...Principles of Information Security, Fourth Edition Chapter 3 Legal, Ethical, and Professional Issues in Information Security Learning Objectives • Upon completion of this material, you should be able to: – Describe the functions of and relationships among laws, regulations, and professional organizations in information security – Differentiate between laws and ethics – Identify major national laws that affect the practice of information security – Explain the role of culture as it applies to ethics in information security Principles of Information Security, 4th Edition 2 Introduction • You must understand scope of an organization’s legal and ethical responsibilities • To minimize liabilities/reduce risks, the information security practitioner must: – Understand current legal environment – Stay current with laws and regulations – Watch for new issues that emerge Principles of Information Security, 4th Edition 3 Law and Ethics in Information Security • Laws: rules that mandate or prohibit certain societal behavior • Ethics: define socially acceptable behavior • Cultural mores: fixed moral attitudes or customs of a particular group; ethics based on these • Laws carry sanctions of a governing authority; ethics do not Principles of Information Security, 4th Edition 4 Organizational Liability and the Need for Counsel • Liability: legal obligation of an entity extending beyond criminal or contract law; includes legal obligation to make restitution...
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...implementing the information security management standards, plus potential metrics for measuring and reporting the status of information security, both referenced against the ISO/IEC standards. Scope This guidance covers all 39 control objectives listed in sections 5 through 15 of ISO/IEC 27002 plus, for completeness, the preceding section 4 on risk assessment and treatment. Purpose This document is meant to help others who are implementing or planning to implement the ISO/IEC information security management standards. Like the ISO/IEC standards, it is generic and needs to be tailored to your specific requirements. Copyright This work is copyright © 2010, ISO27k Forum, some rights reserved. It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. You are welcome to reproduce, circulate, use and create derivative works from this provided that (a) it is not sold or incorporated into a commercial product, (b) it is properly attributed to the ISO27k Forum at www.ISO27001security.com, and (c) derivative works are shared under the same terms as this. Ref. | Subject | Implementation tips | Potential metrics | 4. Risk assessment and treatment | 4.1 | Assessing security risks | Can use any information security risk management method, with a preference for documented, structured and generally accepted methods such as OCTAVE, MEHARI, ISO TR 13335 or BS 7799 Part 3. See ISO/IEC 27005 for general advice. | Information security risk management...
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...Human differences Human beings are prone to certain characteristics that tend to affect their relation to information security. Information security refers to the ability of an individual to ensure that information is free from any kind of access by unwarranted individuals. There are several human inadequacies that affect the level of information security. However, this discussion is going to concentrate on three major human characteristics that affect information security. These include: acts of omission, acts of commission and acts of sequence. These three acts are important in to information security because they are not related to distortion of information but they increase the challenges in regard to making information secure. Information security involves the ability of an individual to access certain preserved information with ease. Information security does not involve distortion of information. These reasons make these three acts to be a concern to stakeholders within the information security sector. These three acts have distinct influence on the level of security in regard to information. Parsons et.al (2010) argues that acts of omission involve the inability to execute important activities when dealing with information. There are certain requirements in the field of information that require constant activities. For example, it is recommended that one should change his passwords regularly to reduce cases of illegal access by unwarranted individuals (Parsons et.al...
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...Information Security August 10, 2012 One of the biggest issues in the Information Technology field these days is information security. Today almost anything can be found on the internet. Even like how to videos on how to put in a window, break-into a house, or even hack computers. The digital age has many perks but it also has many down falls to it as well. The perks that we enjoy so much from the internet also leaves us open to identity theft and company information theft. This gives Information Technology professionals a lot to think about when they consider Information Technology. One of the biggest threats facing the IT industries today is the end users non-malicious security violations that leave companies vulnerable to attack. In a recent Computer Security Institute survey, 41 percent of the participating U.S organizations reported security incidents. (Guo, 2012 p. 203-236) Also according to the same survey it was found that 14 percent of the respondents stated that nearly all of their company’s loses and or breaches were do to non-malicious and or careless behavior by the end users. (Guo, 2012 p. 203-236) Some of the end users behaviors that help these threats along were the peer-to-peer file-sharing software installed by the end user that might compromise company computers. Some other examples of security being compromised by end users would be people that use sticky notes to write there passwords down and leave them where other people can see them...
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...Information security means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, modification or destruction. Since the early days of writing, heads of state and military commanders understood that it was necessary to provide some mechanism to protect the confidentiality of written correspondence and to have some means of detecting tampering. For over twenty years, information security has held confidentiality, integrity and availability as the core principles of information security. Confidentiality is the term used to prevent the disclosure of information to unauthorized individuals or systems. Confidentiality is necessary (but not sufficient) for maintaining the privacy of the people whose personal information a system holds. In information security, integrity means that data cannot be modified without authorization. When Management chooses to mitigate a risk, they will do so by implementing one or more of three different types of controls. Administrative controls form the framework for running the business and managing people. Logical controls (also called technical controls) use software and data to monitor and control access to information and computing systems. Physical controls monitor and control the environment of the work place and computing facilities. Information security uses cryptography to transform usable information into a form that renders it unusable by anyone other than an authorized user; this process is called encryption ...
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...production from the worm outbreak last month, and they directed us to improve the security of our technology. Gladys says you can help me understand what we need to do about it.” “To start with,” Charlie said, “instead of setting up a computer security solution, we need to develop an information security program. We need a thorough review of our policies and practices, and we need to establish an ongoing risk management program. There are some other things that are part of the process as well, but these would be a good start.” “Sounds expensive,” said Fred. Charlie looked at Gladys, then answered, “Well, there will be some extra expenses for specific controls and software tools, and we may have to slow down our product development projects a bit, but the program will be more of a change in our attitude about security than a spending spree. I don’t have accurate estimates yet, but you can be sure we’ll put cost-benefit worksheets in front of you before we spend any money.” Fred thought about this for a few seconds. “OK. What’s our next step?” Gladys answered, “First, we need to initiate a project plan to develop our new information security program. We’ll use our usual systems development and project management approach. There are a few differences, but we can easily adapt our current models. We’ll need to appoint or hire a person to be responsible for information security.” The Need for Security Our bad neighbor makes us early stirrers, Which is both healthful and good husbandry...
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...Attack On Government Computers Computer Security Attack on Government Computers The emergence of computers has augmented information storage in various sectors. Information System (IS) refers to an assembly of computers that aids to collate, stockpile, process, and commune information. The government is one of the principal entities that utilize IS to ensure safety of the country’s information. However, the storage systems normally face attacks by some outer entities. The aim of such hackings ranges from access to confidential information to attacks. Some of the remarkable attackers encompass rival states, revolutionaries, criminals, as well as illegal insiders (Rainer Jr & Cegielski, 2009)The software and information engineers have the required expertise to safeguard the systems thus evading and countering the attacks. The US government has faced myriads of attacks, especially the security information. It is imperative to assert that the notable attacks arise from the terrorists who target the government and other critical points within US. Records show that cyber attacks on federal computer networks increased 40 percent last year, and that figure is likely low as it reflects only the reported attacks. Based on data provided to USA Today by US-CERT, unauthorized access to government computers and installations of hostile programs rose from a combined 3,928 incidents in 2007 to 5,488 in 2008. (Government, 2008) According to Brad Curran, Frost & Sullivan...
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...COM656 Group Project Security Plan Chunlin Yang Yunzhen Li Peng Yu Yun-Chen Tsao Coleman University COM656 Group Project Security Plan A brief description of the company Company size, employees numbers, Customers Canon Inc is a multinational corporation specialized in the manufacture of imaging and optical products, including cameras, camcorders, photocopiers, computer printers and medical equipment. It has about 190,000 employees worldwide by end of 2015. Canon has Personal, Office, Professional, Industry business sectors, provide products and services to many millions of customers in each sector globally. History Summary From its humble beginnings in a 1933 Tokyo apartment, Canon has grown to become a monolith in the field of imaging. Once only a maker of high-quality cameras, Canon now produces personal as well as multifunction copy machines, laser and inkjet printers, toner and canon ink cartridges, and calculators— all in addition to their high-quality cameras. Canon began under the name Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory with the goal of developing a high-end Japanese camera to compete with the European brands flooding the market. That first camera was named Kwanon after the Buddhist Goddess of mercy. Just a short time later, Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory created the first-ever 35mm focal-plane shutter camera called the Hansa Canon—and thus the Canon brand was born. But it wasn't until 1947 that the company officially changed its...
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...Information security, sometimes shortened to InfoSec, is the practice of defending information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, perusal, inspection, recording or destruction. It is a general term that can be used regardless of the form the data may take (electronic, physical, etc...)[1] Two major aspects of information security are: • IT security: Sometimes referred to as computer security, Information Technology Security is information security applied to technology (most often some form of computer system). It is worthwhile to note that a computer does not necessarily mean a home desktop. A computer is any device with a processor and some memory (even a calculator). IT security specialists are almost always found in any major enterprise/establishment due to the nature and value of the data within larger businesses. They are responsible for keeping all of the technology within the company secure from malicious cyber attacks that often attempt to breach into critical private information or gain control of the internal systems. • Information assurance: The act of ensuring that data is not lost when critical issues arise. These issues include but are not limited to: natural disasters, computer/server malfunction, physical theft, or any other instance where data has the potential of being lost. Since most information is stored on computers in our modern era, information assurance is typically dealt with by IT security specialists. One of...
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...The definition of Information Security is defined as “the protection of data itself.” Kim and Solomon (2012) Information Systems can be a combination of information technology and the people that support operations, management, and decision-making. Information Security, is the protection of information and information systems from unauthorized access, disclosure, use, disruption, modification, inspection, recording, or destruction. The terms Information Security, Computer Security, and Information Assurance are frequently used interchangeably. Although these terms are interrelated often and share the common goals of protecting the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information, there are some subtle differences between them. The differences lie primarily in the approach to the subject, the methodologies used and the areas of concentration. Information security is focused on the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data regardless of the form the data may take. While computer security focuses on ensuring the availability and correct operation of a computer system without concern for the information stored or processed by the computer. Governments, military, corporations, financial institutions, hospitals and private businesses amass a great deal of confidential information about their employees, customers, products, research, and financial status. Most of this information is now collected, processed and stored on electronic computers and transmitted across...
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...Computer Security Anyone would agree that private information needs to remain private. To keep any information secured takes a lot of time and effort. In order to make sure the information will be kept private the information itself has to satisfy certain properties in order to make sure the information is kept secured. “Confidentiality, integrity and availability have been considered the three core principles of information security for more than two decades. They are commonly referred to as the CIA triad” (Cyber Secure Online, 2013). When designing security controls you will definitely be addressing one or more of these core principles. Even though these principles were considered core security professionals realized that the focus cannot solely be on these three principles alone. The CIA triad was expanded by adding an additional four principles that have enhanced and would now have a more sufficient in protecting confidential information. Listed here are the seven principles of the Expanded CIA triad: Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, Possession, Authenticity, Utility, and Accuracy. As stated above many of the security professionals did not want all concentration to be on the original three, so it made sense to expand. This will ensure that the information that needs to be protected is protected thoroughly. “Each time an information technology team installs a software application or computer server, analyzes an data transport method, creates a database...
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...Assessment Information Management Dovile Vebraite B00044098 Department of Business School of Business & Humanities Institute of Technology, Blanchardstown Dublin 15. Higher Certificate of Business Information Management 20/08/2014 Contents What is Information Security? ........................................................................ 3 What are the Goals of Information Systems Security? ….……………………………. 4 How big is the Security Problem? ………………………………………………………………. 5 Information Security Threats ……………………………………………………………………… 6 How to Secure the Information Systems? ………………………………………………….. 7 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9 What is information security? ‘’Information security, to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information assets, whether in storage, processing or transmission. It is achieved via the application of policy, education, training and awareness, and technology.’’ (Whitman, Mattord, 2011). Information security is the protection of information and information systems from unauthorised access, modification, disruption, destruction, disclosure, or use. In other words it handles the risk management. The definition of information security is based on the concept that if there is a loss of CIA (confidentiality, integrity and availability) of information, then the person or business will suffer harm. What are the goals of information systems...
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...The Importance of Information Systems Security Mario M. Brooks Webster University SECR 5080 – Information Systems Security November 17, 2012 Abstract Information System Security is critical to the protection of vital information against unauthorized disclosure for legal and competitive reasons. All critical information must be protected against accidental and deliberate modification. The establishment and maintenance of documents that have been created, sent, and received will be the cornerstone of all financial establishments in modern society. Poor security practices and weak security policies lead to damages to systems. Criminal or civil proceedings can be the result if the perpetuators are caught and if third parties are harmed via those compromised systems. In this paper, Information System will be defined. The paper will also discuss the lapses, vulnerabilities, and the various ways of improving the system. It is very important that the make-up of Information Systems Security and their capabilities are understood. Information Systems can be a combination of information technology and the people that support operations, management, and decision-making. Information Security, is the protection of information and information systems from unauthorized access, disclosure, use, disruption, modification, inspection, recording, or destruction. The terms Information Security, Computer Security, and Information Assurance are frequently used interchangeably...
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...IT SECURITY All of new technologies of the modern age have changed the way the human race commutates with other human beings. Also, this feat has made the way business is conducted today very convent and easier to do. The Internet is a huge discover for mankind for the commutation barrier. With all of these new products like smartphones, tablets, and computers made this new capability for anyone in the world that can afford at least one of these products. Since this new commutation barrier is being used daily by the human race, this very much-changed the “business world”. Databases of your personal information, such as credit card numbers, social security numbers, and even your address are on the Internet somewhere. IT has proved to be a significant employer. Many people with knowledge of computers have got jobs in this field, and have successfully made a career out of it. Since it has changed the business world in such a dramatic way, Corporations need employees that have the skill to protect this values and private information. Information technology has helped one find cures for several diseases; thereby, serving mankind in plentiful ways. Many other programs have helped individuals that have visual or hearing impairment. Corporations use information in databases to run operating activities day to day. In the world we live in today information technology is only becoming more and integrated in our daily lives, as we know it. To the average...
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...Why Information Security is Hard – An Economic Perspective Ross Anderson University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FD, UK Ross.Anderson@cl.cam.ac.uk Abstract According to one common view, information security comes down to technical measures. Given better access control policy models, formal proofs of cryptographic protocols, approved firewalls, better ways of detecting intrusions and malicious code, and better tools for system evaluation and assurance, the problems can be solved. In this note, I put forward a contrary view: information insecurity is at least as much due to perverse incentives. Many of the problems can be explained more clearly and convincingly using the language of microeconomics: network externalities, asymmetric information, moral hazard, adverse selection, liability dumping and the tragedy of the commons. risk of forged signatures from the bank that relies on the signature (and that built the system) to the person alleged to have made the signature. Common Criteria evaluations are not made by the relying party, as Orange Book evaluations were, but by a commercial facility paid by the vendor. In general, where the party who is in a position to protect a system is not the party who would suffer the results of security failure, then problems may be expected. A different kind of incentive failure surfaced in early 2000, with distributed denial of service attacks against a number of high-profile web sites. These exploit a number...
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