GLOBAL BUSINESS CULTURAL ANALYSIS: MALAYSIA
HSUEN YAN WONG
LIBERTY UNIVERSITY

Abstract
Globalization has simultaneously created global interdependence among nations of the world. Every nation is different from the other. The difference has formed barrier in trade, communication, value and custom. The objective of this paper is to study the factors impacting business in Malaysia and implication of the United States business in Malaysia. Developing countries are typically having more potential for foreign investment because they want to achieve the goal of developed country which is prosperous and fully industrialized. Malaysia is a diversified and humanities rich country from as being offshore destination. Malaysia is classified as upper middle income developing country due to its GNI per capita of $8420 as of 2011 according to World Bank data (2012). Malaysia is determining and rapidly moving to its goal of achieving National Vision 2020 as a fully developed country by year 2020 with its investor friendly business environment.

Global Business Cultural Analysis: Malaysia
Globalization has simultaneously created global interdependence among nations of the world. Every nation is different from the other. The difference has formed barrier in trade, communication, value and custom. The objective of this paper is to study the factors impacting business in Malaysia and implication of the United States business in Malaysia. Developing countries are typically having more potential for foreign investment because they want to achieve the goal of developed country which is prosperous and fully industrialized. Malaysia is a diversified and humanities rich country from as being offshore destination. Malaysia is classified as upper middle income developing country due to its GNI per capita of $8420 as of 2011 according to World Bank data (2012). Malaysia is determining and rapidly moving to its goal of achieving National Vision 2020 as a fully developed country by year 2020 with its investor friendly business environment.
What are the major elements and dimensions of culture in this region?
Introduction
The research project direction and main objectives are in compliance of global business cultural analysis requirements with integration of Christianity viewpoint.
Research project direction. The research project direction intents the reader to be able comprehensively answer the following questions: * What are the major elements and dimensions of culture in this region? * How are these elements and dimensions integrated by locals conducting business in the nation? * How do both of the above items compare with US culture and business? * What are the implications for US businesses that wish to conduct business in that region?
Major objectives. The major objectives of this research project include identifying the macro impacts of political, economic, social, and cultural in Malaysia business throughout the history to present, assessing the actual conduct of business in Malaysia with the macro impacts, comparing Malaysia and US business cultures, assessing the future opportunities and requirements for US businesses that wish to conduct business in Malaysia by applying SWOT analysis, and integrating biblical concepts into the analysis.
Christian viewpoint on international business. Businesspeople face biblical challenge especially on the international stage merely due to the divergence. The purpose to include Christianity at the global marketplace is to provide guidelines to the businesspeople by applying God’s love and wisdom.
Country Information British colonization had deeply impacted and set forth to date’s Malaysia. Strategic location for trade routes and appearance of two other main ethnicities in Malaysia are profoundly related to British colonization. Malaysia was colony of British due to its rich natural and raw resources and strategic location for trade routes.
Country geography. Malaysia is located near the equator in Southeast Asia and divided into two distinct parts of the peninsular East Malaysia and Borneo island West Malaysia. East Malaysia is surrounded by Malacca Strait at the west and South China Sea at the east and is situated in between east and west of the world which is strategic location and capable of facilitating international trade with it world class ports.
Country ethnic composition. Malaysia is a multi ethnicity society. The three main ethnicities with composition order are Malay, Chinese, and Indian. Malay is the native while appearance of Chinese and Indian was originated from labor importation while Malaysia was under colonization of British. China and India were exploited before Malaysia and skillful labor force was needed for mine and plantation related work in Malaysia that natives were not well in. Being native and largest ethnicity, Malays with their cultural custom are superiorly preservative in political and economic developments. There are other aboriginal ethnicities in Malaysia that are not active and only involve in agricultural activity and experience most poverty.
Communication
Communication allows people to interact. In business world, communication is vitally used among the stakeholders to plan, negotiate, and contract. Unfortunately, every nation has its own language which could potentially create confusion if not understood. Understanding the difference is essential for smooth transaction.
Verbal communication differences. Being multi ethnic society, various languages are spoken in Malaysia, but Malay is the official language and mandatory in the educational system. However, the rich humanities histories are still preserved in Chinese and Indian. Chinese in Malaysia speak a variety of Chinese dialects including Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, and Teochew. On the other hand, Tamil is most common language in Indian community in Malaysia. English has been very commonly used in larger cities of Malaysia where there are the nation elite professionals at and more foreigners in contact with locals
Non-verbal communication differences. Malaysia government decided that Malaysia has to recover from the British colonization and therefore formalized Malay as the national or official language of Malaysia to encourage nationalism and originality. Nevertheless, Law of Malaysia Act 32 prescribed the National Language Acts 1963/67 which states the “use of English may be permitted” specifically in Section four and five ("National Language Act 1963/67," 2006). Regardless, “English has remained the normative language of corporate business in Malaysia, largely because of the legacy of use in colonial British enterprise and traditional links with the English-speaking world” (Nair-Venugopal, 2001, p. 21-22).
Political Structure
The political structure in Malaysia includes each of the ethnicities although the participation is outnumbered by Malays but at the least provides balance for the society. Government structure and composition. Malaysia was deeply impacted with post colonial governmental system from British which is the democratic parliamentary system, yet ethnic element plays an important role in the system. According to Arakaki (2008), “this hybrid arrangement arose from an ethnic nationalism strategy designed to give the indigenous Malays a privileged standing while at the same time including non-Malays (Chinese and Indians)” (p. 314). National Front coalition holds the majority of parliamentary seats in the current government which is a multi party system and whose major parties are maintained by the three ethnicities: United Malays National Organization (UMNO), Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), and Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC). Malaysia’s politics has been relatively stable, but there were three peaceful Bersih (clean) rallies calling for clean election and government that were endorsed by People Pact Coalition and additional non-governmental organizations (O’shannassy, 2012).
Economy
According to Buckley (2009), “business history and international business are cognate subjects” (p. 307). Understanding the nation of interest’s economic history is crucial for future investment planning.
Economic history. Malaysia has experienced stages of transformation from major exporter of agricultural product, natural resources, and raw material to labor intensive provider of manufacturing and packaging in electronics and semiconductors and to current high value added activity and knowledge driven economy. In 1997, financial crisis hit Asia and Malaysia Ringgit was losing its value. The government had turned down financial assistance from International Monetary Fund (IMF) but introduced capital control to stop the loss by fixing exchange rate of MYR 3.80 to USD 1. “The banking crisis of the late 1980s in Malaysia had led to stricter prudential regulation that limited the vulnerability of the banking system to crisis. Stricter prudential regulation and supervision of borrowing from abroad limited the extent of Malaysia’s financial crisis in 1997-1998. Hence, Malaysia avoided the forced closure of banks and financial institutions that occurred in Indonesia, Thailand, and Korea, thus sparing bank depositors from absorbing the losses they were forced to bear in the other three economies (Sundaram, 2006, p. 499).” To date, Malaysia has restored its economics to a satisfactory state and the fixed exchange rate has been removed.
Economic outlook. According to Ho and Rashid (2011), improvement in telecommunication and skill and knowledge are inversely related to FDI flows because increase in costs of labor as skills improved, might deter foreign investments which is illustrated FDI flows into Malaysia have decreased in recent years with more advanced telecommunication system. “Inexpensive labor force is decisive in stimulating and attracting FDI inflows in a particular country. Hence this would attract more FDI inflows as some investors and foreign firms would prefer investing in a country which has a relatively low wage cost” (Ho and Rashid, 2011, p. 224). Malaysia is slowly shifting its industry concentration to high value added activity and tourism industry. Tourism industry generates national income upon tourists’ arrival and introduces the nation to greater world to potentially attract more investorss. Open of first Legoland Malaysia and in Asia in 2012 illustrates the attraction of foreign to Malaysia. The establishment of Spirit AeroSystems Malaysia in 2009 was exemplary of high value added activity launched in Malaysia. Malaysia’s economic potential and socioeconomic openness have created investor friendly environment.
Social Structures and Organizations
The development and improvement of various aspects in society have raisedd Malaysians’ standard of living and provided positive outlook internationally.
Malaysia social structure and organizations. Malaysia still experiences some poverty but social status of the people has been heightened over the years. Generally, Chinese are wealthier and involve more in business and private sectors; Indian are considered in middle to upper class and involve in service industry of doctor and lawyer; while the indigenous Malays are either at the bottom as who involve in agricultural activities or has preferential treatment advantage over the Chinese and Indian in Malaysia and of which majority are well spread in governmental and public sectors but also in business and service industry due to the quota system which certain number is given to Malay participation. Although recent years, Malays have grown more confidence that preferential treatment is suggested to be removed as they believe they are as competence as the rest of ethnicities.
Religion and Cultural Custom
Religion and cultural custom show the value and behavioral direction of the people in a nation. They have to be accounted for to avoid conflict and at the same time create business opportunities.
Background and information. Islam is the official religion in Malaysia, but the Malaysia constitution theoretically guarantees the religious freedom. Therefore, Chinese in Malaysia still practice historic Buddhism or Taoism and Indian practice Hinduism while Malays are Muslims as defined in the constitution. Other than the four religions, there are Chinese and Indian Christians in Malaysia. Muslims, Buddhists, Taoists, and Hindus are all family oriented and true believer of respecting the elder in the family.
Religious practices and cultural custom that impact business. Malays are attracted by tangible rewards but material pursuits are against Islamic ideology. Religious matter is insignificant to Chinese. Chinese’s perspective on business is to work for wealth. It is more towards financial attraction and religion is more likely a superstitious mentality which is irrelevant to business. Hindus believe in Karma and have fear to God. According to Rashid and Ho (2003), “Indian are speedy and have a high level of resourcefulness by which plans are made, decided upon and implemented very quickly; heavy reliance on informal sources of information, even rumors; high level of interpersonal trust at senior levels (especially among family members or members of the same community); and result orientation” (p. 77). Education Malaysia’s educational system has adopted postcolonial British educational system with difference of ethnic factor.
Malaysia’s educational system. The school system has been designed to facilitate the multi ethnic Malaysia. Mother language of each ethnicity was used as communication medium by the teacher in the respective ethnic primary (US grade school equivalent) and secondary (US junior and high school equivalent) school with the condition that Malay is mandatory subject. But English is the communication medium in college and university. The current educational system has introduced Science as an additional mandatory subject and both Mathematics and Science will be taught in English. The Ministry of Education has come to realization that students took it hard on conversion at such late age and Mathematics and Science are stressed indicates another transformation to knowledge bases industry. Malaysia educational system is unlike the US; US educational system encourages creativity in students. And English will be taught since grade one instead of grade three. The three changes have indicated that Malaysia is prepping the future generation for global competition. The literacy of the nation has constant increase over past couple decades and there is more involvement from Malay women in workforce.
Ethics
Ethics is moral principles or standards within individual. Each ethnicity in Malaysia has distinctive cultural custom where individual’s ethical consideration is based upon the cultural custom.
Ethical considerations in Malaysia’s business. In most developing countries, international labor standards are not properly enforced. There is no proper education of business ethics; therefore the ethical consideration is merely personal standpoint and viewpoint. For instance, Malaysia has not had minimum wage restriction until 2012 and occupational safety and health is not strongly imposed. Worker was paid according to the weight of duty and market price.
Ethical concerns for American businesspeople in international trade. Ethical issue is a challenge to the US investors. Bribery, corruption and violation of workers’ right still exists in many nations. International Trade Administration emphasizes fair trade and enforces with law and regulations. Moreover, the social responsibility thrust of business ethics is necessary and must be anchored to its source of spiritual responsibility (Chakraborty, 1997).

How are these elements and dimensions integrated by locals conducting business in the nation?
Impact and Integration of Communication in Local Business
According to Nair-Venugopal (2001), “nowhere, is the use of English more entrenched in Malaysia than in the private-sector domains of corporate business and industry,” even Malay is the official language, but in order to communicate efficiently, English remains an important second language in Malaysia.
Impact and Integration of Government in Local Business
Vision 2020 is Malaysia’s goal to be a fully developed country and all its citizens will prosper regardless of ethnicities by 2020 but because of the nature of Malaysia’s political leadership and poverty still affects a substantial number of Bumiputera (native Malay), Bumiputera will mostly have the privilege and be favored for economic advancement. The purpose of changes in educational system is to increase Malaysians’ competency and ultimately eliminate poverty.
Impact and Integration of Ethics and Social Elements in Local Business
Conflicting duties, loyalties or interests create moral dilemmas requiring decisions to be made. Ethical decision-making involves the ability to discern right from wrong along with the commitment to do what is right. Bribery and corruption are still perpetuated among government officials as facilitation payment to prompt process of request but it is not as worst as other notorious corrupted governments. The people of Malaysia are actually actively engaging in activity advocating the government clean up.
Impact and Integration of Religions and Cultural Custom in Local Business
All Malaysians disregard of ethnicity seek harmony in business. Malays adapt a more relaxing work style and the religion requires them to pray five times a day and fast between sunrise to sunset in the month of Ramadan which they only consume Halal food. Some Buddhists are vegetarian but not Taoist. Hindus do not consume beef but daily products from cow are acceptable. The restrictions require understanding and attention for successful business. Businesspeople in Malaysia will accept the Malay workers for from work 10 to 15 minutes three times a day for prayer. Fasting might induce limited physical ability of Malay workers during the month of Ramadan.
How do both of the above items compare with US culture and business? Compare US and Malaysia communication
Malay is the official language in Malaysia. However, according to Mandal (2000), English has expanded vigorously following globalization in the 1990s in the corporate sector, technology, education, and social life of major urban centers and in postcolonial Malaysia. English is the language of globalization and denotes transnational transaction. English, as the official language of the United States, is commonly used in Malaysia; it definitely helps reducing language barrier for the US investors to explore business opportunity in Malaysia. Compare US and Malaysia government intervention Special Taskforce to Facilitate Business, PEMUDAH (facilitator in English translation) and Malaysia government agency, Malaysian Industrial Development Authority are established to assist local and foreign investors and businesses in Malaysia. Their existences are to smooth establishment process and trade issues. As Malaysia economy relies heavily on trade, having uncomplicated process and trade arbitrator are definitely one of the attractiveness to investors. The purpose of trade is to fulfill one’s shortage while boosting economic growth. Both countries work to maximize the benefits of open markets for global economic development and improve access for goods and services abroad. Current Malaysia Prime Minister Najib Razak has displayed the urge to make foreign policy a priority and have worked for cordial relations with the Obama administration. According to Khalid (2011), Najib has been perceived as more eager to please the US and comply with Washington’s requests because the United States has historically been the largest source of FDI to Malaysia which is obvious as Najib is not comfortable engaging issues pertaining to Islam/Islamic discourse and more selective in extending its relations with Muslim countries. Recent years, Malaysia has faced declining investment from American companies due to the competition from regional neighbors, but Malaysia has tended to transform and seek for investments in the defense and aerospace industries. Compare US and Malaysia ethics and social elements Quoted from Hurn (2008), “in emerging markets and in less developed countries, business is often primarily a question of attempting to balance opportunity and risk, particularly in those markets where there is strong evidence of corruption and human rights abuse” (p. 351). Multinational companies (MMCs) with strong ethical values have choices of withdrawing or influencing. Malaysia has been beneficial from ones that remain and benchmarking to approach the standard as most MNCs from the US are strict with corporate ethics code of conduct, but still behind US standards mainly due to lack of awareness in workers’ welfare and environment. The Malaysian government has established The Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) by Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission Act 2008 (Act 694) to prevent corruption by officials and foreign businesses are asked to report any individual who ask for payment in return for government services. This is a positive action by the government to attract foreign investors. Compare US and Malaysia Religions and Custom US is somewhat diversified for the vast number of immigrants but majority is Christian. In the US, celebration of Thanksgiving and Christmas are important to the family. In Malaysia, each ethnicity has different celebration. Malays celebrate fast breaking after month of Ramadan and friends and relatives are all invited eat together. Chinese celebrate lunar Chinese New Year in Malaysia. On the first day of lunar year calendar, Chinese would dress in new clothes and greet the married elders in family, relatives, and friends. A red packet with money will be given by the married elder. The red packet symbolizes luck. Indian celebrate Deepavali in Malaysia. Deepavali means festival of light, symbolizes return and victory of God over evil. Sweets and gifts will be distributing on the day. The celebration of Malay is more religious while for Chinese and Indian, they are more of a superstition. But these three celebrations are federalized as holiday in Malaysia which presents significance to the nation. Ultimately, both nations show their care for the family and friends. Elderly in Malaysia typically has priority while in the US, child and woman are placed before the elderly. Brief summary of the Hofstede Analysis Top down management is most common in Malaysia which dictates Malaysians are self conscious on Power Distance. Malaysia is family oriented and therefore is not an individualism society. Malaysia is masculine rather than feminine as Malaysia is aggressive to achieve National Vision 2020 through poverty reduction and economic growth. Malaysia is Malay dominance and Malay is more relaxing and has low preference on uncertainty avoidance. Malaysia’s National Vision 2020 has indicated its long term orientation. What are the implications for US businesses that wish to conduct business in that region? Foreign investment decisions Portfolio investment suitability. Malaysia current healthy economic performance is suitable to portfolio investment. Increased foreign portfolio investment leads to greater liquidity in the capital market, also means better access to financing at lower cost of capital which is crucial to support economic activity. The pro-active government policy instills investor confidence in the Malaysian financial markets. National Bank Malaysia fully acknowledges the merits of portfolio investment, while at the same time keeping an eye on its drawbacks. In particular, closely monitors any potential risks that might adversely affect investor confidence in the financial market. The ability to detect such risks at an early stage helps it to act swiftly by undertaking appropriate and pre-emptive policy measures to address and mitigate their implications on the Malaysian economy (Duasa and Kassim, 2009).
Greenfield investment suitability. Greenfield investment has been common since Malaysia becomes export oriented manufacturing industry and is ideal since Malaysia has confident economy due to supportive government policies, educated workforce, developed infrastructure, vibrant business environment, welcoming society, and all at lower cost. Liberal Equity Policy June 2003, foreign investors could hold 100% of the equity in al investments in new projects and 2009 when the 30 percents Malay ownership requirement is removed but it does not apply to government privatization businesses (Burton, 2009). Investors does not need search for domestic partnership and are able to set up business individually.
Mergers and acquisitions suitability. “Merger and acquisition activities involve reallocation of resources within an economy. The objective is not only to achieve economies of scale, but also to ensure that corporate assets are channeled towards their best possible uses.” Mergers and acquisitions are encouraged in Malaysia banking sector after the 1997 Asian Financial crisis in order to effectively compete with the performances from the developed countries. In addition, most mergers and acquisitions deals in Malaysia are the acquisition of undervalued assets which are indeed good deals for investors. Mergers and acquisitions are a quick solution to entry barriers. By mergers and acquisitions, the investors have access to the brand name and assets of the company. Analysis of business differences between US and Malaysia
Strengths of Malaysia business practices. Malaysia has shown its strengths by the capability to transform processing based industry to manufacturing exporter. Malaysia is populated with a multi-lingual and educated workforce, facilitated with extensive infrastructure of ports, highways, railroads, airports, and telecommunication. Malaysia is the world’s major producer of rubber, palm oil, tin, petroleum, timber, natural gas, and crude oil.
Weaknesses of Malaysia business practices. A complex mix of liberal and illiberal economic policies has led to rapid economic growth but “retarded technological development, leaving Malaysia in mediocrity which is neither price competitive with China nor technologically competitive with Singapore” (Ritchie, 2005, p. 745). Reform is required to resolve the dilemma as former Prime Minister Dr. Mahathir emphasized the importance of resiliency. Opportunities of Malaysia business development. The budget deficit of the nation urges government to seek for income. The openness of society promotes and accepts foreign appearance. Malaysia has lower cost of living and inflation rate but still maintains standard of living than of other in the region, for instance, Singapore.
Threats to Malaysia business. The threat to Malaysia business is perhaps the different competitions from neighboring nations in the region. Emerging low wage economic competition from China and Vietnam, Malaysia responded by notably building a strong information technology sector for capital accumulation in a globalizing world (Chin, 2000). However on the other hand, Malaysia is facing strong technological and research and development competition from the very neighboring country Singapore. Continuous increase in exchange rate could possibly erode export competiveness. Thoughts for the Christian businessperson operating in Malaysia
Opportunities for Christian Growth. Although Malaysia is a custom cultural heavy nation with predominately Muslims in addition with Buddhists, Taoists, and Hindus but Christianity is not uncommon and any religion’s teaching is to cultivate good intention in its believer. As faithful Christian businesspeople in a nation with different religion domination, respect to the other religions and cultures is very important. The generosity and understanding will encourage the courtesy and interest from host nation in understanding Christianity. Good teaching of Gospel can be applied in shaping corporate social responsibility.
Christian Values at Global Business. Areas of concentration suggestively include the importance of stakeholders’ family which is hardly included in Malaysian’s business culture. 1 Timothy 5:8 verse anyone does not provide for his relatives, and especially for members of his household, he has denied the faith and is worse than an unbeliever. Proverbs 19:1 verse better is a poor person who walks in his integrity than one who is crooked in speech and is a fool. One should not conduct bribery act for personal profit even bribery is not uncommon in foreign nation.
Conclusion and Future Study
This paper is a basic study of international business in diversified nation Malaysia involving various aspects. As a conclusion, Malaysia possesses investment potential but the opportunities for Christian growth are minimal. One in Malaysia would consider spreading word of God publicly is aggressive and invasive. Tolerance and gentle approach is more penetrating encouragement. Additional research can be done in each aspect for more in depth understanding.

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