...Task 1 Part 1: Diagram of Von Neumann Model of a Computer Part 2: Examples of the input, output, and memory sections of the model. Von Neumann divided a computer’s hardware into 5 primary groups: 1 CPU 2 Input 3 Output 4 Working storage 5 Permanent storage Concept Explanation Binary data Data, be it instructions, user data or something else, which has been translated into sequences of 0’s and 1’s. Bus width The size of the packet of data which is processed (e.g. moved) in each work cycle. This can be 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 or 256 bits. Band width The data transfer capacity. This is measured in, for example, kilobits/second (Kbps) or megabytes/second (MBps). Cache A temporary storage, a buffer. Chipset A collection of one or more controllers. Many of the motherboard’s controllers are gathered together into a chipset, which is normally made up of a north bridge and a south bridge. Controller A circuit which controls one or more hardware components. The controller is often part of the interface. Hubs This expression is often used in relation to chipset design, where the two north and south bridge controllers are called hubs in modern design. Interface A system which can transfer data from one component (or subsystem) to another. An interface connects two components (e.g. a hard disk and a motherboard). Interfaces are responsible for the exchange of data between two components. At the physical level they consist of both software and hardware...
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...What is the meaning behind Computer Input / Output Architecture and Organization? Input is the entering of data into a computer system, whereas output is the transferring of data to an external item, such as printer. “The input /output modules are the third critical element of a computer system. The CPU and Memory are the first and second most critical elements.” (C.A.O). “The computer system’s Input /Output architecture is its interface to the outside world. This architecture is designed to provide a systematic means of controlling interaction with the outside world and to provide the operating system with the information it needs to manage I/O activity effectively.” (C.O.A.L). There are three main techniques for I/O, which are Programmed, Interrupt-Driven, and Direct Memory Access (DMA). These three techniques are essential for I/O. The Programmed I/O happens under direct and continuous control of a program requesting the operation. The Interrupt-Driven is when a program issues a command and continues to execute, until it’s interrupted by the hardware to signal the end of the operations. Finally, the DMA is when a specialized processor takes over control of an operation to move a large block of data. All three play significant roles in the architecture of the I/O in a Computer. An organization will have to have a large inventory of assets for just the basic Input Devices, Output devices, and both Input/ Output Devices related to the architecture of a company. A company...
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...Input Device Facts Common interfaces used for connecting input devices include: * 6-pin mini-DIN (PS/2 connector) for keyboard and mouse * USB for keyboard, mouse, and other devices * Infrared and wireless connections for keyboards, mouse, and other devices * DB-9 (serial) connector for specialized input devices The following table lists several considerations for selecting input devices. Device Type | Considerations | Keyboard | Keyboards typically connect through a PS/2 or USB port. Many keyboards include special function keys that simplify playing music or browsing the Web. Some keyboards include a built-in USB port that can be used to connect other peripheral devices. | Mouse | A mouse typically connects through a PS/2 or USB port. A wireless mouse typically transmits to a receiving station attached through a USB port. * Mechanical mice use a roller ball to detect motion. The roller ball must be cleaned periodically to ensure proper functionality. * Optical mice use light rays to detect motion. Optical mice require less maintenance than mechanical mice. * Motion-based mice can accurately detect mouse movement while in the air. This particular device can attach to a user's head and moves the cursor when the head moves. * You can select mice with multiple additional buttons or a scroll wheel to add functionality. * A trackball is a pointing device that is like an upside-down mechanical mouse where the user manipulates the pointer by...
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...arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions (Central processing unit)” BIOS Chip: Encrypted with code, it takes the computer through a boot up process until the OS is ready to take over. Upgrading only the motherboard will give some performance improvement to a computer system. Why would the improvement be limited? Upgrading the motherboard would give it a performance improvement but yes improvement would be limited. This is simply because there is much more than just the motherboard that makes up a computer. There is RAM, there is a hard drive. Also when upgrading the motherboard you have to make sure to upgrade the CPU and memory. What is the need for all the different busses found on a motherboard? Why can these busses not be replaced with a single bus? To understand why we need different busses, you need to understand what a bus is. A bus gives a path to a device so it can sent data to the CPU and other devices. There are more than one device that needs to send it information there for we can not just have one bus. We have to have multiple buses for multiple components. To give a more precise definition, “each device will have an access point to the bus using a particular kind of interface. The word interface refers not only to the physical port the devices plug into, but to the electrical operating parameters and the communication format as well. Typically, each bus has a uniquely shaped interface to...
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...Shawna Rockwell October 1, 2015 Unit 3 Assignment 1 NT1110 Input and Output Ports and Devices * Input and output devices: used to interact with computer. * I/O devices connect through I/O ports Types of I/O Ports * Serial Port: Transmit data at 1 bit at a time, male and has 9 or 25 pins * Parallel Ports: Transmit data at 8 bits, female and has 25 pins * Game Ports: Female, 15 pins in 2 rows * VGA Port: 15 Pin with three rows D type * DVI PORT: (Digital Visual Interface) * S-Video port: Connects to TV, 4-7 pins * USB 1.1: Transmit maximum of 12 Mbps, Maximum cable length of 3 meters * USB 2.0: Transmit maximum of 480 Mbps, Maximum cable length of 5 meters * SCSI Narrow: Type A, 50 pin connector, most common type * SCSI Wide: Type P, 68 Pin * FIREWIRE (IEEE1394): Fast, Uses Serial communication, Hot swappable, and expected to replace SCSI * FIREWIRE (IEEE1394): Used for Streaming Media. Examples of Input Devices Devices used to feed data and control signals to a computer. * Keyboard * Mice * Microphone * Game controllers * Scanners * Cameras Examples of Output Devices Output devices provide the data processed or stored by the computer. Output devices may be audio, visual, or both. * Monitors * Printers * Projectors * Speakers Summary of Thoughts The video exercise was very educational, I’ve always had trouble remembering what the ports name is and the number of pins...
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...Most I/O devices interface to the CPU in a fashion quite similar to memory. Indeed, many devices appear to the CPU as though they were memory devices. To output data to the outside world the CPU simply stores data into a "memory" location and the data magically appears on some connectors external to the computer. Similarly, to input data from some external device, the CPU simply transfers data from a "memory" location into the CPU; this "memory" location holds the value found on the pins of some external connector. An output port is a device that looks like a memory cell to the computer but contains connections to the outside world. An I/O port typically uses a latch rather than a flip-flop to implement the memory cell. When the CPU writes to the address associated with the latch, the latch device captures the data and makes it available on a set of wires external to the CPU and memory system (see Figure 7.1). Note that output ports can be write-only, or read/write. The port in Figure 7.1, for example, is a write-only port. Since the outputs on the latch do not loop back to the CPU's data bus, the CPU cannot read the data the latch contains. Both the address decode and write control lines must be active for the latch to operate; when reading from the latch's address the decode line is active, but the write control line is not. Figure 7.1 A Typical Output Port Figure 7.2 shows how to create a read/write input/output port. The data written to the output port loops back...
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...Concurrency in C+ + 1 Assignment 1 These questions requires the use of C+ which means compiling the program with the u++ command, including +, uC++.h as the first include file in each translation unit, and replacing routine main with member uMain::main . 1. Write a semi-coroutine with the following public interface (you may only add a public destructor and private members): _Coroutine FloatConstant { public: enum status { MORE, GOOD, BAD }; // possible status private: status stat; // current status of match char ch; // character passed by cocaller void main(); // coroutine main public: status next( char c ) { ch = c; // communication in resume(); // activate return stat; // communication out } }; which verifies a string of characters corresponds to a C+ floating-point constant described by: + floating-constant : signÓÔØ fractional-constant exponent-part ÓÔØ floating-suffixÓÔØ signÓÔØ digit-sequence exponent-part floating-suffixÓÔØ fractional-constant : digit-sequenceÓÔØ “.” digit-sequence digit-sequence “.” “e” “E” signÓÔØ digit-sequence exponent-part : sign : “+” “-” digit-sequence : digit digit-sequence digit floating-suffix : “f” “l” “F” “L” digit : “0” “1” “2” “3” “4” “5” “6” “7” “8” “9” (Where XÓÔØ means X ¯ and ¯ means empty.) In addition, there is a maximum of 16 digits for the mantissa (non-exponent digits) and 3 digits for the characteristic (exponent digits). For example, the following are valid C/C+ floating-point constants: + 123.456 -.099 +555. 2.7E+1 -3.555E-12 After creation...
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...Indonesia e-mail: 1wilson.wiyatno@student.atmajaya.ac.id, 2melisa.mulyadi@atmajaya.ac.id ABSTRACT The experiment module for sensor testing in the Electronic Laboratory Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta is not well integrated. The sensor output is not homogenous and there is no application to show the characteristic of the sensor. To solve this problem, a computer based sensors measurement tool module needs to be made. The sensor gives the output such as analog value to the microcontroller. Microcontroller receives the output with Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), then microcontroller send the digital value to computer using serial communication. The application based on C# programming language is made as user interface to the user. To know the input of the sensor, simple linear regression, a type of numeric method, is used to calculate the input of the sensor and to make the linearity between the input and the output. The testing of the results in computer show that the error rate system is small. After the input and the output have been known, the graphic can be made to show the characteristic sensor to the user. Keywords: Analog to Digital Converter, Microcontroller, Serial Communication, C# programming language, Simple linear regression. ABSTRAK Modul praktikum untuk percobaan sensor di Laboratorium Elektronika Jurusan Teknik Elektro...
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...bearing digits, symbols and/or alphabetical letters placed in order on a pad, which can be used as an efficient input device. A keypad may be purely numeric, as that found on a calculator or a digital door lock, or alphanumeric as those used on cellular phones. Explanation for Keypad Aside from the row of number keys found on the upper portion of a computer keyboard, a separate numerical pad is also located on the right side for efficient data entry. For more compact computers such as laptops and notebooks, external plug-in keypads may be purchased separately. Phone keypads are typically alphanumeric, allowing the user to enter names and text messages. They also provide an easier way of remembering phone numbers. For instance, 1-800-DELIVER is a way of marketing a food chain delivery service, but it's easier to remember than the actual number customers would call (1-800-335-4837). How many I/0 interface pins between keypad (4x4) and PIC18f4520? A standard Microcontroller Keypad (4x4) has a 8 I/0 interface pins. In the example below, RB0 to R07 is connected to the 8 I/O pins of the Keypad (4x4) The standard PIC18f4520 Microcontroller has 36 I/O pins that are grouped into 5 ports respectively. Due to this, It should require 8 pins to connect the 4x4 Keypad to make it work. How to detect if the key is pressed? E.g. Of flowchart when things are input. When a key depression has been detected and an interrupt generated, the MCU will need to determine which...
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...either an external clock or external capacitor. These encoders also have on-chip pull-up devices which permit switches with up to 50 kΩ on resistance to be used. No diodes in the switch array are needed to eliminate ghost switches. The internal debounce circuit needs only a single external capacitor and can be defeated by omitting the capacitor. A Data Available output goes to a high level when a valid keyboard entry has been made. The Data Available output returns to a low level when the entered key is released, even if another key is depressed. The Data Available will return high to indicate acceptance of the new key after a normal debounce period; this two-key roll-over is provided between any two switches. s 50 kΩ maximum switch on resistance s On or off chip clock s On-chip row pull-up devices s 2 key roll-over s Keybounce elimination with single capacitor s Last key register at outputs s 3-STATE output LPTTL compatible s Wide supply range: 3V to 15V s Low power consumption An internal register remembers the last key pressed even after the key is released. The 3-STATE outputs provide for easy expansion and bus operation and are LPTTL compatible. Ordering Code: Order Number MM74C922WM Package Number M20B Package Description 20-Lead Small Outline Integrated Circuit (SOIC), JEDEC MS-013, 0.300" Wide MM74C922N N18B 18-Lead Plastic Dual-In-Line Package (PDIP), JEDEC MS-001, 0.300" Wide MM74C923WM M20B 20-Lead Small...
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... * Video cards: Also known as graphics processors, graphics accelerators, display cards or graphics cards. Their job is to do the heavy lifting in showing and allowing you to interface with what you are doing in the computer. They generate the graphics that is to be shown and send the finished signal out to your screen, monitor or projector. * Multi Media cards: There are many types of multimedia cards available and very commonly used in the computer systems. One of the most common cards used are the sound cards. They generate sound signals to be sent to your computer i.e. the speakers and the sound systems. Mostly, they are found where there is a microphone or input jack for recording. Now a day’s sound cards are given importance due to the increasing new technologies HD audio discs and Blu-Ray discs allow for high definition and multi-channel audio. Usually standard or built in cards are not very powerful to process high quality sound files, cannot send audio to many channels. But upgrading of these cards today gives many more advantages. * I/O cards: Input/output cards (expansion cards) do the simple functioning of adding extra functionality to the motherboard. * Communication cards: They are of two types- * NIC * Modem cards * NIC (Network Interface Cards) - Generally these cards are used to provide access to Ethernet networks between 10Mb and 1 GB connectivity speed. * Modem cards- These cards are used to dial-up access...
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...Discovering Computers Technology in a World of Computers, Mobile Devices, and the Internet Chapter 7 Input and Output Objectives Overview Differentiate among various types of keyboards: standard, compact, on‐ screen, virtual, ergonomic, gaming, and wireless Describe characteristics of various pointing devices: mouse, touchpad, pointing stick, and trackball Describe various types of pen input: stylus, digital pen, and graphics tablet See Page 288 for Detailed Objectives Describe various uses of touch screens Describe various uses of motion input, voice input, and video input Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter 7 2 Objectives Overview Differentiate among various scanners and reading devices Explain the characteristics of various displays Identify the purpose and features of speakers, headphones and earbuds, data projectors, interactive whiteboards, and force‐feedback game controllers and tactile output See Page 288 for Detailed Objectives Summarize the various types of printers Identify various assistive technology input and output methods Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter 7 3 What Is Input? • Input is any data and instructions entered into the memory of a computer • • • Instructions can be in the form of software (programs and apps), commands, and user response Command is an instruction that causes a program or app to perform a specific action...
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...geographically distributed applications in industrial processes. In this, controllers are distributed throughout the entire plant area. These distributed controllers are connected to both field devices and operating PCs through high speed communication networks as shown in figure. Discrete Field devices such as sensors and actuators are directly connected to input and output controller modules through communication bus. These field devices or smart instruments are capable of communicating with PLC’s or other controllers while interacting with real world parameters like temperature, pressure, etc. Controllers are distributed geographically in various section of control area and are connected to operating and engineering stations which are used for data monitoring, data logging, alarming and controlling purpose via another high speed communication bus. Distributed Control System continuously interacts with the processes in process control applications ones it gets instruction from the operator. It also facilitates to variable set points and opening and closing of valves for manual control by the operator. Its human machine interface (HMI), face plates and trend display gives the effective monitoring of industrial processes. Distributed controller or Local control unit It can be placed near to field devices (sensors and actuators) or certain location where these field devices are connected via communication link. It receives the instructions from the engineering station like set point...
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...are reading this page – how many computers are you aware of in the room? Maybe you are in a classroom right now and you are near to a: Mobile phones Calculator Watch Interactive white board Projector Printer Desktop computer Laptop And more probably. The point is that computers come in all shapes and sizes and are often built into other devices. But they share some common features. This mini-web will introduce you to a computer system. 2. A computer system A computer system is one that is able to take a set of inputs, process them and create a set of outputs. This is done by a combination of hardware and software. This diagram below shows you the idea of a computer system in its most basic form The computer system has one or more inputs to provide data. This data is then processed in some way. The outcome of the processing is sent to an output or it may be stored until some event happens to cause it to be output. For processing to take place, there needs to be a set of instructions of what needs to be done. This set of instructions is called a program. This system is called a stored-program computer. The very first computer in the entire world of this type was built in Britain in 1949 and was called the Manchester Mark 1. The beauty of this type of computer system is that it is flexible-the machine performs a different task by simply loading a different program from storage. What is Hardware? Hardware is a generic term for any part of the computer...
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...speakers. A sound card to get sound out through the speakers. One of the most important devices you would need would be the monitor in order to be able to see what you are doing, without it you can’t interact with the computer. Another rather important device would be the internal hard drive for storage. A network interface card would be important for you to be able to connect to a network. The last device I could think of that would be necessary to use your personal computer would be a Modem that communicates at high speeds with the internet. A modem is considered an I/O device because it sends and receives information with the internet so that you can use it and have it do what you want whether it be downloading something or just clicking on a link. I printer alone is an output device but it could be considered an input device because it may have a scanner or fax combined with it. The scanner would take information on a piece of paper and send it to your computer. Also I would think that you could consider a printer an input device because it has to send its information to the computer so that it can be connected and used to print things. I’d say it is an input device even though you don’t really interact with its incoming...
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