...Memorandum Date: 8/24/2010 To: Mr. Professor Name From: Student One and Student Two Subject: Sample Informal (Memo) Report Summary The objective of this report is to demonstrate the correct informal report format, as well as give some general information about writing technical papers and reports. Most importantly, the entire report is written in third person, meaning there are no references to “I,” “we,” “us,” “you,” etc. For the purposes of demonstration, a laboratory exercise will be described in which the experimenter measured the values of various resistors. These resistors have a specified tolerance of +/-10%, and the measured data supports the manufacturer’s claim. Experimental Results Figure 1 shows how to determine the specified value for a given resistor. The most resistors use a 4-band color code, which is at the top of the chart. Figure [ 1 ]. Resistor color code chart [1]. Note the reference in the caption for Figure 1. This is the standard IEEE format for references [2], which are listed in the References section (below) in the order that they are cited. Also note that the picture was originally larger than is currently appears and was automatically pushed to the next page. In order to avoid unnecessary white space, the picture was made smaller so it would fit on the first page but not so small that it was no longer readable. Microsoft Word makes it easier to keep track of numbering (for figures, tables, equations, etc.) as well....
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...------------------------------------------------- Informal organization The informal organization is the interlocking social structure that governs how people work together in practice. It is the aggregate of, norms, personal and professional connections through which work gets done and relationships are built among people who share a common organizational affiliation or cluster of affiliations. It consists of a dynamic set of personal relationships, social networks, communities of common interest, and emotional sources of motivation. The informal organization evolves, and the complex social dynamics of its members. Tended effectively, the informal organization complements the more explicit structures, plans, and processes of the formal organization: it can accelerate and enhance responses to unanticipated events, foster innovation, enable people to solve problems that require collaboration across boundaries, and create footpaths showing where the formal organization may someday need to pave a way. Contents * 1 The informal organization and the formal organization * 2 Functions of informal organizations * 2.1 Perpetuate the cultural and social values * 2.2 Provide social status and satisfaction * 2.3 Promote communication among members * 2.4 Provide social control * 3 Disadvantages of informal groups * 3.1 Resistance to change * 3.2 Role conflict * 3.3 Rumor * 3.4 Conformity * 4 Benefits of the informal organization * 4.1 Blend...
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...------------------------------------------------- Module 1 Submit a written report discussing the present organizational set-up where you are working considering the following: 1. Organizational Chart 2. Mission and Vision of the Company 3. Objectives of the Firm 4. Incentives and Rewards of the Firm, and 5. Sanctions and Punishment for any Violations of Employees within the Firm ------------------------------------------------- The Tarlac Provincial Hospital is a 200 bed capacity tertiary training and teaching hospital. It is one of the four developed hospital under the Provincial Government of Tarlac. It is situated in a 9 hectare concreted fence compound with the following physical facilities: 3-storey main hospital building, cottages for officials and employees, power plant with generator, provincial warehouse (supply office), OPD Building, MCH Center, maintenance shop and laundry room, Chapel, 10 bed nutrition rehab ward, badminton court/pelota and basketball/volleyball court. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Organizational Chart ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Mission ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- > To provide accessible...
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...During this second week of class, Learning Team B learned about the importance and understanding of work teams. If anyone has worked in corporate America, teams are likely to be incorporated into that organizational culture. For example, Aflac has several teams based on divisions and departments. Most employees within a team report directly to a supervisor, a manager, or a senior manager and those senior managers report to individuals that makeup the executive team. We can easily relate to teams at work and at most schools, like the University of Phoenix, which helps to mold how we interact with others that may have different opinions or views. It is up to us to learn how to function within a team to reach a common goal which could be an important project, presentation or a report. This week’s objectives also discusses the four types of teams which are: problem-solving teams, self-managed work teams, cross-functional teams and virtual teams (Robbins & Judge, 2011). Regardless of which type of team we are working on some common factors are ensuring the team operates effectively, and having a certain level of trust is a good place to start. In regards to developing effective teams, Adam again referenced his military experience. He was put in charge of small groups as early as 19 years old in a combat environment and was expected to bring them together. He drew from the methods of his superiors and built cohesion through tough training and through leading by example...
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...combinations. Cassim (1982) considers the informal sector participation as “a trap associated with impoverishment” and Habib (2005) considers the informal sector participation as “the survivalist response of marginalised persons with no alternatives.” The informal sector is a part of the economy that is not under the government control and therefore any business conducted in the informal sector cannot be regulated. This paper aim is to argue against the above mentioned assertions made by Cassim and Habib. Is it true that the participation in the informal sector is associated with impoverishment? Is it true that people engage into conducting business in the informal sector because they need to survive as they have no other alternative? These two questions serve as a foundation into developing an argument against the assertions made by Cassim and Habib about the informal sector’s participation. The argument reflects on the entrepreneurial potential and dynamics in the informal sector. This paper firstly discusses Cassim’s and Habib’s assertions to have a general understanding of what they meant. This is then followed by a brief overview of the South African informal sector and an argument against those assertions will be provided using useful example of informal sector participation’s contribution. Finally, a conclusion is provided summarising the paper. The following lines will brighten this essay. Cassim’s and Habib’s perspective of the informal sector Taking into consideration Cassim’s...
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...Prefatory: The International Labour Organization (ILO) introduced the concept of the informal sector more than 25 years ago. The informal sector has been understood to mean very small-scale units producing and distributing goods and services, and consisting largely of independent, self-employed producers in urban and rural areas of developing countries, some of which also employ family labour and/or few hired workers or apprentices; which operates with very little capital or none at all; which utilize a low level of technology and skills; which therefore operates at a low level of productivity; and which generally provides very low and irregular income and highly unstable employment to those who work in it. It also includes activities that are carried out without formal approval from authorities and escape the administrative machinery responsible for enforcing legislation and similar instruments. [1] The informal sector, with its enterprising individuals and groups, can be seen as counterbalancing cure to many ill effects of globalization. [2] Firstly, the informal sector absorbs all the victims of globalization—displaced workers, forced retirees, educated unemployed and many more. While the informal sector cannot offer jobs, it can offer income opportunities. In this sense, the informal sector is itself a safety net. Secondly, the informal sector cushions the impact of globalization on the surviving formal sector. It provides a counterbalance...
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...Managing People and Organisations 1. With references to the case study, summarise the relationship between goals, objectives and policy and advice the management of Scotia Airways of the contribution each will make to effective managerial performance. Goals determine the nature of inputs (the employees, management efforts) and outputs (quality of service). Goals also determine the interaction it has with its external environment. It is a future expectation. Goals are generically for an achievement or accomplishment for which certain efforts are put. Objectives are specific targets within the general goal, are time-related to achieve a certain task. The words Goal and Objective are often confused with each other. They both describe things that a person may want to achieve or attain but in relative terms may mean different things. Both are desired outcomes of work done by a person but what sets them apart is the time frame, attributes they are set for and the effect they inflict. Comparison chart | Goal | Objective | Meaning: | The purpose toward which an endeavour is directed. | Something that one's efforts or actions are intended to attain or accomplish; purpose; target. | Action: | Generic action, or better still, an outcome toward which we strive. | Specific action - the objective supports attainment of the associated goal. | Measure: | Goals may not be strictly measurable or tangible. | Must be measurable and tangible. | Time frame: | Longer...
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...Project Report On Informal Marketing East West University Informal Marketing: A study on informal entrepreneur in Dhaka city Project Report Course code: BUS-498 Submitted to: M. Sayeed Alam Assistant professor, Department of Business Administration, East West University Submitted by: Humaiun Kobir Id: 2008-3-10-008 Department of Business Administration Date of submission: April 20, 2013 Letter of Transmittal April 20, 2013 M. Sayeed Alam Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, East West University Dear Sir: I am the students of in your section. You gave me a project to submit a report on “Informal Marketing”. I am very much happy to say you that I have made it for you. During the preparation of this assignment I have learned something extra in practical. I would once again like to express my sense of gratitude towards you for giving us this opportunity, and sincerely hope that this report would give you immense satisfaction. I will always be available to respond to any queries that you may have in this regard. Sincerely yours, ——————— Humaiun Kobir Acknowledgements I want to express my heartfelt gratitude to my most honorable teacher, my direct supervisor, M. sayeed Alam, Department of Business Administration, East West University for his mastermind direction, dexterous management, adept analysis, keen interest, optimistic counseling and incessant. It is also a great pleasure for me to offer my deepest...
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...the potential challenges. Social media is a form of peer to peer communication, has become a popular way to connect new and existing customers. Knowledge of the pros and concerns of social networks can help in most effectively use these tools for your business. We often are great for social media, but in our excited we sometimes neglect the dark side of social media. Overall social media have good and bad side to business. Online networking instruments, for example, Facebook and twitter have turned into an imperative gathering of people. An organization's current and potential buyer base like, not care for, taste and patterns arrive, experienced investigation, focusing on and maintenance. Purchaser to keep up the relative dynamism of informal organizations. Firstly, there are a percentage of the worries may have when utilizing online networking that is manager of organization need to think how to deal with a negative input in online networking. That is genuine online networking permit client was upset to leave remark in openly, don't imagine that there is no online networking, it won't in any case happen in a sure place on the system. We have to make a strategy, how to manage negative remark or criticism before it will know precisely how to do, and how to manage the circumstance before it happens. Also, it might be hard to catch and keep the consideration of clients. There are such a variety of decisions on the Internet, just in online networking channels are insufficient. You...
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... A Business Report is an objective and presentation of information in order to achieve some purpose. It is a basic management tool used in decision making. Report may be classified in different ways. Like on the basis of formalities, On the basis of function, On the basis of frequency of issue etc. The basic objective of the report is to know the salient features of writing report & how the formal reports are important in Business Communication. Business report has no single correct answer but several solutions, each with their own costs and benefits to an organization. Report may be targeted to readers inside or outside the organization. In formal reports we have three parts. Two is Preliminary parts & Report body & the other one is Supplementary parts. With introduction parts the reader can get the assignment main topic & also helps the reader’s follows & understands information. It is an important parts of a formal business report. Supplementary parts view the readers where he found the details of the topic. In formal report readers have the clear facts views. Accuracy of facts, precision, Brevity, Clarity etc are the characteristics of business report. Often reports are structured in a way that reflects the information finding process and the writing up of the findings that is, summary of the contents, introduction or background, methods, results, discussion, conclusion and/or recommendations. The inclusion of recommendations is one reason why reports are a common form...
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...Company X Employee Handbook Thongsee K. Robbins (WGU Student #) Western Governors University Table of Contents Part A: Standard and Procedures…………………..…………………………………………………………Page 2 Purpose of this Handbook………………………………………………………………………...…. Page 2 Change of Policy…………………………………………………………………………………………. Page 2 Employment Forms……………………………………………………………………………………..Page 2 Dress Code Policy……………………………………………………………………………………….. Page 2 Part B: Training…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Page 3 Frequency of trainings…………………………………………………………………………….…. Page 3 Specific content included in training program……………………………………………... Page 3 Duration of training program……………………………………………………….………….…. Page 3 Who will conduct/facilitate trainings? .................................................................................Page 3 How training(s) will be present to employees………………………………………….…...Page 3 Part C: Monitoring, Auditing & Reporting………………………………………………………………..Page 4 Monitoring employee misconduct……………………………………………………………….Page 4 Auditing employee misconduct……………………………………………………………………Page 4 Reporting employee misconduct…………………………………………………………………Page 4 Part D: Evaluate & Review the program after implementation………………………………….Page 5 Develop a plan……………………………………………………………………………………………..Page 5 Review and evaluate the effectiveness of ethics program………………………………Page 5 Suggestions to improve the ethics program after implementation……………...….Page...
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...*RETHINKING THE INFORMAL ECONOMY IN *THE * *NEO-LIBERALIST PHASE TABLE OF CONTENTS *RETHINKING THE INFORMAL *ECONOMY IN THE * *NEO-LIBERALIST PHASE Introduction : The labour markets in developing countries is markedly different from that in the developed countries. The most striking feature of labour markets in the developing countries is its non-homogeneous character. The status of the vast majority of workers in the developed countries is of wage and salary earners. Whereas in the developing countries there is a predominance of self-employment. This non-homogeneous character of labour markets in developing countries also implies that the nature of employment and the manner in which it is created is different in the two world’s. In the developing countries the vast majority of the population is left to fend for itself and create employment out of its own ingenuity, skills and capital. This leads to vast differences in the nature of employment and the creation of dualistic structure of ‘formal’and ‘informal’ components of the labour market. A large proportion of the workforce is in the unorganised or informal sector. These workers are engaged in economic activities with lower productivity resulting in lower incomes. They are also engaged in activities with less stable employment contracts (including the self-employed) and fewer social security benefits. While the wages and salaries of the formal sector workers are periodically revised to counter inflation...
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...-1- WHAT IS HIDDEN, IN THE HIDDEN ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN? SIZE, CAUSES, ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS Ahmed Gulzar Novaira Junaid Adnan Haider Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan National Transport Research Centre (NTRC), Ministry of Communications Beaconhouse National University (BNU), Lahore, Pakistan State Bank of Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan Abstract There is a worldwide contemporary debate about the role of the hidden economy in achieving the goal of sustained and inclusive economic growth and development, especially in the context of its spillover effects on the formal economy. For this purpose, policy makers and academicians have made concerted efforts to estimate the size of the hidden economy and to analyze its causes, issues and implications on key macroeconomic variables. However, there is a consensus among the policy makers that a better macroeconomic policy formulation and its true implementation are subject to the proper management of the associated issues of the hidden economy with suitable policy measures. In Pakistan, it is generally assumed that the hidden economy contributes about 30% to 50% to the overall GDP. The purpose of this paper is to estimate more precisely the size of the hidden economy with the determination of its potential causes and implications. Five statistical and structural modeling approaches namely; simple monetary approach, modified monetary approach using dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS)...
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...9 Formal Reports and Proposals he distinctions between formal and informal reports are often blurred. Nevertheless, a formal report is usually written to someone in another company or organization. Occasionally it is written for a senior manager in the same company, or for someone with whom the writer has little regular contact. Usually it is longer than an informal report and requires more extensive research. Unless you are a consultant, you are unlikely to be asked to write a formal report often. When you are, there may be a lot riding on it— including your reputation. The purpose of this chapter is to show you how to write a formal report and how to put together the kind of proposal that often precedes it. As Figure 9-1 shows, many of the elements of formal reports are the same as those for informal ones.You need to pay the same attention to headings, lists, and illustrations, for example. Although much of the advice in the previous chapter could be duplicated in this one, the emphasis here will be on those areas where there’s a difference. T Figure 9-1 Contrasting Features of Informal and Formal Reports Informal Formal Reader often internal often external or distant within organization Length • usually short • several sections • usually long (3 pages or more) • sections and subsections Tone • personal • contractions • more impersonal • no contractions Summary integrated on separate page Introduction ...
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...Outcome covered 1 I have been asked to analyse the case study given on Joy of chocolate, and been given 5 questions and given exhaustive answers on these. A goal is a broad statement of where you want to be as an organisation and what you want to achieve. It is a future expectation of the organisation. The goals of an organisation will determine the nature of its inputs and outputs. An example of a company’s aim would be to increase profits. The inputs in a way of both employees and management. The efforts of both of these will make a big impact on how these goals are met and within the timescale. Suzy’s aim for the company was to create chocolate that would be boost local produce. She wanted the business to be well known for excellent and innovative products. Another aim Suzy set for the company was to create self-help in the communities that were supplying the cocoa. Suzy wanted to create a positive culture in all aspects of the business. Goals of the organisation should be categorised into different types of goals for example, Consumer goals which includes meeting the needs of the consumer, Product Goals which relates to the characteristics of the product, Operational goals relates to the series of activities involved in providing the outputs, operations and the functions of the organisation and lastly secondary goals which is not the main aim itself but the manner in which the organisation uses its powers and influence of its outputs. A goal is the end that the...
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