:  http://www.bls.gov/cpi/   Questions:   1.  What is inflation? What are the causes of inflation?  Is inflation desirable and what can be done to control inflation in a market economy? 2. What is the Consumer Price Index (CPI)?  How has the CPI behaved since the year 2000?  What have been the causes of these changes? In your response, include a graph of the CPI for this period and cite your source. 3. What is the Producer Price Index (PPI)?  How has the PPI behaved since the year 2000?  What have been the causes of these changes? In your response, include a graph of the PPI for this period and cite your source. 4. What is the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE)?  How has the Survey behaved since the year 2000?  What have been the causes of these changes? In your response, include a graph of the CE for this period and cite your source. 5. What do the measures above tell us about consumer behavior?  Have incomes changed enough to offset the inflation since 2000?  What can we predict about future inflation? 6. What are the implications of these measures for government economic policies?   Explained inflation. Identified the causes of inflation. Explained whether or not inflation is desirable...

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Inflation

...The annualised inflation rate in India is 6.46% as of September 2014, as per the Indian Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. This represents a modest reduction from the previous annual figure of 9.6% for June 2011. Inflation rates in India are usually quoted as changes in the Wholesale Price Index, for all commodities. Many developing countries use changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) as their central measure of inflation. India used WPI as the measure for inflation but new CPI(combined) is declared as the new standard for measuring inflation ( April 2014) [[1]] CPI numbers are typically measured monthly, and with a significant lag, making them unsuitable for policy use. Instead, India uses changes in the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) to measure its rate of inflation. Provisional annual inflation rate based on all India general CPI (Combined) for November 2013 on point to point basis (November 2013 over November 2012) is 11.24% as compared to 10.17% (final) for the previous month of October 2013. The corresponding provisional inflation rates for rural and urban areas for November 2013 are 11.74% and 10.53% respectively. Inflation rates (final) for rural and urban areas for October 2013 are 10.19% and 10.20% respectively.[2] The WPI measures the price of a representative basket of wholesale goods. In India, this basket is composed of three groups: Primary Articles (20.1% of total weight), Fuel and Power (14.9%) and Manufactured Products (65%). Food Articles...

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