...High Context Culture (Collectivistic Culture) – Asian and Spanish The root of conflict avoidance within romantic relationships manifests from cultural influences that shape each partner’s conflict management style. Depending on cultural influences of the individual, his or her disposition of conflict management will differ. Cultural influence can be classified into two groups, low-context individualistic culture and high-context collectivistic culture. In individualistic cultures, the goals, needs, and rights of the individual take precedence over the goals, responsibilities and obligations of the group (137). While members of the collectivistic culture value the goals, responsibilities and obligations of the group over the goals, needs, and rights of the individual (137). Within each culture, lies a certain pattern of responses which aim to manage conflict. Through careful analysis of individualistic and collectivistic cultures, inferences can be made to support the notion that there are systemic correlations between conflict avoidance within romantic relationships and cultural influences. Individualistic cultures consist of primarily Western countries such as the United States. Studies have shown that members of individualistic cultures tend to favour a more integrating conflict style. “The Integrating conflict style is characterized by a willingness to openly exchange information in a direct way, constructively address differences, and to make a true effort to find a mutually...
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...PSYCHOLOGY REVISION Eating behaviour * Attitudes to food and eating behaviour * Explanations for the success and failure of dieting * Neural mechanisms in eating behaviour Cognitive development * Paget’s theory of cognitive development * Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development * Applications of cognitive developments theories to education Relationships * The formation of romantic relationships * The maintenance of romantic relationships * The breakdown of relationships * Sexual selection * Sex differences in parental investment * The influence of childhood on adult relationships * The influence of culture on romantic relationships Discuss attitudes to food and/or eating behaviour (24 marks) Social learning theory emphasises the impact that observing people has on our attitudes and behaviour. As children's’ parents usually provide food for them, it seems obvious that parental attitudes to food will affect their children's attitudes to them. Children also learn what to eat by watching their parents. This can be explained by social learning theory. This occurs when children observe their parents eating. In this sense, the parents act as eating role models. Observing parents getting rewarded by enjoying eating certain foods, the children learn to imitate these food preferences as they expect to receive similar rewards by doing so. This theory would therefore argue that children should show similar preferences...
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...Isaac Guajardo J. Floerke Interpersonal Communications 6 February 2014 What Women Want: An Analysis of Female Attraction Mechanisms Among the many clichés that exist in our modern day culture, one that has not lost its relevance among Westerners is the saying that goes, “Women do not really know what they want in a romantic partner.” Although this is obviously not a statement of fact, for many people—especially those who consider women romantically attractive (specifically men), the question continues to be, “What do women really want in a partner?” or “What do women find attractive?” When it comes to answering either of these questions there is no one solution that fits all, as no two women are identically the same. However, there are some basic principles that can be drawn out to determine what attracts women to men. Although the task of discovering what sparks the interest of women in men is sometimes not easy, there are a few general guidelines that can backed up scientifically and culturally to identify the common attractions that women have for men. Such guidelines are perhaps dominant or recessive in different circumstances, but they do tend to be expressed throughout interpersonal relationships that women and men have. In analyzing the gender and biological differences that women and men have, there emerges a pattern which expresses some general guidelines for what women find attractive in men. One of the main factors that contribute to the attraction that...
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...research going on to understand what are the various elements in a human that makes him/her to behave in a specific manner & how these variations are processed by the brain. The importance of this research paper is mainly to explain the basic psychological functions that are mainly concerned with the element of ‘attraction’ in Psychology & to analyze the statistical data available. So what are the various elements that cause attraction? Do these interests or aspects vary with change in age? Are they different with respect to the geographical areas? What attracts people in selecting another as a mate and marriage partner? What attracts people in selecting another as a mate and marriage partner from a different culture? Many such questions will be answered in this research paper. Main Content: The different types of situations that can cause an attraction: 1. Proximity – People usually get to know people who are very close usually to their residence especially from an early age. Such proximities can create a spark of friendship among people. 2. Association – This kind of association is based on meeting people or new students during a common class that all of them enjoy. 3. Similarity – People prefer other kinds of people who share similar opinions or have a common liking regarding other interests. 4. Reciprocal Liking – This is based on the theory that, we usually like another person who enjoys our...
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...researchers is dating or being in a relationship. Upon entering a relationship during college, one might be forced to choose to either study, or spend time with his partner. This may leave the student with a lot of stress that may affect the student including his studies. The course Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Human Resource Operations Management (BSBA-HROM) is a course taken up by hundreds of students in Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (PLM). PLM is known for its quality education and high standards. Applicants are screened and went to several tests and interviews before being accepted. In this university, each student is required to have a general average of 2.25 at the end of every semester. Whoever fails to meet the required general average, might get kicked out of the university. As a concerned fellow student, the researcher observed that despite the high grade requirement, some students still have time to enter relationships. Along this thought the study about the effects of having relationships to the academic performance of selected students in BSBA-HROM has been conceived. Statement of then problem 1. What is the profile of the respondents in term of: a. Gender b. Age c. Year Level 2. What are the effects to the respondents about being involve in an early relationship in terms of: a. Commitment Level b. Dating frequency c. Advantages and disadvantages of dating 3. Is there a significant relationship between the respondents profile...
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...Discuss the influence of childhood on relationships. According to Shaver (1988), three behavioural systems developed during early childhood – attachment, caregiving and sexuality – form the basis of romantic love in adulthood. The concept of attachment is derived from Bowlby’s (1969) theory. Bowlby claimed that relationships tend to be a continuation of the attachment style expressed in infancy (secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant) due to the internal working model of relationships that infants acquire from their caregiver(s). A child’s experience of attachment to a caregiver informs expectations of future relationships, including romantic ones. The caregiving and sexuality systems are also tied to attachment figures. “Caregiving” involves an individual’s knowledge of how to care for others, as learnt from the behaviour of the primary attachment figure in childhood. “Sexuality” also relates to attachment types. For example, individuals who experienced an insecure-avoidant attachment to their primary caregiver are more likely to pursue sex without love. Fraley (1998) conducted a meta-analysis of studies into the relationship between childhood caregiver attachment and adult romantic attachment to collect sufficient evidence for the claim. Fraley found relatively weak correlations (ranging from .10 to .50). One reason for the weakness of the correlations may be that attachment type changes over time rather than remaining the same post-infancy, as is often assumed. Significant...
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...Relationship Between Psychological Intimacy and Romantic Jealousy Abstract Most of the research on romantic relationships are emphasizing the roles of psychological intimacy and the generated jealousy evoking behaviors. However, the causal effects of these constructs in relation to jealousy have not yet been examined enough. Some of the factors such as affection, affirmation levels, attachment style, and levels of intimacy play an important role in changing the style of jealousy related behaviors either cognitive or surveillance. Results show that the negative type of jealousy where the emotion of fear, aggressiveness hold to the person’s character may be the reason of perceived threats to the relationship from third parties. When there is a threat in a romantic relationship, it is seen that the partners are more likely to be engaged in jealousy behaviors. Keywords: Jealousy, Psychological intimacy, Romantic relationship Relationship Between Psychology Intimacy and Romantic Jealousy Have you ever seen that either you or your romantic partner turned into a green eyed monster? Green eyed monster is socially named for the concept, jealousy. Being jealous has always considered to be negative yet many people engage in jealousy evoking behaviors. There are many factors lying behind the emotion such as psychological intimacy. In other words, interpersonal closeness. Due to different give and takes, interpretations...
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...entertainment industry creates movies with actors in roles that need to be exaggerated in order to sell; this obviously implies that the lifestyles portrayed on the television are not representations of the average person’s life. However, when viewers- normal people- watch these television roles, these false lives are assumed to be the norm for real-life so that creates a false system in which we approach interpersonal relationships, such as in dating. Romantic realism deals with creating stories of high-level stimulation, not something boring to bring a movie to life, etc. Unfortunately, this influence from the media and the humane aspect that we are never fully satisfied with what we have are vast contributions for the increase of friends with benefits in contemporary dating culture. When one looks at what plays on the television, the perfect, utopian, or ideal accounts of the characters’ lives raise the standard for how normal people are expected to behave and interact. As television and movies promotes the sense of casual relationships or casual sex without relationships, society assumes that as the norm and, thus, expects real-life circumstances to play out in the same way. If actors play roles of ordinary people but are changing the rules of the dating game, then naturally...
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...Discuss theories on the maintenance of romantic relationships (24 marks) The social exchange theory was developed by Thibaut and Kelly, who suggested that social behaviour is due to the result of an exchange process, where people try to maximise rewards (Such as self-esteem and happiness) from a relationship and minimise costs (such as time, effort and emotional support). The exchange process changes when an individual receives rewards from others; they feel the need to return the favour. If the rewards outstrip the costs, this is seen as a positive sign in the maintenance of a relationship, but if the costs outweigh the rewards, the theory suggests that this could have a damaging effect on maintaining relationships. Thibaut and Kelly claimed that we create a comparison line (a standard against which all our relationships are judged). This referred to whether one person would offer something better or worse in accordance to what we expect from them. So if our current relationships exceed our comparison level, it’s a worthwhile relationship to stay in. However, if our current relationships fail to exceed our comparison level, this means we are dissatisfied with the relationship and may look for an alternative partner. Simpson et al conducted evidence supporting the social exchange theory. They found that participants in existing relationships rated people of the opposite sex as less attractive than participants not in relationships. This suggested that people judge prospects...
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...defined by social status). Specifically, when addressing the gender it is defined as ones role and personality that they assume, for example in the American culture females are nurturing and the males are to be aggressive. To understand the difference of the two, nature versus nurture, it is not until body parts are maturing to makeup the biological aspect of a person and how one acts upon this maturity is the character develop from the environment. Biological Factors- Nature Before humans are born gender is determined biologically based on feminine or masculine characteristics. Hormones linked to sexual characteristics and reproductive functions are found in different levels in males and females from infancy through adulthood (Hetherington & Parke, 2002). During the period of puberty the pituitary gland releases special hormones that trigger the tendency toward a specific gender. Though there is no solid proof of biological factors being the determination of one’s identity, that we are born with certain characteristics, one would even argue the fact that if a parent is an alcoholic does not mean the child will be one as well, though they carry the specific trait it will have other influences for one to go down that same path (genetic fixity). Environmental Influences – Nurture Since the first environmental influence a child experiences comes from the family, the impact on their identity starts when the baby is first coming home from hospital based on the gender of their...
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...her thread and the theme of progress (1859), Ariadne’s thread began to appear independent of Ariadne herself. ‘Memory’ symbolically holds a ball of thread in Gautier’s Emaux et Camées (1852), though no parallel figure for Ariadne herself is to be found. By the end of the era, 1910, what became the Aarne-Thompson classification system for folktales was published. The tale of Ariadne, once important for Romantics mainly based on her subsequent association with Bacchic power, was instead eventually seen wholly in terms of her thread giving status as the archetypal 313C – the girl as a helper in the hero’s...
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...term relationship kill romantic love? In contemporary western culture, romantic love is deemed an important part of marriage. Many individuals view romantic love as a basis to marry and its disappearance as grounds to terminate marriage. Increasingly, romantic love and marriage have come to be viewed as a source of self-fulfillment and expression. Psychologists, therapists, and laypeople have puzzled over the possibility of romantic love in long-term marriages. Some have assumed that very high levels of romantic love in long-term relationships might be inefficient, being metabolically costly and perhaps even deterring the lovers from familial, work, and community obligations. Maintain the assumption that romantic love cannot last allows those w/good, but not stellar relationships to maintain the status quo and avoid being threatened by the possibility of high levels of love in long-term relationships. Romantic love is described as a loving experience characterized by the combination of passion and intimacy, but lacking commitment. Companionate love is a kind of love that derives from the combination of intimacy and commitment. This kind of love often occurs in marriages in which passionate attraction bw the partners has died down and has been replaced by a kind of committed friendship. Consummate love is the full/complete measure of love involving the combination of passion, intimacy, and commitment. Many of us strive to attain this type of complete love in our romantic relationships...
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...the psychology Welcome & Introduction If your reading this your studying for AQA A Psychology Psya3 and the Relationship topic is one of the ones you have chosen. Its a wise move I think as its one of the easier ones to learn. I generally advise picking something you can relate to because you have some grounding for it as opposed to learning whole new concepts or ways of thinking on subject matter thats completely foreign. It tends to save you time in getting your head around things. A bit about me - My name is Sajan Devshi and I self-taught myself AQA A A Level Psychology between 2011-2012 achieving an A* grade and 100% in both Psya3 & Psya4. You can check out my certificate on my website at http://www.loopa.co.uk as well as get my other model answers too for the other topics in Psya3 and Psya4. But enough about me - you can learn about me in more depth on my website - lets get on with the show and onto the the overview of this topic, structuring and the model answers themselves too. S ECTION 1 Memorising Your Model Answers This is going to be pretty much your hardest task and with the help of this book hopefully it becomes more manageable. People have various ways they memorise things and it is entirely up to you. Memorising Essays U SING A CRONYMS + P RACTICE The method of memorising the essays is the same across all my model essay answers. I employ the concept of “chunking” alongside the use of “acronyms”. Combined this helped me memorise ...
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...Discuss the influence of childhood on adult relationships (24 Marks) The child is dependent on their primary caregiver to give them these skills and experiences. The attachment theory suggests that people develop an 'internal working model' of what they believe relationships should be like based on the relationship they had with their caregiver as an infant. John Bowlby suggested that we develop an attachment style as a result of our childhood relationships with our caregivers. Different attachment types have different effects to adult behaviour and relationships. Firstly a disorganised/disoriented insecure attachment will have an effect on adult behaviour as an adult the individual tends to be insensitive, chaotic and despite the fact they want a secure relationship they cannot trust their partner and can also be abusive. Secondly an anxious/avoidant insecure attachment will have an effect with an individual who will often have difficulty in forming secure, trusting and intimate relationships as they find it hard to trust romantic partners. Thirdly an anxious/resistant insecure attachment will have an effect on the individuals adult relationships tend to make the person anxious as well as they often want to form close relationships but fears that their partner will not return their affections or reject them. Lastly a secure attachment will have an effects on adult relationship as the Individuals who have secure attachments with their caregivers tend to form mature and long-lasting...
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...FROM LOVE AT FIRST SIGHT TO SOUL MATE: ROMANTIC IDEALS IN POPULAR FILMS AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH YOUNG PEOPLE‘S BELIEFS ABOUT RELATIONSHIPS BY VERONICA HEFNER DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Speech Communication in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Barbara J. Wilson, Chair Associate Professor John P. Caughlin Associate Professor Kristen Harrison Associate Professor Travis L. Dixon ABSTRACT Romantic comedy films have been popular since motion pictures first entered the media world. Scholars have speculated why these movies remain appealing to viewers and have argued for several reasons. These movies might foster hope about real-life romance (Galician, 2004), or demonstrate that that there are no limits to how love may manifest itself (Harvey, 1998). Despite this speculation, few studies have systematically investigated the content of these movies or the effects they may have on viewers. The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate that potential. In particular, I conducted two studies that explored the nature of romantic ideals in romantic comedy films and their influence on viewer endorsement of romantic beliefs. The first study was a content analysis of the themes or romantic ideals embedded in romantic comedies. The second study was a survey designed to explore whether exposure to such...
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