...latch. The first electronic flip-flop was invented in 1918 by William Eccles and F.W. Jordan. It was initially called the Eccles–Jordan trigger circuit and consisted of two active elements (vacuum tubes).Such circuits and their transistorized versions were common in computers even after the introduction of integrated circuits, though flip-flops made from logic gates are also common now .Today, the term flip-flop has come to mostly denote non-transparent (clocked or edge triggered) devices, while the simpler transparent ones are often referred to as latches. The word latch is mainly used for storage elements, while clocked devices are described as flip-flops. There are a number of types of Flip-flops such as: - Set-Reset Flip-flops, also known as SR Flip-flops - Toggle Flip-Flops - JK Flip Flops - Master–slave pulse-triggered D flip-flop - D Flip Flops - Gated latches and conditional transparency Flip-flops are essentially 1-bit storage devices .i.e. outputs can be set to store either 0 or 1 depending on the inputs. A flip-flop in combination with a Schmitt trigger can be used for the implementation of an arbiter in asynchronous circuits. Flip-flop integrated circuits (ICs) also exist that provide one or more flip-flops. We can use any one of the flip-flop type to build any of the others. This is only an introduction of the topics I have to cover while preparing my term paper. LOVELY PROFESIONAL UNIVERSITY ELETRICAL...
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...Discount Rate ( d ) 10% Sales Growth = 0% (assumption) 1+d 1.10 Attrition Rate 14% Retention Rate ( r ) 86% Customer Life Expectancy (1/(1-Retention Rate)) 7.37 Years 8700 Profitable Year "CF if Client Margin (m)" "Prob Survival (r^n)" (1+d)^n PV Factor 1/(1+d)^n m*r^n*(1/(1+d)^n) CLV 0 -41 1.00 1.00 1.00 -41.00 -41.00 1 427 0.86 1.10 0.91 335.26 294.26 2 465 0.75 1.21 0.83 287.15 581.41 3 505 0.65 1.33 0.75 244.76 826.17 4 505 0.56 1.46 0.68 192.31 1018.48 5 505 0.48 1.61 0.62 151.11 1169.59 6 505 0.42 1.77 0.56 118.73 1288.33 7 505 0.36 1.95 0.51 93.29 1381.62 8 505 0.31 2.14 0.47 73.30 1454.92 9 505 0.27 2.36 0.42 57.60 1512.52 10 505 0.23 2.59 0.39 45.26 1557.78 11 505 0.20 2.85 0.35 35.56 1593.34 12 505 0.17 3.14 0.32 27.94 1621.28 13 505 0.15 3.45 0.29 21.95 1643.24 14 505 0.13 3.80 0.26 17.25 1660.49 15 505 0.11 4.18 0.24 13.55 1674.04 16 505 0.10 4.59 0.22 10.65 1684.69 17 505 0.08 5.05 0.20 8.37 1693.06 18 505 0.07 5.56 0.18 6.58 1699.64 19 505 0.06 6.12 0.16 5.17 1704.80 20 505 0.05 6.73 0.15 4.06 1708.86 21 505 0.05 7.40 0.14 3.19 1712.05 22 505 0.04 8.14 0.12 2.51 1714.56 23 505 0.03 8.95 0.11 1.97 1716.53 24 505 0.03 9.85 0.10 1.55 1718.07 25 505 0.03 10.83 0.09 1.22 1719.29 26 505 0.02 11.92 0.08 0.96 1720.25 27 505 0.02 13.11 0.08 0.75 1721.00 28 505 0.02 14.42 0.07 0.59 1721.59 29 505 0.01 15.86 0.06 0.46 1722.05 30 505 0.01 17.45 0.06 0.36 1722.41 31 505 0.01 19.19 0.05 0.29...
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...Summary Tri-Cities Furniture is small business company categorized under Furniture Stores and located in Jacksonville, Alabama. The company has been in operation for more than twenty years and has two other stores operating in Anniston and Gadsden area. Albert Mendoza, who is also the sales manager, a part-time sales person, and bill collector, owns Tri-Cities. Transactions including sales, purchases, inventory, income, and payments are handled and documented by the bookkeeper, Alice Cook. Ray Silva operates the current IT system and is also a sales person. Tri-Cities’ current IT system consist of a small IBM computer, believed to be one of IBM’s earliest small systems, which is used to keep records of inventory of all stores and installment payments. Also, the computer is used to print furniture price tags. (RV) Problem The main problem with Tri-Cities IT system is that it is obsolete and underutilized. The system was bought with good intentions, however at this point it used very little. The owner, Mr. Mendoza, would like to compile some information about sales and other business measurables, however at this point has not been able to do so. One reason for this is that there is no documentation for the software that is loaded. The computer was purchased on the advice of an accountant from a friend. No one involved in the purchase of the computer is knowledgeable about the operation of the system within the business parameters. In addition, no one on Tri-Cities’ staff...
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...Intel’s famed technical prowess was not without mishaps. Its greatest mistake was the so-called “Pentium flaw,” in which an obscure segment among the Pentium CPU’s 3.1 million transistors performed division incorrectly. Company engineers discovered the problem after the product’s release in 1993 but decided to keep quiet and fix the problem in updates to the chip. However, In 1994 American mathematician Thomas Nicely was using a personal computer equipped with the then new Pentium chip from the Intel Corporation when he discovered a flaw in the chip that was producing inconsistent results in his calculations of Brun’s constant. Negative publicity from the mathematics community led Intel to offer free replacement chips that cost them millions of dollars in revenue. My analysis of the way the Intel Corporation handled the Pentium flaw of the 90's was irresponsible. They seemed to basically dismiss that there would be noticeable problems that could affect the user with their computer. Although in most cases this assumption is correct, it still shows a great deal of dishonestly from the company because it seemed as if Intel tried to cover it up. I feel that Intel was lazy and simply not willing to fix the problem that they created due to cost concerns. If I were to sell a bicycle to someone knowing the breaks were faulty, causing occasional break failure, I think people would be pretty upset and I would most likely be sued for sub sequential harm caused. On December 20, 1994,...
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...Vehicle Accident Prevention Using eye Blink Sensor Abstract: Now a day’s accidents are increasing at a large pace, and various technologies are being introduced to reduce the accidents. In this project we provide means of accident prevention using eye blink wherein the vehicle is stopped immediately and intimated wherever needed. In this project we have two sections. One is transmitter section which is located in the vehicle and another one is Receiver section located in remote place (Police station, near ones, etc). In the transmitter section the eye blink sensor is placed near the eye to sense the blink count and this information is transmitted in the form of pulses and is given to the Microcontroller. The Microcontroller uses this information to compare with the normal eye blink programmed in the chip and if any abnormal situation arises the vehicle is stopped with an alarm indication, this operation is enabled by means of the driver circuit connected to the vehicle motor and the signal is transmitted via RF-transmitter at the frequency of 433.92 MHz. In the Receiver side the transmitted signal is received and the signal is decoded and given to the Microcontroller, which uses this information for displaying the alert message in the LCD as programmed, simultaneously a buzzer alert is given. Block Diagram Transmitter[pic] Receiver [pic] HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS • Microcontroller Unit and Power Supply • LCD...
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...I believe that although computers can be used as a tool to spread awareness about problems in the environment, they cause a lot of environmental problems themselves. Pollution caused by the production of computer hardware, as well as from the cleaning agents used to clean computers, is a great hazard to the Environment and the people that live in it. People leave their computers on non-stop resulting in a lot of energy consumption and enormous amounts of paper are being used daily to print out electronically stored data. It causes health problems as well as economic problems and is in urgent need of treatment. Also when examining the problem of pollution caused by computers and their production, it is evident that all computer hardware is responsible for the problem, for it is the hardware's production that causes the pollution. Pieces of hardware such as keyboards, monitors, mice etc. are all made out of plastic, which is usually not recyclable. Other chemicals found in these tools are also often bad for the environment and cause damage. As a result of the assembly of pieces inside the computer such as wafers and computer chips a lot of toxic materials are given off causing further harm to the environment. The evolution of computers causes harm because old computers are often thrown out only to be replaced by larger computers, which consume more energy and therefore cause even more pollution. They too, will eventually be thrown out and replaced. As the demand...
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...and ENIAC machines – the UNIVAC is the first every commercial computer which was purchased in 1951 by a business – the US Census Bureau. 1956 – 1963: Second Generation [ Transistors ] The replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors saw the advent of the second generation of computing. Although first invented in 1947, transistors weren’t used significantly in computers until the end of the 1950s. They were a big improvement over the vacuum tube, despite still subjecting computers to damaging levels of heat. However they were hugely superior to the vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, faster, cheaper and less heavy on electricity use. They still relied on punched 1964 – 1971: Third Generation [ Integrated Circuits ] By this phase, transistors were now being miniaturised and put on silicon chips (called semiconductors). This led to a massive increase in speed and efficiency of these machines. These were the first computers where users interacted using keyboards and monitors which interfaced with an operating system, a significant leap up from the punch cards and printouts. This enabled these machines to run several applications at once using a central program which functioned to monitor memory. 1972 – 2010: Fourth Generation [ Microprocessors ] This revolution can be summed in one word: Intel. The chip-maker developed the Intel 4004 chip in 1971, which positioned all computer components (CPU,...
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...Lecture 1 Introduction to Semiconductor Devices Reading: Notes and Anderson2 Chapters 1.1-1.3, 1.7-1.9 Georgia Tech ECE 3080 - Dr. Alan Doolittle Atoms to Operational Amplifiers •The goal of this course is to teach the fundamentals of non-linear circuit elements including diodes, LEDs, LASER diodes, transistors (BJT and FET) , and advanced device concepts such as microwave compound semiconductors and state of the art devices. •Due to the diverse coverage from various professors for ECE3040, you will repeat (for some) some of the material from 3040. Specifically, you will learn about the fundamentals of electron movement in semiconductor materials and develop this basic knowledge of how we can construct devices from these materials that can control the flow of electrons and light in useful ways. Georgia Tech ECE 3080 - Dr. Alan Doolittle Market Study Silicon is and will for a very long time be the dominant material used for electronics. However, MANY up and coming materials are slowly eating into silicon’s dominance. Compound semiconductors Compound semiconductors Organic and compound semiconductors Georgia Tech ECE 3080 - Dr. Alan Doolittle Devices we will study Bold indicates devices covered in depth in ECE 3040 P-N diode, heterojunction diodes, ballistic diodes, Schottky barrier diodes, Metal-Semiconductor Contacts, LEDs, Lasers, Solar Cells, Photodetectors, BJT, HBT, MOSFET, MESFET, JFET, Polarization Based Devices (III-Nitrides HEMTs...
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...Electronic Design Automation and the Design of Integrated Circuits Abstract A circuit, simply put, is defined as a complete path around which an electric current can flow in order to complete a predesigned task. Circuit design is the intermediate process by which electrical circuits are moved from the specification stage - where the circuit’s purpose is determined - to the production stage, where all of the information necessary to build a working circuit is ready for implementation. In order to keep up with demand for consumer electronics, a fast and efficient way to design and construct the myriad types of circuitry must be in place. This essay will illustrate the basics of circuit design and describe the automated circuit design process. Electronic Design Automation In a large part of the world, electronics are a mainstay of modern society. In the beginning, electronics were much more simple in design, but with the caveat of being much larger today: in the 1980s cellular phones weighed upwards of two pounds and were about three times the size of modern cell phones. Over time, as electronics became smaller and as demand for them increased, a way to design and construct smaller and more efficient circuits became necessary. Enter Electronic Design Automation. An electric circuit is an electrical path that provides a path for an electrical current to flow. While it may seem like a simple matter to design and construct a circuit, the process has become quite intensive...
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...“The Pentium Microprocessor Flaw” Jamaal Bonner April 25, 2014 NT1110/Computer Structure and Logic Professor Marcus Price The Pentium Microprocessor Flaw The Pentium microprocessor is the CPU (central processing unit) developed by Intel. Pentium chips include a floating-point unit (FPU) that has integrated instructions that tell the chip how to compute integer arithmetic, making them much faster [for heavy numerical calculations], more complex, and more expensive. The problem for Intel is that all Pentiums manufactured until sometime in fall of 1994 had errors in the on-chip FPU instructions for division. This caused the Pentium's FPU to incorrectly divide certain floating-point numbers. Many software packages don't actually use a computer's FPU. These packages don't show the error and only certain numbers divide incorrectly. Thomas Nicely, a math professor at Lynchburg College, discovered the flaw in the Pentium’s FPU in summer/fall 1994. He computed the sum of the reciprocals of a large collection of prime numbers on his Pentium-based computer and found the result differed largely from theoretical values. Nicely posted a general notice of the flaw on the Internet and asked others to confirm his findings after receiving no response from Intel, which ultimately led to magazine and television interviews. Intel publicly announced that the subtle error would only occur to an average spreadsheet user once in every 27,000 years of use. Critics noted that the Pentium’s...
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...THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER One of the earliest machines designed to assist people in calculations was the abacus which is still being used some 5000 years after its invention. In 1642 Blaise Pascal (a famous French mathematician) invented an adding machine based on mechanical gears in which numbers were represented by the cogs on the wheels. Englishman, Charles Babbage, invented in the 1830's a "Difference Engine" made out of brass and pewter rods and gears, and also designed a further device which he called an "Analytical Engine". His design contained the five key characteristics of modern computers:- 1. An input device 2. Storage for numbers waiting to be processed 3. A processor or number calculator 4. A unit to control the task and the sequence of its calculations 5. An output device Augusta Ada Byron (later Countess of Lovelace) was an associate of Babbage who has become known as the first computer programmer. An American, Herman Hollerith, developed (around 1890) the first electrically driven device. It utilised punched cards and metal rods which passed through the holes to close an electrical circuit and thus cause a counter to advance. This machine was able to complete the calculation of the 1890 U.S. census in 6 weeks compared with 7 1/2 years for the 1880 census which was manually counted. In 1936 Howard Aiken of Harvard University convinced Thomas Watson of IBM to invest $1 million in the development of an electromechanical version of Babbage's analytical engine...
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...Theory : The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package. The 4017 is an integrated circuit which has been designed to count pulses. It has 16 pins and looks like any other 16 pin integrated circuit. They can be used in timing circuits and are often used to switch on and off LEDs or motors or other circuits. They are versatile and relatively simple to put together. Counters such as the 4017B are cheap and yet surprisingly useful. The 4017 is most useful when combined with a timer such as a 555 based circuit. The pulse from the 555 timer can be used to activate the 4017B circuit. A 555 a stable circuit is used to pulse the 4017B at regular intervals. The pulse from the 555 IC is generated from pin 3. In the circuit seen below, pin 3 of the 555 IC feeds into pin 14 of the 4017B (called ‘clock in’). When this occurs pin ‘A’ of the 4017B emits current, lighting its LED. The next pulse from the 555 IC results in pin ‘B’ of the 4018B IC emitting current and lighting its LED. Description of Design: In our project we aimed to display a simple design to clear the Idea of our circuit . We made a white and rectangular shape box, and put the LEDs with the push and switch at its flat. That will make it easy to turn On and off without seeing the...
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...Clarion School for Boys, Inc. Shelly McIntyre ISM 500 – Business and Information Technology Colorado State University – Global Campus Dr. Linda Hamons November 15, 2013 The Clarion School for Boys has been working with a computer system that is not all that it is cracked up to be. Recent focus groups have provided insight to the problems that the business is facing. Once the computer system was set up there was no follow up or metrics completed on it functionality. The Clarion School for the Boys, Inc needs to move into the 21st century with a system that will provide technology to grow the school. Statement of Objectives Currently the Clarion School for Boys needs to address the needs of the employees. Many functions of the current system are not adaptive to reach all the needs. The new system needs to meet the following criteria: 1. Computers for staff and a computer room for the students 2. E-mail for the staff 3. Programs that are relative to the business – Scheduling, records – medical and school, Inventory management, Human Resources and accounting 4. Training While there are other things that the school could benefit from technology wise these are the most important. Current and Future Environment The current computer system is not being used to its full potential. There are issues with computer availability, resources and training. The boy’s school needs to have a system that will meet the needs of the focus...
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...Jason Haas Research paper 1 Mr. Smith unit 4 a printed circuit board containing the principal components of a computer or other device, with connectors into which other circuit boards can be slotted. A bus is the path through which a device sends its data so that it can communicate with the CPU and or other devices. There are traditionally three different types of buses found on a mother board which are the front side bus (F.S.B) which can be explained as being the interface between the cpu & motherboard, Specifically the north bridge/ memory controller hub. The second bus typically found is called a Intel GTL which can be explained as the single connection to the north bridge shared between all cpu`s. The third most typical bus found in a motherboard is DDR-SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory). This upcoming replacement for SDRAM is basically the same product, but it operates twice per clock cycle. DDR-SDRAM is only about 10 to 20 percent more expensive than traditional SDRAM and provides better performance than single-channel RDRAM. A port expander can be any device to which one existing or onboard port becomes two or more, An advantage to this is the ability to allow more devices of a particular port. The internal expander has a connection inside the computer typically on the motherboard. An external device plugs into the existing port and then has multiple places to connect. When not part of a computer system, these...
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...JEKIE YEAKPEE 06/24/143 . September, 1987 Any discussion of computer architectures, of how computers and computer systems are organized, designed, and implemented, inevitably makes reference to the "von Neumann architecture" as a basis for comparison. And of course this is so, since virtually every electronic computer ever built has been rooted in this architecture. The name applied to it comes from John von Neumann, who as author of two papers in 1945 [Goldstine and von Neumann 1963, von Neumann 1981] and coauthor of a third paper in 1946 [Burks, et al. 1963] was the first to spell out the requirements for a general purpose electronic computer. The 1946 paper, written with Arthur W. Burks and Hermann H. Goldstine, was titled "Preliminary Discussion of the Logical Design of an Electronic Computing Instrument," and the ideas in it were to have a profound impact on the subsequent development of such machines. Von Neumann's design led eventually to the construction of the EDVAC computer in 1952. However, the first computer of this type to be actually constructed and operated was the Manchester Mark I, designed and built at Manchester University in England [Siewiorek, et al. 1982]. It ran its first program in 1948, executing it out of its 96 word memory. It executed an instruction in 1.2 milliseconds, which must have seemed phenomenal at the time. Using today's popular "MIPS" terminology (millions of instructions per second), it would be rated at .00083 MIPS. By contrast...
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