...INT1 Task 3 Does the salinity of water effect the amount of time it takes to boil? Project Design Plan The normal boiling point of water is 100°C (Bodner research Web, n.d.). Salt is considered to be a non-volatile soluble substance and in turn is supposed to increase the temperature at which the water boils Southwest Research institute, 2014). Chefs have thought for ages that adding salt to water would increase the boiling time. A higher boiling temperature should increase boiling times although displacing water with salt reduces the volume of water to boil. Literature Review The boiling point of a liquid is the point at which the liquid transition to a gas. Once the boiling point is reached the temperature remains constant until all of the liquid has changed state to a gas (Bodner Research Web, n.d). Salt water has a higher boiling point than plain water. It takes less energy to increase the temperature of salt water by 1°C than it does for regular water. The heat capacity of dissolved salt is almost zero so displacing regular water with salt water lowers the amount of time to heat the same capacities of water because of the displaced water volume by the salt (Southwest Research Institute, 2014). There have been many experiments on the subject of salt water and boiling times. Typically these experiments have been incorrectly done as simply adding salt to identical volumes of water has almost zero effect on the boiling times or temperature. The correct way to...
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...INT1 Task 3 Do more expensive paper towels absorb more water than less expensive products? By: Gregory M. Herrin Project design Plan When consumers are in the store to purchase paper towels, there are numerous options and brands to choose from; all claiming to be the best product with the most absorbency. How does a consumer choose the best option for the best price? The goal of this experiment will be to determine if higher priced paper towels are more absorbent than the less expensive paper towels on the market. Four relatively common brands will be tested for their water absorbency: Viva ($0.049/square foot), Bounty ($0.046/square foot), Brawny ($0.044/square foot) and Sparkle ($0.024/square foot). Ultimately, the experiment should show which of the commonly used household paper towels is more water absorbent and if price equals value for these products. Literature Review A number of experiments have been completed to demonstrate and/or test the absorbency of paper towels. Len Penzo dot Com, a personal finance blog, completed an experiment on which brand of paper towel was the best value. They tested six different brands of paper towels for absorbency and scrub strength: Sparkle, Bounty, Bounty Basic, Scott, Shoppers Value, Viva and Kirkland Signature. To measure the absorbency, the paper towels were dipped into glasses of water until saturated and then the water squeezed from the towels was measured. To measure the scrub strength, the towels were wrapped...
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...Project Design Plan There are many times and reasons when a person wants a cold drink, but sometimes a cold drink is nowhere to be found. When this happens, you are presented with the option of drinking your drink at room temperature, or finding a solution to cool it down in a timely manner. Most people resort to throwing their drink in the freezer for a half an hour or so in order to cool it to an acceptable level. However, is that the best and most efficient method of cooling a drink down quickly? Is it even more efficient than putting it in the refrigerator? I intend to test to find out. Hypothesis: I suspect that the refrigerator and freezer are not the most efficient ways to quickly cool a drink. Both the refrigerator and freezer cool through convection, and I believe conduction will prove to be a more effective cooling method. As such, I will test both the refridgerator and freezer, as well as several variations of ice baths.I believe that an ice/water/salt bath will provide the best results, because it will provide for the most conductive area, and will also have the lowest conductive agent temperature, because the addition of salt will lower the freezing point of the ice/water solution, allowing the solution to get a few degrees colder than the standard ice/water solution. Experimental Design: To test the above questions, I intend to test a solution (in this case, simple bottled water) in a variety of different...
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...INT Task 3 Does Salt make Ice melt Faster? Project Plan Salt is known to be used on icy roads in certain areas of the country in the winter season to help clear roadways to make them safer for travel. Salt causes a reaction that lowers the freezing point of water. In this experiment we will test this method of applying salt to ice to see if for certain this is true, and how much faster the salt melts if so. In this experiment, the Independent Variable will be adding Salt to the ice and the Dependent variable will be the time it takes the ice to melt. The Plan is to use two ice cubes in separate containers, and add ice to only one of these. Each will be timed and observed for the duration it takes both to melt, and data will be collected throughout. At the end of the experiment, enough information will be gathered to confirm whether adding salt to ice in turn makes it melt faster, and how much faster this occurs versus adding nothing to ice. This will prove or disprove the benefit of using salt on roads to help make ice melt faster. Literature Review Many experiments have been done to test what makes Ice melt faster. Some of these included one or many different additives such as: Table Salt, Sugar, Pepper, Rock Salt. In these studies Salt prevailed as the one ingredient that would speed the melting time of Ice significantly versus adding nothing, or another substance such as sugar. (Nina DeSales, 2014). In one study Salt was added to ice water. This was done to show...
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...PURPOSE The purpose of my experiment is to determine the effect of acid rain on seed germination. I chose this idea for a project because I have heard that acid rain is becoming a more prominent factor, around the world, due to pollution. I see reports of this in books and websites I've visited, as well as news articles I have read. LITERATURE REVIEW http://www.selah.k12.wa.us/soar/sciproj99/CodySciProj.html The germination test results from glass labeled “Trial 1” (100% water), and “Trial 5” (highest acid content) showed an 11% difference. The more acid contained in the water resulted in less seeds germinating. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15859434 Rice, wheat and rape seeds were treated with simulated acid rain at pH 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0 and 5.0 levels for 7 days in order to understand the effects of acid rain on seed germination of various acid-fast plants. The germination test showed that seed germination was absolutely inhibited at pH 2.0 for three species. Rice and wheat seeds germinated abnormally at pH 2.5. When pH values above 3.0, percentage germination, germination energy, germination index, vigor index of rice, wheat and rape seeds increased in relation with decreased acidity levels. In contrast, the percentage of abnormal germination of rice and wheat decreased. The experiment data about physiological aspect demonstrated that water absorption rate, respiratory rate and storage reserve transformation rate of rice, wheat and rape seeds also increased...
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... and moisture (Lawson, 2001). However, literature indicates that mealworms are unlike most organisms as they are the second phase of development of the beetle. The beetle is an insect with grows and develops in four stages to reach complete metamorphosis from egg, larva, pupa, and adult (Schaffer, 2003). This research carries out a scientific experiment to identify the growth rate of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio Molitor. The goal of the experiment will be to map out the rate of development of the beetle in its second life cycle in different conditions. The research will try to solve the following research questions: 1. What is the rate of growth of mealworms? 2. To what extent does temperature affect the rate of growth of mealworms? 3. To what extent does light, affect the rate of growth of mealworms? Relevance of Testable Question The research questions identified assist in identifying the research variables that will be tested. They also define the scope and extent of the study and determine the extent of the scientific research. Therefore, from the research questions the variables are rate of growth, temperature, time, and light. Literature Review Mealworms are the second stage of development of insects whose growth and development is in four stages of development, this is egg, larva, pupa, and adult. A review of literature indicates that insects in the same species with the mealworms have their four stages active both day and night. However, for the mealworm...
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...percentage of popped kernels. The second site I viewed showed that the Act II brand had the least amount of un-popped kernels. Their experiment is comparable to mine. They counted only the un-popped kernels to get a percentage of un-popped kernels. Just like the second site viewed, I am only focusing on un-popped kernels. A2a. Experimental Design Steps 1. Purchase three different brands of microwave popcorn. Same flavor (butter, kettle corn, natural, etc.) and same size bags, or as close to the same size as possible. 2. Create a data sheet with five columns and three rows. Label the first column “brand name”, label the next three columns with “bag 1, bag 2, and bag 3”. Label the final column, “average”. Label each row with each brand name used. 3. Mark three bags of each brand with numbers 1, 2 & 3. 4. Follow popping instructions on each brand. Pop only the amount of time indicated, this will slightly vary for each brand. You don’t want to burn the popcorn. 5. Warning: Let popcorn cool before opening bag. 6. Separate popped corn from un-popped of each bag popped. 7....
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...INT1 Task 3 Example Does More Sugar Make Lemon Sauce Runny? By N. Shane Cutler Project Design Plan Cornstarch is a common thickening agent in cooking. Plant starch is made of a mixture of amylose and amylopectin. When heated in a water-based solution, the starch molecules can unwind and then form new hydrogen bonds with other starch molecules, making a network of long molecular filaments that can hold water molecules in a gel (Holmes, 2012). The Argo Cornstarch website warns that too much sugar can interfere with thickening (Argo, 2012). Literature Review There are many different ways to thicken liquids and thickening liquids has many applications. Many experiments have been done to test different thickening methods. GVSoapCo tested 4 different substances to thicken homemade liquid hand soap: Xanthan Gum, Borax, Salt or Crothix. This experiment used the same soap recipe, substituting the different thickening agents. The experimenter then tested the thickness or runniness of the finished soap by spooning it up and drizzling it. This showed that the Crothix thickener made the thickest, smoothest soap, whereas the salt made the thinnest, runniest soap. While the spooning method was effective at showing the qualitative difference the thickening agent made, it didn’t produce quantitative measurements of the relative thickness (GVSoapCo, 2013). Foy compared low sugar pectin with traditional pectin in making grape jelly. She reported that the traditional pectin made firmer jelly than...
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...INT1 Task 3 Page 2 Project Design Plan This experiment asks the question, “What paper towel is more absorbent for the price per sheet?” Will the more costly paper towels absorb a bigger spill therefore giving the consumer reasoning on buying the higher priced paper towel? This experiment will examine the absorbency of three different brands of paper towels and then compare the results to the price of the product to find the absorbency value. First, we will purchase one roll from three different brands of paper towels from the same store at retail price. It’s important to purchase the products at full cost or note what the normal price is from the same store since different stores may have different prices. Different brands of paper towel rolls come with different amounts of sheets as well as sizes, so it will be important to have all the sample sizes the same for accurate results. The results will be drawn up after the controlled experiment is finished. The experiment will consist of taking an individual sheet from each brand of paper towel and spread it over a container and using a medicine dropper or eye dropper filled with water, squeeze drops onto the paper towel one at a time until the water starts to leak into the container below. Each drop will be counted up to the point where the water leaks into the container. This will be done three times with each brand...
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...6/20/13 Out.OM1a What's in and what's not in GDP? Definition: GDP is defined as: the market value of currently produced, final goods and services produced annually within a country's borders. It turns out that nearly each term in this definition is there for a reason and that if we look briefly at each of the terms we will have a better sense of what GDP is - and what it is not. First, however, let's fast forward and acknowledge that GDP is NOT a measure of economic well-being - a point first made by Kuznets who developed the national income accounts, and more recently presented by Cobb, Halstead, and Rowe in their 1995 Atlantic Monthly article: "If GDP is UP, Why is America Down?" Now let's look at the individual terms and see where this divergence comes into play. GDP is the market value ... Market price is the common denominator for the tons of steel, bushels of apples, or gallons of wine produced in an economy. GDP is simply the weighted sum of output from all sectors of the economy, where output is valued at market prices. The rationale for this approach is that the market prices reflect what individuals pay for these goods and services, and thus prices must reflect how people value them. If you pay $16 for a CD, then it must be worth $16 to you, and thus the market value can be viewed as a measure of value created. If 10 CDs are produced and sold at a price of $16, then $160 worth of value has been created. Because of the nature of the GDP calculations, natural disaster...
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...hardware architecture, programming model, and assembly language programming of 8051 microcontroller. In case you are totally new to 8051 microcontroller I recommend you to read the “8051 Tutorial” available at: https://sites.google.com/site/enggprojectece/my-reading-list It has also been presumed that the reader has at least the beginner level knowledge of computer programming in C language (user defined functions, data types, header files, loops and the flow of a C program). In this tutorial first an introduction to Embedded C is given. A few examples are shown. Then the implementation of timer and interrupt are discussed. (All programs shown here are compiled and executed using Keil µVision 3) Pin Diagram of 8051 (please note the pins used for external interrupts – INT0 & INT1, Serial Port Transmitter – TxD, Serial Port Receiver – RxD, Counter input for Timer-0 – T0 and Counter input for Timer-1 – T1) Embedded C The syntax of embedded C is the same as the C language that we use for writing computer programs. The only difference is the libraries and hence the functions. Particularly for 8051 based microcontrollers, the header file <REGX51.H> has to be added. In this header file the addresses of all the special function registers (SFRs) and other memory locations are defined. Hence we can access an SFR by simply writing its name. We don’t need to use the registers of the programming model (A, B, R0, R1, R2, …, R7)...
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...INT1 Task 3 Amber Leverett Student ID# 000310556 000310556000310556 How does volume affect boiling time in water? By Amber N Leverett Project Design Plan With boiling water being a part of most everyday life, the time it takes to boil a certain volume is information that just about everyone wants to know. Most people believe that if you double the volume of water, you will also double the time it takes it to come to a rolling boil. Let’s see just how true that is. How does the volume of water affect how long it takes to come to a rolling boil? Literature Review According to whatscookingmerica.net, there are many things that could affect the boiling point of water. A few of them include; salt, hard water, and different sized pans. By adding salt to your water, you will minimize the amount of time it will take to boil that pot of water (Stradley, 2004). If you have hard water, the pot of water will come to a boil at a higher temperature (Stradley, 2004). Using different sized pots to boil water will cause the water to come to a boil at different temperatures. A tall, narrow pot will boil at a higher temperature than a short, wide pot due to the water in the tall pot being under greater pressure (Stradley, 2004). In the science fair project, the experimenter was researching what affects the boiling point of water (2014). He/she used four different types of variables to test the hypothesis. The variables were different amounts of water, different types of heating devices...
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...INT1 Task 3 Task 3 Topic: How do different levels of salt water affect magnet strength? Candyce Eckert Western Governors University WGU Student ID: 000431193 PROJECT DESIGN PLAN There will be a total of five 500 ml water samples that are at 75°F and that will have different amounts of salt ranging from 0 ml, 25 ml, 100 ml, 200 ml, 400 ml that will be mixed in a glass container with a one inch high marking noted on the side. Fifteen magnetic paper clips will be laid on the bottom of the container after the solution is mixed. A magnet will then be submersed into the salt solution to the one inch high marking dictated on the side for thirty seconds allowing for the magnet to attract the paper clips. The magnet and subsequent paper clips that it draws will be taken out of the solution, counted, and then recorded. These steps will be repeated until all five salt water solutions are tested. Each of the five solutions will be tested three times in order to deduce the average and ensure reliability of said testing. The greater the number of paper clips picked up deducts greater magnetism. LITERATURE REVIEW In an article written by Richards, Johnson, and Nyeggen (2015), a group of students grappled with the question, “Will Magnets Work Underwater?” some thinking that the water would block the magnetic attraction. They were disproved when magnets still had attraction underneath the water. The students further questioned the attraction...
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...Young 楊中平 Home Automation, Networking, and Entertainment Lab Dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN OUTLINES Numbering and coding systems Digital primer Inside the computer HANEL Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN 2 NUMBERING AND CODING SYSTEMS Decimal and Binary Number Systems Human beings use base 10 (decimal) arithmetic There are 10 distinct symbols, 0, 1, 2, …, 9 Computers use base 2 (binary) system There are only 0 and 1 These two binary digits are commonly referred to as bits HANEL Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN 3 NUMBERING AND CODING SYSTEMS Converting from Decimal to Binary Divide the decimal number by 2 repeatedly Keep track of the remainders Continue this process until the quotient becomes zero Write the remainders in reverse order to obtain the binary number Ex. Convert 2510 to binary Quotient Remainder...
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