...Science Impacting Modern Life Colorado Technical University November 25, 2013 Abstract As I grow to understand on life in this world I realize that computers are a big part in the way we live our life everyday such as our workforce and for our personal use. For most homes now carries a computer or some type of tablet, a smartphone or some types of handheld electronics products and over the past decades, I have experiences that computers and other devices are better equipped in storing information faster than ever. For the past few years’ we have learned that over the past decade computer had improved and designs in more ways since 10 years ago. I have learned and have discussed how the electron spin of atoms hints at a new approach in the computer revolution for the near future. In this paper I will discuss new ways in development in material science which allowed many changes in the life of computers and the essential properties of the life in which has influenced the industrial of computers. Science Impacting Modern Life The three essential properties of every material are 1: the kind of atoms of which it is made, 2: the way those atoms are arranged, and 3: the way the atoms are bonded to each other” and (Trefil and Hazen), stated that “Based on our understanding of atoms and their chemical bonding, we now realize that the properties of every material depend on three essential features, such as As we learned we will realize that all materials have difficult...
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...consisted of two active elements (vacuum tubes).Such circuits and their transistorized versions were common in computers even after the introduction of integrated circuits, though flip-flops made from logic gates are also common now .Today, the term flip-flop has come to mostly denote non-transparent (clocked or edge triggered) devices, while the simpler transparent ones are often referred to as latches. The word latch is mainly used for storage elements, while clocked devices are described as flip-flops. There are a number of types of Flip-flops such as: - Set-Reset Flip-flops, also known as SR Flip-flops - Toggle Flip-Flops - JK Flip Flops - Master–slave pulse-triggered D flip-flop - D Flip Flops - Gated latches and conditional transparency Flip-flops are essentially 1-bit storage devices .i.e. outputs can be set to store either 0 or 1 depending on the inputs. A flip-flop in combination with a Schmitt trigger can be used for the implementation of an arbiter in asynchronous circuits. Flip-flop integrated circuits (ICs) also exist that provide one or more flip-flops. We can use any one of the flip-flop type to build any of the others. This is only an introduction of the topics I have to cover while preparing my term paper. LOVELY PROFESIONAL UNIVERSITY ELETRICAL SCIENCE-2 ELE102-T Topic: This project is about the flip-flop and its applications in digital electronics. Submitted to: ...
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...Electronic Design Automation and the Design of Integrated Circuits Abstract A circuit, simply put, is defined as a complete path around which an electric current can flow in order to complete a predesigned task. Circuit design is the intermediate process by which electrical circuits are moved from the specification stage - where the circuit’s purpose is determined - to the production stage, where all of the information necessary to build a working circuit is ready for implementation. In order to keep up with demand for consumer electronics, a fast and efficient way to design and construct the myriad types of circuitry must be in place. This essay will illustrate the basics of circuit design and describe the automated circuit design process. Electronic Design Automation In a large part of the world, electronics are a mainstay of modern society. In the beginning, electronics were much more simple in design, but with the caveat of being much larger today: in the 1980s cellular phones weighed upwards of two pounds and were about three times the size of modern cell phones. Over time, as electronics became smaller and as demand for them increased, a way to design and construct smaller and more efficient circuits became necessary. Enter Electronic Design Automation. An electric circuit is an electrical path that provides a path for an electrical current to flow. While it may seem like a simple matter to design and construct a circuit, the process has become quite intensive...
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...computers, and an explosion in handheld tablets. Despite their ability to perform thousands of tasks in the blink of an eye, none of these devices even come close to rivaling the computing capabilities of the human brain. At least not yet. But a Boise State University research team could soon change that. Electrical and computer engineering faculty Elisa Barney Smith, Kris Campbell and Vishal Saxena are joining forces on a project titled “CIF: Small: Realizing Chip-scale Bio-inspired Spiking Neural Networks with Monolithically Integrated Nano-scale Memristors.” (http://news.boisestate.edu/update/files 1 of 3 3/15/2014 12:37 PM Researchers Building a Computer Chip Based on the Human Brain - U... http://news.boisestate.edu/update/2013/08/14/research-team-building-a-... /2013/08/PCB_image.png) Team members are experts in machine learning (artificial intelligence), integrated circuit design and memristor devices. Funded by a three-year, $500,000 National Science Foundation grant, they have taken on the challenge of developing a new kind of computing architecture that works more like a brain than a traditional digital computer. “By mimicking the brain’s billions of interconnections and pattern recognition capabilities, we may ultimately introduce a new paradigm in speed and power, and...
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...silicon have made these developments in microelectronics possible. Silicon based microelectronic devices have revolutionized our world in the past three decades. Integrated circuits, built up from many silicon devices (such as transistors and diodes) on a single chip, control everything from cars to telephones, not to mention the Internet. Silicon technology is still the most reliable and cost-efficient way to fabricate large microelectronic circuits. Semiconductors have played an amazing role and have impacted technology in many ways. Every technology product we use in the modern world is created with silicon and depends on semiconductors. The earliest semiconductor device was a diode which let electricity flow in only one direction. Integrated circuits are called micro chips which are complex circuits that are made of many miniature chips of semiconductor and made of silicon. These chips are packaged in a plastic casing and the fine wires inside the chip link to the pins outside. Microchip is the integration of a whole CPU onto a single chip or on a few chips and greatly reduced the cost of processing power. The integrated circuit processor is produced in large numbers by highly automated processes. A microchip or microprocessor incorporates the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit, or at most a few...
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...silicon have made these developments in microelectronics possible. Silicon based microelectronic devices have revolutionized our world in the past three decades. Integrated circuits, built up from many silicon devices (such as transistors and diodes) on a single chip, control everything from cars to telephones, not to mention the Internet. Silicon technology is still the most reliable and cost-efficient way to fabricate large microelectronic circuits. Semiconductors have played an amazing role and have impacted technology in many ways. Every technology product we use in the modern world is created with silicon and depends on semiconductors. The earliest semiconductor device was a diode which let electricity flow in only one direction. Integrated circuits are called micro chips which are complex circuits that are made of many miniature chips of semiconductor and made of silicon. These chips are packaged in a plastic casing and the fine wires inside the chip link to the pins outside. Microchip is the integration of a whole CPU onto a single chip or on a few chips and greatly reduced the cost of processing power. The integrated circuit processor is produced in large numbers by highly automated processes. A microchip or microprocessor incorporates the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit, or at most a few...
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...microprocessor the 4004, to more than 5 billion on Intel’s 62-Core Xeon Phi, released in 2012. Moore’s Law According to Moore’s Law, the number of transistors on an integrated circuit doubles every 18-24 months. Although Moore’s Law isn’t a law of the physical sciences, it is an observation by Gordon Moore made in the 1960’s. Transistor count is the most used method of measure for the complexity of integrated circuits. Intel’s Quad-Core Itanium Tukwila released in 2010 had 2 billion transistors on it’s die. As impressive as this is, Moore’s Law cannot continue indefinitely without modification. The reason for this is the laws of physics, that as the size of transistors shrinks and the number of transistors on a CPU die increases, transistors will eventually reach the limits of atomic sizes. At this size, silicon becomes unsuitable as a material to build integrated circuits out of, due to quantum tunneling and other factors. CPU die sizes will either have to get larger to fit more transistors (abet smaller transistors) and or increase the number of layers for each die. Moore’s Law is a model of exponential growth, and as such exponential growth is the fastest model of growth. Whether 100 billion or even 1 trillion transistors may fit on a single chip in the future, will most likely depend on making integrated circuits out of other materials than silicon and an ever increasing die sizes to facilitate such a number of transistors. If that doesn’t happen then Moore’s Law will...
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...Intel Inside: Part 2 A paper submitted to Webber International University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science degree in Sports Business Management By: Hugo Cedeno Date: November 13, 2013 Course: Management Semester: Fall, 2013 Instructor: Dr. Fred Fening Introduction Intel is an American multinational semiconductor chip maker corporation founded in 1968 by Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore. Intel has also invented many others technological products such as motherboard chipsets, network interface controllers and integrated circuits, flash memories, graphic chips, embedded processors and other devices related to communications and computing. Intel also started the beginning of a new era with the came out of the highly successful Centrino chips for laptops. Directly, Intel set out to become the leading chip supplier. Many types of challenges have Intel’s managers faced in connecting their geographically dispersed teams. These teams that we are mentioning are Cyber teams that refers to a group of people that manage a big part of their work using social media communication more than a face-to-face communication...
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...The time line of the progression of computers and computer technology. * 500bc the Abacus was first recorded to be used in China. The Abacus was not an electronic machine, but a hand held tool that could temporarily store and work with large numbers. * 1820 Charles Babbage designs the first mechanical analytical engine, but did not have the technology and resources available to construct the Babbage Differential engine until 1991. When constructed by a team from the science museum in London, they used techniques that would have been available in Babbage time, to prove that the design would have worked in his time. It took a total of six years to construct but was successfully done and proved his Babbage design was sound and could have been implemented in his own time. * 1890 Hollerith Machine was successfully constructed by Herman Hollerith to assist with the US Census * 1933 Telex was conceived during at the time Germanys Third Reich, it allowed input of information to be delivered worldwide on paper as an output. * 1937-1942 John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry created the first digital electronic computer known as the Atansasoff-Berry Computer ABC for short. It was the first to use modern digital switching techniques and vacuum tubes as switches, and it introduced the concepts of binary arithmetic and logic circuits. * 1943 during WWII Military needs leads Tommy Flowers in completing a secret British codebreaking computer called Colossus and was named...
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...Science Technology Company Science Technology Company 1985 President: Bill Watson CFO: Harry Finson Questions: 1. Are the 5-year forecasts useful, given uneven growth in sales, inventories and receivables, and earnings in the past? 2. What will be the impact of a resurgence of inflation, fueled by massive budget deficits, on STC? 3. Can the company finance the rapid sales growth that is anticipated? STC • Leading manufacturer of automated test equipment (ATE) • 31% market share on testers for printed circuit boards • Second largest in semiconductor test operation • Objective: To be the recognized international leader in providing integrated quality management systems to manufacturers of electronic devices and equipment. • Strategies: o Heavy spending on research and development o Spread cost of R&D across a large number of sales o Aggressively pursue major segments of semiconductor and electronics manufacturing industries in Europe, N. America, and the Pacific Factors that Increased Market Demand for ATE • Swift and dramatic technological breakthroughs (from 1975-1984) • High competition that required speed to move a design into manufacturing at low costs, which increased the demand for ATEs • Steady increase in labor rates that pushed electronics manufacturers to automate testing • In-house testing capacity made obsolete due to the increase in number and complexity of semiconductor components • Dramatic improvement in the testing technology and...
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...Books for ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING | | SL.NO. | SUBJECT | AUTHOR | 1. | Electronic Devices & Circuits & Analog Electronics (i) Integrated electronics : Analog and Digital Circuit and system (ii) Microelectronic Circuits (iii) Electronic Devices and Circuits (iv) OP Amp and linear Integrated Circuit (v) Solid State electronic devices (vi) Semiconductor devices | Jacob Millman & Christos C. Halkias Sedra & Smith J.B. Gupta Ramakant A.Gayakwad Streetman and Banerjee S.M.Sze | 2. | Communication System (i) Communication System (ii) An introduction to Analog and Digital Communication (iii) Communication System : Analog and Digital (iv) Modern Digital and Analog Communication System (v) Electronic Communication System | Simon Haykins Simon Haykins Singh and Sapre B.P. Lathi Kennedyand Davis | 3. | Signal and System | Oppenheim and Willsky | 4. | Optical Fiber Communication | Senior | 5. | Satellite Communications | Pratt and Bostian | 6. | Monochrome and colour | R.R. Gulati | 7. | Control System (i) Control System Engg. (ii) Automatic Control System (iii) Linear Control System | I.G. Nagrath & M.Gopal B.C. Kuo B.S. Manke | 8. | Electro Magnetic Theory (i) Elements of Engineering Electromagnetics (ii) Elements of Electromagnetics (iii) Engineering Electromagnetics (iv) Antenna and Wave Propagation | N. N. Rao Sadiku W.H.Hayt K.D. Prasad | 9. | Digital Electronics (i) Digital...
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...MICROCONTROLLER A microcontroller is a computer present in a single integrated circuit which is dedicated to perform one task and execute one specific application. It contains memory, programmable input/output peripherals as well a processor. Microcontrollers are mostly designed for embedded applications and are heavily used in automatically controlled electronic devices such as cellphones, cameras, microwave ovens, washing machines, etc. Types of Microcontroller: Microcontrollers are divided into categories according to their memory, architecture, bits and instruction sets. So let’s discuss types of microcontrollers:- Bits: 8 bits microcontroller executes logic & arithmetic operations. Examples of 8 bits micro controller is Intel 8031/8051. 16 bits microcontroller executes with greater accuracy and performance in contrast to 8-bit. Example of 16 bit microcontroller is Intel 8096. 32 bits microcontroller is employed mainly in automatically controlled appliances such as office machines, implantable medical appliances, etc. It requires 32-bit instructions to carry out any logical or arithmetic function. Memory: External Memory Microcontroller – When an embedded structure is built with a microcontroller which does not comprise of all the functioning blocks existing on a chip it is named as external memory microcontroller. For illustration- 8031 microcontroller does not have program memory on the chip. Embedded Memory Microcontroller – When an embedded structure is...
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...combination of both in order to achieve different switching effects and controlled outcomes of the circuit interactions. Sir John Ambrose Fleming FRS was an English electrical engineer and physicist. He is known for inventing the first vacuum tube among other items that still contribute to the world of electronics today. The issues with the first generation vacuum tubes were that they gave off tremendous heat, failed on a daily basis, and consumed massive amounts of electrical energy and by today’s processor standards were terribly slow in switching speeds. In 1948 John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Houser-Brattain at Bell Labs are credited as the inventors of the transistor. As science and technology progress’s and improved thru the years the transistor became part of the IC (Integrated Circuit) which miniaturized the transistor into a much smaller component that eventually became part of the personal computers heart & soul known as the CPU (Central Processing Unit). The advantage of the transistor IC was far less electrical energy...
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...Customers as Innovators: A New Way to Create Value by Stefan Thomke and Eric von Hippel Reprint r0204f April 2002 HBR Case Study The Cost Center That Paid Its Way Julia Kirby r0204a First Person If You Want Honesty, Break Some Rules Ginger L. Graham r0204b Big Picture Wealth Happens Mark Buchanan r0204c Maneuver Warfare: Can Modern Military Strategy Lead You to Victory? Eric K. Clemons and Jason A. Santamaria r0204d Executive Women and the Myth of Having It All Sylvia Ann Hewlett r0204e Customers as Innovators: A New Way to Create Value Stefan Thomke and Eric von Hippel r0204f Reawakening Your Passion for Work Richard Boyatzis, Annie McKee, and Daniel Goleman r0204g r0204h Best Practice Saving Your Rookie Managers from Themselves Carol A. Walker The Entrepreneur Out of the Blue and into the Black Frank Batten r0204j Innovators A New Way to Create Value R&D has long been a costly and inexact process. Now some companies are trying a radically new approach, giving customers the tools to design and develop their own products. Customers as by Stefan Thomke and Eric von Hippel “L isten carefully to what your customers want and then respond with new products that meet or exceed their needs.” That mantra has dominated many a business, and it has undoubtedly led to great products and has even shaped entire industries. But slavishly obeying that conventional wisdom can also threaten a company’s ability...
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...young people learn to think creatively, reason systematically, and work collaboratively. Unlike python scratch uses a drag and drop coding system. All the pieces in scratch fit together like a puzzle. In python you must physically write out the code and if one little part is wrong nothing will work at all. One thing you can do with both scratch and python is to create a game such as pong or classic breakout. To make breakout you would be using both programs to write the code. A circuit is a path between two or more points along which an electrical current can be carried. An example of a circuit would be a light bulb; a light bulb has a circuit in it which electricity continuously flows to create the light when power is sent to it. An integrated circuit is sometimes called a chip or microchip...
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