...Information Processing Theory Dietrick L. Smith Jr. AED/202 May 5, 2013 Sheila Brock Information Processing Theory The information processing theory approach to the study of cognitive development evolved out of the American experimental tradition in psychology. Developmental psychologists who adopt the information-processing perspective account for mental development in terms of maturation changes in basic components of a child’s mind. The theory is based on the idea that humans process the information they receive, rather than merely responding to stimuli. Next, is the sensation component of this theory which is a process that allows the senses to pick up and almost record what they find such as what they are seeing in their vision, also what they hear as well whatever the senses come in contact with then goes to the brain to be stored. Following these is the working memory component this is what allows us to keep all the information we come across in our mind. Although the working memory only allows us to keep it there for a short period of time. Which then takes us to the short memory portion of the working memory. This perspective equates the mind to a computer, which is responsible for analyzing information from the environment. According to the standard information-processing model for mental development, the mind’s machinery includes attention mechanisms for bringing information in, working memory for actively manipulating information, and long-term memory...
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...The information processing theory is an approach to the cognitive development of a human being, which deals with the study and the analysis of the sequence of events that occur in a person’s mind while receiving some new piece of information. (Schraw, 2003-2009). The components of the information processing theory are sensory memory, long term memory, and short term memory. The sensory memory is that part of the mental processing unit that receives all information and then stores it temporarily or permanently. Sensory memory processes incoming sensory information for very brief periods of time, usually on the order of 1/2 to 3 seconds. (Schraw, 2003-2009).The amount of information held at any given moment in sensory memory is limited to five to seven discrete elements such as letters of the alphabet or pictures of human faces. (Schraw, 2003-2009). The sensory preceptors of a human being function in the same way as the hardware of a computer does, and the mindset and the rules and strategies adopted by the person while learning is equivalent to the software used by computers. The main purpose of sensory memory is to screen incoming stimuli and process only those stimuli that are most relevant at the present time. The information processing system of a person can be enhanced if these preceptors and rules are altered. (Schraw, 2003-2009). Short term memory is that part of the sensory register where the information is stored temporarily. Once the decision has been made regarding the...
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...Information Processing Theory In this paper I will be discussing the information processing theory in children, describing the components of the information processing theory, defining the components and their functions. I will also be discussing the summary of the interrelationships among the components and explaining the need to move information through the model. Explaining how the child processes information and how it changes with age. Information processing theory is the theoretical perspective that focuses on the specific ways in which people mentally thinks about (“process”) the information they receive. People process information in different ways; sensation, perception, sensory registers, working memory, and long-term memory. Sensation is the physiological detection of stimuli in the environment. Perception is the cognitive interpretation of stimuli that the body has sensed. Sensory register is the component of memory that holds incoming information in an unanalyzed form for a very brief time; this is two to three seconds or less. Working memory is the component of memory that enables people to actively think about and process a small amount of information. Long-term memory is the component of memory that holds knowledge and skills for a relatively long period of time. Sensory register information processing is believe that human memory includes a Sensation information processing is through environmental the senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. This...
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...Information Processing Theory Child Development AED/202 October 15, 2011 Instructor: Stephanie Jacobs The paper this week will focus on the information processing theory. The definition of its components and their functions are addressed. A summarization of the interrelationship among the components is given. As well as a description on how children process information, and how the process develops as the child grows older. Also, consideration will be given towards whether environment and heredity, influence intelligence and information processing. As humans we process information with amazing efficiency and often perform better than highly sophisticated machines at task such as problem solving and critical thinking (Halpern, 2003; Kuhn, 1999). The information processing theory is a group of theoretical frameworks. These frameworks address how humans receive, think about, mentally modify, and remember information, and how these processes change over the course of development (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2004). The most researched and articulated model is the information processing model (IPM), developed in the early 1950s. The IPM consists of three main components sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory (Schraw.G, 2006). The first component is the sensory memory; this processes incoming sensory information for very brief periods of time, usually within ½ to 3 seconds. The amount of information held in the sensory memory is limited to five to seven discrete elements...
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...There are many different theories of human memory, cognition, and thinking the most researched and articulated theory is the Information Processing explanations (Ashcraft & Radvansky, 2010; Bruning, Schraw & Norby, 2011; Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012) This essay will introduce Information Processing Theories and briefly explain the key concepts and explore the importance of these theories in relation to teaching in the classroom. The significance of these theories in relation to understanding childrens learning and development will be discussed and we will touch on how these theories can be beneficial in developing an educational pedagogy. The strengths and limitations will be identified and reviewed and the key concepts will be critically reflected apon. We as humans process information with remarkable proficiency and we accomplish problematic tasks such and critical thinking, faster and more accurately than some very sophisticated machines. (Halpern, 2003; Kuhn, 1999) Theorists have developed a systematic model of memory, according to Woolfolk & Margetts (p.250) the most common and universally recognised by research is information processing theory, this is a well-documented analysis for examining learning and memory. The information processing theory as defined as ‘The human mind’s activity of taking in, storing, and using information’. (Woolfolk A &Margetts K p.205) Information processing theory is a proposed system of how we: perceive, encode, store and retrieve data. ...
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...Information Processing Theory Selicia Whidbee-Denmon AED202 April 1, 2012 Tracey Morgado Abstract Information Processing Theory The information processing theory is a group of theoretical frame works that address how the human beings receive, think about, mentally, modify and remember information and how such cognitive processes change over the course of development. (Child development pg.186) Information processing theory emerged in the late 1950s and early 1960s and has continued to evolve in the decades that have followed. (Child development pg.186) The five key components in the information process theory are sensation, perception, sensory register, working memory, and long-term memory. Sensation is the physiological detection of stimuli in the environment. (Child development pg.187) Perception is how your mind uses sensory input to make sense of the world around you. The mind takes sensory impulses from the eyes, nose, skin and ears. These details are used to form an idea of the surrounding environment. (askkids.com) then there’s sensory register, which are the memories that last no more than about a second or two. There are two different kinds of memory when it comes to sensory register, Iconic memory and Echoic memory. (audiblox2000) Working memory is a system if domain-specific stores or formats for temporarily representing information along with a domain-general supervisor or executive attention mechanism. (Randall W. Engle, 2010) Long-term memory is the...
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...Entertaining Speech An entertaining speech is one whose sole purpose is to have the audience enjoy the presentation. The purpose of an entertaining speech is not to educate, inform or inspire … it is to make the audience smile, relax, enjoy and maybe even laugh their heads off. How do you make a speech entertaining? There are many ways to entertain an audience. You can: * tell jokes * tell funny stories * dramatize an anecdote * tell a scary story When it comes right down to it … there are probably as many ways to entertain as there are entertainers … and audiences. That said, there are some guidelines to creating an entertaining speech. * Chose an appropriate topic: You don’t want the topic to be too dense, complicated or heavy. Remember, you’re not trying to give your audience a greater understanding of anything. You’re there to help them have a good time. * Enjoy yourself: Believe it or not, it is hard for an audience to enjoy your presentation if it looks like you are not enjoying presenting it! * Keep it simple: Your presentation should be easy to follow. Don’t make it hard for your audience to keep up with you mentally … or in any other way. * Make it visceral: Use vivid word pictures. This is not the type of presentation where you can be lazy in your descriptions. Make your words pop with strong images that pop in their minds. * Say it like a roller coaster, baby! Add unexpected twists and turns to your presentation...
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...Information Processing Theory Jennifer Hall November 12, 2013 AED/202 Jacobs 1 Information Processing Theory The information processing theory is a group of ideas put together describing how human beings transfer information, remember information, and modify information. The information processing theory also looks at how these processes change over the course of a persons life. This theory came out in the nineteen fifties and nineteen sixties, and has continually changed and been modified over the years. The information processing theory is a combination of three components; sensory register (memory), working memory, and long-term memory. The combination of these three components enables us as human beings to receive, think about, and process information. There is also one more component that is essential in the learning and memory process, this is called the central executive component. The central executive component is what you could refer to as the cognitive “supervisor”. Without this component a person's decision making skills and planning skills could be interfered with. Sensory register and working memory help in the beginning stages of memory, while long-term memory is just that. Long-term memory is used when storing information...
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...Cognitive Information Processing versus Brain-Based Learning Germaine Milliner University of Phoenix This paper is a comparative analysis of cognitive information processing and brain-based learning. It will also detail their similarities and differences. Cognitive information processing studies the way an individual learns. According to Gredler (2009), it also includes “a variety of processes whereby individuals perceive, encode, remembers, recall and apply information or knowledge”. My understanding of this is that, learning is an individual awareness to the things going on around him from his prior experiences, memory, recalling the information and how it is applied. Gredler (2009 cites), “The brain is not a passive consumer of information.... The stored memories and information-processing strategies of our cognitive system interact with the sensory information received from the environment, selectively attend to this information, relate it to memory, and actively construct meaning for it. (Wittrock, 1990, p. 348).” The brain is a very active user of information. Our prior knowledge and experiences collaborate with the sensory information or stimuli from the environment, processes it, store it in long term memory, which then is recalled when needed. According to Ozell (2009), this concepts see answers to four questions, such as: “(1) How is the information taken from the outside? (2) How is the new information processed? (3) How is information stored in long term...
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...7040-TECHNIQUES Abstract This paper discusses a case about a client feeling trapped on his job, and seeking help from a counselor. The aspects and perspectives of the case are detailed throughout the paper. Specific areas were focused on, such as, the cognitive, affective, behavioral, and systemic elements. Also, the theoretical conceptualization, the intervention plan and the procedure for evaluating the outcome of the intervention plan is included. The theory is covered, in a brief overview. Cognitive Information Processing (CIP), a form of Cognitive Therapy and some techniques are explained and recommended as an intervention plan. The paper concludes with the recommended procedure for evaluating the outcome of the intervention plan. Case Conceptualization: Ralph This case involves a 47 year old male, which lives with his wife and four children. Based on the provided information, Ralph is feeling trapped in his current job. He thinks he is going through an identity crisis. After being on his job for many years and close to being able to receive benefits, he felt that he had achieved all that he could and it was time for something new. The thought of failing and disappointing his family by not being able to possibly support their future, lingered on his mind. The main obstacle to making a change included fear about making a sufficient income which he could continue...
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...June 2011 PSYB3 Cog.Dvlpt essay qu. Describe and evaluate the information processing approach to children’s cognition. In your answer, you should explain how the information processing approach differs from at least one other approach to cognitive development. (12 marks) [AO1 = 4 marks, AO2 = 8 marks] Examiners must read the whole response prior to marking in order to make a band judgement about whether the response is Very Good (10-12), Good (7-9), Average to Weak (4-6) or Poor (1-3). Examiners should be guided by the band judgement when annotating scripts. AO1 Up to 4 marks for knowledge of the information approach to children’s cognition. Likely content: * emphasis on cognitive efficiency * task analysis in terms of cognitive processes involved * focus on specific cognitive processes such as memory and problem-solving strategies and stages within these processes * changes identified by Bee (1997) * increased capacity * processing efficiency * rule development * metacognitive awareness * the computer analogy * the active nature of information processing * Siegler’s (1996) overlapping waves theory – use of different strategies overlapping in time. Relevant evidence includes: * Siegler (1976) - balance scale problem * Siegler & Jenkins (1989) adding strategies * Flavell (1966) study of spontaneous use of memory strategies Up to two marks for description of relevant...
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...Creating a Motivation Work Setting Job Design: The Social Information Processing Model Prepared for John C. Sivie BUS 551 CRN 1178 Organizational Theory and Behavior Prepared by Hanguang. Liu 3/7/2013 College of Business and Public Management Department of Business Administration Job Design: The Social Information Processing Model The social information processing model is the job design which based on the information from others or the employees’ own behaviors to affect the employees’ views and ideas of the design of their works. There is an example to protrude the social information processing model: Doherty and Cantu got law degrees from the same university and were hired by the same law firm. They work in different department and report to different partners. Their working situations and outcomes are similar. However, their reactions to the job are different. Doherty feels that he is so lucky he got this interesting and challenging work and he has the high salary makes it better; but Cantu dissatisfy this job because he must spent half of the working time doing assignments for the partners, and hates he does not have the chances to do work for the customer, his high salary is based on the long working hours. The Role of the Social Environment The social information processing model gives some reasons why Doherty’s and Cantu’s attitudes are so different. The social environment will offer information to the employees what kind of sides the employees should...
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...Evaluate motivation and self-regulation theories Jay Middleton Applying Learning Theories Can everyone be an online learner No, Online learning is not for everybody, they say, and accomplishment in such projects requires capability and solace with innovation, as well as a blend of individual characteristics and abilities, from self-inspiration to quick writing. Notwithstanding introducing programming, online understudies must be capable work autonomously, oversee time productively, and compose adequately, since such an extensive amount what might be talked about orally in a customary classroom is conveyed through content in online courses. Different components that impact online achievement have nothing to do with innovation. On the off chance that you have a tendency to hesitate, for instance, online courses may not be for you. Since online understudies make their own particular class plans, and are to a great extent free from the structure of frequently planned classes, coursework and perusing can without much of a stretch heap up until there's an excessive amount to oversee. What do the various theories that you have studied contribute to your answer? Cognitive Information Processing Theory. The theory has been utilized to clarify mental procedures as they are affected by both intrinsic and extrinsic variables, which in the long run realize learning in a person. Cognitive Learning Theory suggests that the diverse procedures analyzing so as to concern learning...
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... Chapter 6. Attitudes and Intentions Chapter 7. Consumer Decision Making Chapter 3 INTRODUCTION TO AFFECT AND COGNITION Authors' Overview of the Chapter This is the introductory chapter on consumers' affect and cognition, and it provides a foundation for the rest of this section. Students need to understand the basic concepts presented here in order to apply them throughout the course. We begin the chapter by briefly reviewing the four elements in our basic model, the Wheel of Consumer Analysis. Then we discuss in some detail two broad, internal aspects of consumers' responses--affect and cognition. We describe affect and cognition in terms of two psychological systems that sense, interpret, and respond to information in the environment. The affective and cognitive systems can be thought of as essentially independent, yet highly interrelated modes of psychological response. Affect. Affect concerns people's feelings and emotional reactions. We identify four types of affective responses--emotions, strong feelings, moods, and evaluations--that vary in intensity and level of arousal (see Exhibit 3.2, p. 42). We emphasize that the affective system is largely reactive. That is, the affective system produces various types of affective responses in reaction to stimuli to which it is exposed. Most people have little control over their affective responses, which for the most part, seem to be elicited automatically. People can have affective responses...
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...Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics and electrical engineering involving the quantification of information. Information theory was developed by Claude E. Shannon to find fundamental limits on signal processing operations such as compressing data and on reliably storing and communicating data. Since its inception it has broadened to find applications in many other areas, including statistical inference, natural language processing, cryptography generally, networks other than communication networks — as in neurobiology,[1] the evolution[2] and function[3] of molecular codes, model selection[4] in ecology, thermal physics,[5] quantum computing, plagiarism detection[6] and other forms of data analysis.[7] The main concepts of information theory can be grasped by considering the most widespread means of human communication: language. Two important aspects of a concise language are as follows: First, the most common words (e.g., "a", "the", "I") should be shorter than less common words (e.g., "benefit", "generation", "mediocre"), so that sentences will not be too long. Such a tradeoff in word length is analogous to data compression and is the essential aspect of source coding. Second, if part of a sentence is unheard or misheard due to noise — e.g., a passing car — the listener should still be able to glean the meaning of the underlying message. Such robustness is as essential for an electronic communication system as it is for a language; properly building such robustness...
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