...[pic] Assignment on Intellectual Property Comparison Between Developed And Developing Countries. Submitted to Fahmida Hasan Senior Lecturer Department of Business Administration Submitted by |Name |ID | |Rajib Kundu |2010-2-10-329 | |Rakib Hasan Rabbi |2010-2-10-300 | |Razuan Ahmed |2010-2-10-071 | |Almahmud |2010-2-10-048 | |Showrav hasin |2010-2-10-074 | |S M Mostafizur Rahman |2010-1-10-092 | Section : 1 Course No : BUS 361 Course Name: Legal Environment of Business Transmittal Letter April 4,2013 Fahmida Hasan Senior Lecturer Department of Business Administration, East West University ...
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...Intellectual Property Rights 2014 1.Intellectual property rights: US set to punish India The Indian embassy in Washington DC too scheduled a briefing by its economic and commerce wings soon after the expected US action. TNN | Feb 10, 2014, 10.28PM IST WASHINGTON: It's not looking good between New Delhi and Washington. Tensions over the Khobragade episode are yet to fully dissipate, but the two sides are locking horns again over intellectual property rights. The Obama administration is scheduled to announce unspecified ''trade enforcement action'' against India on Monday evening (Tuesday am IST) Washington time. United States trade representative (USTR) Michael Froman and general counsel Timothy Reif will hold a news conference to announce action related to India, the USTR said earlier in the day in a head's up to journalists. The Indian embassy in Washington DC too scheduled a briefing by its economic and commerce wings soon after the expected US action. All this comes ahead of a re-scheduled visit to New Delhi of US energy secretary Ernesto Munoz, which was postponed from January because of the Khobragade row. 2.Hurdles in business growth forcing entrepreneurs to mass exodus Krithika Krishnamurthy, ET Bureau Mar 28, 2014, 04.30AM IST * (Starting up in India is easy…) Within the next six months, Bangalorebased technology entrepreneur Jay Krishnan will be heading east in search of a better place to locate his fast-growing business...
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...Introduction The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade. The organization officially commenced on January 1, 1995 under the Marrakech Agreement, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. The organization deals with regulation of trade between participating countries; it provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments. Most of the issues that the WTO focuses on derive from previous trade negotiations, especially from the Uruguay Round (1986–1994). The organization is currently endeavoring to persist with a trade negotiation called the Doha Development Agenda (or Doha Round), which was launched in 2001 to enhance equitable participation of poorer countries which represent a majority of the world's population. However, the negotiation has been dogged by "disagreement between exporters of agricultural bulk commodities and countries with large numbers of subsistence farmers on the precise terms of a 'special safeguard measure' to protect farmers from surges in imports. At this time, the future of the Doha Round is uncertain." Subject to formal ratification of the three most recent members, the WTO has 157 members,[7] representing more than 97% of the world's population...
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...Novartis V. Union of India & Others – A Landmark Judgement on Indian Patent Law & Pharmaceutical Industry: A Report The Supreme Court judement on the Novartis v. Union of India & Others is a landmark decision on the issue of pharmaceutical patent in India. The decision taken after a seven year long litigation fought by pharmaceutical major Novartis is based on a case pertaining to grant of Indian patent on a compound called Imatinib Mesylate in Beta Crystalline Form (referred as Imatinib hereinafter as convenience of brevity). The Supreme Court decided that Imatinib, the substance for which Novartis sought patent does not qualify the test of invention as laid down in section 2(1)(j), section 2(1)(ja) and the test of efficacy under section 3(d) of the Indian Patent Act, 1970. The decision generated widespread discussion and debate on affordability of life saving drugs in India for public good and impact on R&D for further innovation in pharmaceutical industry. The report covers following contents. 1. Background of the Novartis Case ❖ Fact of the case ❖ Underlying legal provisions 2. Overview of patent law in India with special focus on pharmaceutical industry 3. Supreme Court Decision in Novartis Case 4. Impact of the Supreme Court Judgement ❖ On affordability of life saving drugs ❖ On innovation for future improvement and development ❖ Overall impact on pharmaceutical industry...
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...the negative ones is perhaps the most important challenge for today. Globalization has enhanced the opportunities for success, but it has also posed new risks to developing countries. Globalization has many faces; however, globalization is first and foremost comprehended in economic and financial terms. In this sense, it may be defined as the broadening and deepening linkages of national economies into a worldwide market for goods, services and especially capital. Perhaps the most prominent face of globalization is the rapid integration of production and financial markets over the last decade; that is, trade and investment are the prime driving forces behind globalization. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been one of the core features of globalization and the world economy over the past two decades. It has grown at an unprecedented pace for more than a decade, with only a slight interruption during the recession of the early 1990s. More firms in more industries from more countries are expanding abroad through direct investment than ever before, and virtually all economies now compete to attract multinational enterprises (MNEs). This trend has been driven by the complex interaction of technological change, evolving corporate strategies towards a more global focus and major policy reform in individual countries. The past two decades have witnessed an unparalleled opening and modernization of economies in all regions, encompassing deregulation, de-mono-polization, privatization...
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...World Market Strategies for Drugs to Fight Aids Jérôme Dumoulin, Yves-Antoine Flori, Philippe Vinard, Thomas Borel Key words: AIDS; drugs; price; developing countries. Abstract Faced with a situation where the market is unstable and the political context is crucial, we propose a three-part analysis. In the first part, an overview of the chronology of the main events shows that the evolution of the price of ARVs is interlinked with numerous issues of pharmaceutical patent rights. In the second part, we analyse the positions of stakeholders: how they behave in the market and influence market regulations. In the third part, we propose three scenarios which are both simplified interpretations of stakeholders’ strategies and options for the future. The first scenario is the status quo, where prices are high. The second scenario is driven by multinational companies who work to enlarge the markets by price differentiation and product diversification. The third scenario is driven by International Organisations which achieve a political consensus to enlarge access to ARV drugs through broader international financing and a systematic opening of the market to generics. Résumé Face à une situation de marché instable où le contexte politique est primordial, nous proposons une analyse en trois parties. Dans la première partie une esquisse de la chronologie des événements montre que l’évolution des prix des 214 Economics of A I DS and Access to H I V/A I DS Care… ARV est...
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...Global Business Today 6e by Charles W.L. Hill McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 National Differences in Political Economy Introduction Question: What is the political economy of a country? A country’s political economy refers to its political, economic, and legal systems These systems are interdependent, and interact and influence each other A country’s political system has major implications for the practice of international business 2-3 Political Systems A political system is the system of government in a nation Political systems can be assessed in terms of the degree to which they emphasize collectivism as opposed to individualism in terms of the degree to which they are democratic or totalitarian 2-4 Classroom Performance System The political, economic and legal systems of a country are called a) Political systems b) Economic systems c) Legal systems d) Political economy 2-5 Collectivism and Individualism Collectivism refers to a system that stresses the primacy of collective goals over individual goals Collectivism can be traced to the ancient Greek philosopher Plato Today, socialists support collectivism When collectivism is emphasized, the needs of the society as whole are generally viewed as being more important than individual freedoms 2-6 Collectivism and Individualism Socialism Modern socialists trace their roots to Karl Marx who advocated state...
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...Comparative Country Studies Country Factbook Comparing the IT industries of Ireland and Portugal Instructor: Mr. Ritsema Date: 12.03.2015 Group 2.03 Niklas Binter S2555611 Josef Richarz S2535688 Table of Content: 1. Introduction 2. Methodology 2.1 Prime Theories and Approaches 3.2.1 Hofstede´s model of national culture 3.2.2 Porter´s diamond 3.2.3 Porter´s five forces of competition 3.2.4 The PESTEL framework 3.2.5 National Innovation Systems 3.2.6 Varieties of Capitalism Framework 2.2 Data Collection 3. The IT Industry 3.1. Description of the IT-Industry 4. Country Comparison 4.1 Macro- Level Indicators 4.1.1 Geographic Indicators 4.1.2 Demographic Indicators 4.1.3 Macro- Economic Indicators 4.2 Historical Developments relevant to the IT industry 4.3 Socio Cultural Conditions 4.3.1 Cultural Systems 4.3.2 Level of Education 4.3.3 Labor Market Regulations 4.3.4 Protectionism of Intellectual Property 4.3.5 Tax Regulations 4.4 Market/ Industry Conditions 4.4.1 Bargaining Power of Buyers and Subsidiaries 4.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 4.4.3 Threats of New Entrants 4.4.4 Competitive Rivalry 4.5 Other Contextual Conditions 4.5.1 Related and Supporting Industries 5. Major Findings of Comparison 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Trends 5.3 Recommendation 1. Introduction In general, factbooks are conducted by...
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...The creation of this organization clearly underscored the acceptance and commitment of trade liberalization by most of the international communities. Upon signing and ratifying the WTO Agreement, each member state of the WTO committed itself through a series of agreements to ultimately liberalize its trade in goods, services and trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights. Each member state signed the WTO Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes as well as the Agreement relating to the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM). This action required member states to periodically subject their national trade and economic policies for examination to ensure that their respective mandates are in keeping with the WTO’s commitments. (Strategic Plan of the Foreign Trade Division 2002). The expansion of trade has often played a significant role in the growth of the global economy since World War II, but it was not until the commencement of trade negotiations in the Uruguay Round in 1986, that multilateral trade deals tended to be limited to that of industrial countries. While developing countries benefited significantly from the growth in global trade, they were rarely active participants in the bargaining process (Economic Issues Vol. 37). At its inception, the WTO comprised of 90 member states, a figure that has since increased to 144 which together generates most of the world’s trade. The WTO as a fully fledged international organization whose...
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...Question 1: Samsung finds itself in an enviable position. Its competitive advantages in memory span all parts of the company and its production process. As seen in the graphs below, Samsung has a low Willingness to Supply (WTS) as measured by its raw materials cost of just $1.18, which is 36% lower than the competitors’ average. Its capital efficiency is superior by roughly 18% with a per unit depreciation cost of only $1.35. This efficiency largely stems from the high yield rates and productivity at Samsung, with average yields reaching 80% while competitors’ levels are in the mid 60% range. Additionally, Samsung’s quality and reliability allow it to achieve a price premium of at least 15% over its rivals. The graphs depict Samsung’s advantages in various components. To summarize, the significant price premium and the absolute advantages in terms of material sourcing and capital efficiency allow Samsung to enjoy operating margins of 24%(based on 256Mb equiv.) while other firms remain in loss territory. There are many activities at Samsung that give rise to such dominance in profitability. 1) Pricing: Samsung is able to charge higher prices mainly because of its superior quality and reliability. Typically, a faulty memory chip will cause huge losses for IT manufacturers. This makes them more willing to pay an extra dollar or two for Samsung chips compared with other memory chip makers 2) Depreciation: Samsung is able to cut down per unit depreciation costs by having...
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...healthaffairs.org/subscriptions/online.shtml Health Affairs is published monthly by Project HOPE at 7500 Old Georgetown Road, Suite 600, Bethesda, MD 20814-6133. Copyright © 2015 by Project HOPE - The People-to-People Health Foundation. As provided by United States copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code), no part of Health Affairs may be reproduced, displayed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or by information storage or retrieval systems, without prior written permission from the Publisher. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution Downloaded from content.healthaffairs.org by Health Affairs on February 29, 2016 at UNIV OF CALIFORNIA Intellectual Property & Innovation By Henry G. Grabowski, Joseph A. DiMasi, and Genia Long 10.1377/hlthaff.2014.1047 HEALTH AFFAIRS 34, NO. 2 (2015): 302–310 ©2015 Project HOPE— The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc. doi: Henry G. Grabowski (grabow@ econ.duke.edu) is a professor of economics at Duke University, in Durham, North Carolina. Joseph A. DiMasi is director of economic analysis at the Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development, Tufts University, in...
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...Core WTO Agreements: Trade in Goods and Services and Intellectual Property Arvind Panagariya Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Trade in Goods 2 2.1 The Most favored Nation Principle 5 2.2 National Treatment 7 2.3 Tariffs 9 2.4 Customs Procedures 10 2.5 Quantitative Restrictions 11 2.6 Subsidies 13 2.7 Anti-dumping 16 2.8 Safeguards: Emergency Protection 20 2.9 Trade Related Investment Measures 22 2.10 State Trading 23 2.11 Preferential Trade Areas 25 2.12 Non-application of the Agreement and Security and Environmental Exceptions 26 2.13 Government Procurement 28 3. Trade in Services 30 3.1 Scope and Definition 31 3.2 The MFN Provision 32 3.3 Market Access, National treatment and the Schedule of Specific Commitments 32 3.4 Preferential Trade Areas 34 3.5 Mutual Recognition of Qualifications 36 3.6 Transparency, Domestic Regulation and the Status of Monopolies and Exclusive Service Suppliers 37 3.7 Restrictions to Safeguard the Balance of Payments 39 3.8 General and Security Exceptions 39 3.9 Issues for Future Negotiations: Emergency Safeguards, Subsidies and Government Procurement 40 3.10 Developing-Country-Specific Provisions 40 3.10 Other Provisions 41 3.11 Annexes 42 4. Intellectual Property Rights 43 4.1 General Obligations and Basic Principles 44 4.2 IP Standards 44 4.3 Enforcement 46 4.4 Dispute Settlement and Transition Arrangements 46 1. Introduction Prior to...
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...growing major economies, since its economy reform in 1978. It is seen as a second – largest economy according to GDP and PPP, and China is the both the largest exporter and importer across the world. Also, China is seen a nuclear weapons state and has the world’s largest standing army in the world, besides, China is the member of many formal and informal multilateral organizations including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM and the G-20. The inflation rate of China has increased stably over ten years, even if there are big strikes, financial tsunami in and 2009 respectively, and its inflation rate dropped to – 0.68 percentages. The average inflation rate is 3.421, which is not too high in comparison of other countries. The GDP of China has increased over the past ten years, the highest is 14.2 percentages in 2007, and the lowest is 3.80 percentages in 2009, in which the financial tsunami occurred. The GDP in previous year is 7.70 percentages and the actual is 7.40 percentages. And the growth of GDP of China arranges number two in world currently. So, it reflects that the economy of china is good across the world. Exchange rate of Yuen for USD has appreciated over ten years; in 2005 the exchange rate is eight Yuen for 1 USD, which is high. From 2005 to 2008, it indicates almost 6.8 Yuen for 1 USD. The value of Yuen appreciated significantly during these five years. Nowadays, it requires about 6.2 Yuen that can exchange 1 USD. The...
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...is sphere, however the world can still be considered as flat because of the blessings of Information Technology. In the last fifty years or so, the world has been moving so fast technologically that an enormous demand for IT has developed globally. In light of the outsourcing phenomenon, Bangladesh should leapfrog into the ICT Sector. Bangladesh has some competitive advantages over other outsourcing options (China and India) in terms of its potential population in the ICT sector. Unfortunately in Bangladesh, there are technology challenges caused by the country’s infrastructure problems. Some of these problems include poor telecommunication facilities, few software development firms in country (to help develop local talent and expertise), and lack of eGovernance policies. One positive is that the country is now linked with the submarine cable, which will help facilitate better internet and telecommunications connections and help enable further technical development. There are many opportunities for ICT professionals in Bangladesh to prosper through outsourcing, similar to the India. Every year, Bangladesh is producing approximately 4,200 ICT graduates from both private and public universities. In a previous post, we had discussed the imbalance between the current international job market and...
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...Readers are encouraged to quote and reproduce this material for educational, not-for-profit purposes, provided the source is acknowledged. Printed on 100% post-consumer recycled paper. Trade and Environment: A Resource Book The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD, http://www.iisd.org) contributes to sustainable development by advancing policy recommendations on international trade and investment, economic policy, climate change, measurement and assessment, and natural resources management. Through the Internet, we report on international negotiations and share knowledge gained through collaborative projects with global partners, resulting in more rigorous research, capacity building in developing countries and better dialogue between North and South. IISD’s vision is better living for all—sustainably; its mission is to champion innovation, enabling societies to live sustainably. IISD is registered as a charitable organization in Canada and has...
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