...Lancaster gives her definition of development as “the freedom to choose a fulfilling life” and suggest that international development has managed to reduce poverty to some extent but there is going to be a shift in development as different sectors and groups come up with different conclusion of what development is. Though poverty has been reduced in some countries like China and India were there has been economic growth, Cohen argues that some African countries are still in poverty such as Somalia, Iraq and Congo. This maybe because some African leaders are only interested in personal gain. DRC president has been found to spend a lot of money on himself while his country has “a per capita gross domestic product of around $1 700”. Because of such governments who have failed to be responsible for their countries poverty in Africa is going to remain a big issue. International development was basically formed after the 2nd world war when wealthy countries thought of how to increase growth and reduce poverty in poorer countries. Rich countries started to assist poor countries with their economic growth, though the motive was to acquire some raw materials and to increase their export sales and make sure decolonisation rans smoothly. Assistance came through the government or other institutions, as poorer countries become more dependent on Aid wealthy countries stared to lose interest and the official development assistance started to drop. The 21st century saw the rise of some aid...
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...the late 19th century as direct consequences of industrial capitalism and engaged Europe, the US and Japan in a competitive struggle for markets and territorial control. 2 Actually, structures of exploitation mean exploit a country by using certain level of strategies. In old imperialism, firstly they enter a country by colonized them, secondly they produced and exported manufactured goods in exchange for raw materials, minerals and other industrial inputs or consumer commodities their colonies. Imperialist dominated all the resources in colonial countries where this is way allowing them to accumulate capital3 via ‘unequal exchange 4and unequal development. According to James Petras, there are no differences in new imperialism and old imperialism. But there are some differences, which are in new imperialism, there more focus on development as a form of imperialism. There is still existing of structure exploitation in new imperialism where developing countries are dominated by multinational corporations. In addition, most developing countries where introduced and practice the neo-liberalism system which is also a part of structure exploitation. Neo-liberalism benefited and makes richer the capitalist as much as possible while the developing countries remain underdeveloped. Industrialization is a process of transition from agriculture sector to industry sector where there are consists of two parties, capitalist and workers. The events that led to the adoption of industrialization...
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...century as direct consequences of industrial capitalism and engaged Europe, the US and Japan in a competitive struggle for markets and territorial control. [2] Actually, structures of exploitation mean exploit a country by using certain level of strategies. In old imperialism, firstly they enter a country by colonized them, secondly they produced and exported manufactured goods in exchange for raw materials, minerals and other industrial inputs or consumer commodities their colonies. Imperialist dominated all the resources in colonial countries where this is way allowing them to accumulate capital[3] via ‘unequal exchange [4]and unequal development. According to James Petras, there are no differences in new imperialism and old imperialism. But there are some differences, which are in new imperialism, there more focus on development as a form of imperialism. There is still existing of structure exploitation in new imperialism where developing countries are dominated by multinational corporations. In addition, most developing countries where introduced and practice the neo-liberalism system which is also a part of structure exploitation. Neo-liberalism benefited and makes richer the capitalist as much as possible while the developing countries remain underdeveloped. Industrialization is a process of transition from agriculture sector to industry sector where there are consists of two parties, capitalist and workers. The events that led to the adoption of industrialization...
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...Contents Question 1: “You can’t tell consumers that the low price they are paying on that fax machine is somehow unfair. They’re not concerned with the profits of some company. To them, it’s just a great bargain and they want it to continue.” Do you agree with this statement? Do you think that people from different cultures would respond differently to this statement? Explain your answers. 2 Question 3: “Companies should use investment entry modes whenever possible because they offer the greatest control over business operation.” Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Are there times when other types of market entry offer greater control? When is investment entry a poor option? 4 Question 4: Identify the three business level strategies. Describe how they differ from one another. 6 Cost leadership strategy 6 Segmentation Strategy 6 Differentiation Strategy 7 Question 5: Some people believe the rise of regional trading blocs threatens free trade progress made by the WTO. Do you agree? Why or why not? 9 References 10 Question 1: “You can’t tell consumers that the low price they are paying on that fax machine is somehow unfair. They’re not concerned with the profits of some company. To them, it’s just a great bargain and they want it to continue.” Do you agree with this statement? Do you think that people from different cultures would respond differently to this statement? Explain your answers. I agree with the statement “You can’t...
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...importance of the international trade for China’s development With the development of the technology and the cooperation among the varieties countries,international trade is playing a irreplaceable role in the world stages.China has achieved a great development since participated in World Trade Organization(WTO).Therefore, I want to express some of my opinions about the importance of the international trade for China’s development.Obviously, we can divide two parts of China’s international trade since,1949 .On the one hand,Chinese economy is likely to a self-sufficient society which is from 1949 to 1978.On the other hand,China has taken a policy which named Opening and Reform, China began to do international trade with all the countries.Compare to the self-sufficient society period, we have witnessed a great development and experienced a lot of benefit that brought by the international trade since 1978,so I will use some examples and my daily experiences to support the importance for the China’s development.First of all ,international trade can meet most of the needs of China’s economy.Besides this advantages,international trade can offer a higher life quality for all kinds of Chinese.Last but the most important ,international trade can make a great contribution to the continuing development of China.Based on these three reasons,I do believe that Chinese will decrease misunderstanding to international trade and gradually realize the importance of international trade for the whole...
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...International business, corporate social responsibility and sustainable development This article discusses the issue of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the sustainable development which associate with international business (IB) and the multinational enterprises (MNEs) role in these matters. The social and environmental problems caused by international business have emerged for a period, however, they only being seen as an important issue under the pressure of global problems such as climate change, poverty, human rights violation and HIV. In this situation, MNEs have to play an appropriate role using their global activities and influences as these issues exist as both a problem and an opportunity for MNEs. In the modern globalization era, the landscape of international business is no longer like a decade ago or past few decades. Therefore, MNEs will need to adjust their internationalization strategy to better suit with today’s globalization challenges. CSR is now considered something to be taken into account in MNEs in order to compete better in market. CSR activities are gradually become important as they influence the core business of the firm and determine firm’s ability to grow, earn profit and sustain in the tough environment. Some firms are actually work hard with CSR in order to get the competitive advantages in managing international operation or earning a ‘pass’ to operate business in countries with different cultures and values or different institutional...
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...International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT), 2008, Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp. 49-65. The Internet in developing countries: a medium of economic, cultural and political domination Abdulkafi Albirini University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA ABSTRACT The last decade has witnessed an unprecedented diffusion of network technologies into developing countries. The technological discourse attending this diffusion has presented the new media as a utopian, egalitarian and empowering tool with the potential of ushering in a new era of development, democracy, and positive cultural change. This paper examines the economic, cultural, and political effects of the Internet within the historical context of developing countries. The paper traces the politically-inspired evolution of the Internet, its transfer into developing countries, and the economic, cultural, and political consequences of this transfer. Existing data indicate that the implementation of the Internet in most developing countries has served as a drain to the local resources, thus exacerbating their economic dependency on foreign nations. On a cultural level, the Internet’s predominantly Western design, content, and language have facilitated the proliferation of alien cultural patterns at the expense of the social experiences of the local cultures. Lastly, the Internet’s build-in tracking capabilities and its current manipulation for political purposes on international...
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...------------------------------------------------- The development of the classical theories of international trade between countries March 30, 2016 Danel Louw 17752302 March 30, 2016 Danel Louw 17752302 Contents Introduction 1 1 Mercantilism 2 2 Absolute Advantage 2 3 Comparative Advantage 3 4 Factor Proportions 4 5 Bibliography 6 * * Introduction International trade may seem simple. It is simply the exchange of goods between two people or entities from two different countries. People trade because they get some kind of benefit in the transaction. Sometimes it is something that they need and sometimes it is something that they desire. International trade it is not always that simple. There is a lot of theory, business strategy and policy behind it. International trade can be described in many different ways. There are many different theories, classical and modern, that we use to describe International trade. Mercantilism Mercantilism was developed in the sixteenth century. It was the first effort in developing an economic theory at the time. This theory stated that a country’s wealth was determined by the amount of its gold and silver holdings (Anonymous, 2012). Mercantilists believed that a country should increase its holdings of gold and silver by promoting exports and discouraging imports. In other words the government would use policies to encourage exports while restricting imports. They would do this by rewarding merchants...
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...REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL FORUM ON WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BEIJING, CHINA 9 – 11 NOVEMBER 2011 BACKGROUND International Forum on Women and Sustainable Development was organized by the All China Women’s Federation in Beijing, China. The All-China Women’s Federation (ACWF) was founded on April 3rd, 1949. It is a mass organization of Chinese women of all ethnic groups in all walks of life, striving for women’s advancement. Its mission is to represent and safeguard women’s rights and interests and to promote equality between women and men. ACWF is also a member of the National Working Committee on Women and Children under the State Council. It is in consultative status with the ECOSOC of the United Nations. INTRODUCTION Sustainable development, as a visionary development paradigm shift, represents a big step forward in the progress of human society. It demonstrates the resolve and efforts of people around the world to ensure sound development and the well-being of the current and future generations. Sustainable development can neither be achieved nor sustained without the participation of women who are an important driving force. The United Nations and member states have already initiated different kinds of activities to prepare for the Rio+20 Summit. Both sustainable development and empowerment of women are considered a priority of the United Nations in 2011. As such, it is of special significance to reflect women’s needs and concerns and heed women’s...
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...Brett Burt SWK-414 International Social Development Session 3 2010. APA Date submitted: 17th December 2010. via EASTS I, Brett Burt, have read and understood the Charles Sturt University Plagiarism Policy. I declare that this assignment is my own original work and represents my intellectual property. It does not contain the work of others without appropriate reference being made. Essay Question ‘Critically discuss the meaning of international social work and social development and demonstrate your understanding of the integrated perspectives approach by analysing and applying to an issue such as local level development, poverty, post conflict reconstructions, forced displacement.’ International social work seems to mean different things to different people in different communities, across the globe. Even the term ‘social work’ is often hard to pin down in the Western tradition. The first ‘constant’ seems to be the history of the development of social work in Britain after the Industrial Revolution and then across the western world predominantly in the United States. Second, social work as a profession arose as the result of the issues thrown up by the Industrial Revolution, such as mass movements away from rural based living, agricultural jobs reduced, with massive technological innovations commencing as far back as the development of the steam engine. Third, social work as a profession is united by its values which are social justice and a need to...
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...economic systems are, by their nature, resistant to economic development through international trade. In this modern age of globalization, where capital can cross the national borders so easily and the investment funds can be pulled from one country to another in order to respond to new business opportunities, economic development is attainable in the most of the countries. However, the economic development depends on the certain kinds of cultures, political and economic systems. In general for any country to reach an economic development there are few conditions to be met such as stable government, no corruption and friendly culture. In other words, economic development is “affected by those intangibles that are collectively known as culture” (Francis & Hezel). Max Weber in the early 20th century offered a different view on how cultural and even religious values impact the economic output. “He argued that the Protestant work ethic, supported by Reformation teachings that the pursuit of wealth was a duty, inculcated the virtues needed for maximum economic productivity. For this reason, Protestants were more productive than Catholics throughout Europe-just think of Germany and Great Britain, for instance, compared to Ireland, Spain, Portugal and Italy in his day.” (Francis & Hezel). The question is why some countries do very well, while others fail to develop, even when there are help to support their development? For example the African nations, are given so much aid to develop...
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...Companies globalize in order to target a larger market. With a larger market, companies can increase their profit from the services and products that that would be accessible to a higher number of consumers. To go global, companies must begin with a strategic plan and then move on to full implementation. They must also develop a knowledge base through marketing research to ensure that that the right choices are being made. Companies must also concentrate on market entry through exporting and other low-cost, low-risk international expansions alternatives. With globalization comes great opportunity for growth but also the many challenges of entering brand new markets. CEO’s and marketing executives face marketing decisions that can affect the future of the company for many years to come. They must employ strategic planning to match new markets with products and corporate resources more effectively and efficiently to strengthen the company’s long term competitive advantage (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2010). Daily decisions then fit into the company’s overall strategic marketing goals. Companies that implement a formal strategic planning process will increase profitability as well as improve various nonfinancial objectives. The first step of the strategic planning process is assessment and adjustment of core strategy. This begins by defining the business that the strategy is being developed for. Companies must understand exactly the business that is being conducted before...
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...7 8 9 40 1 2 3 4 5 6 711 8 J. International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, Vol. 3, No. 1/2, 2006 Sustaining competitive advantage in the global petrochemical industry: a Saudi Arabian perspective Salem M. Al-Ghamdi Department of Management and Marketing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, P.O. Box 667, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia E-mail: sghamdi@kfupm.edu.sa M. Sadiq Sohail* Department of Management and Marketing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, PO Box 210, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia E-mail: ssohail@kfupm.edu.sa E-mail: sadiqsohail@hotmail.com *Corresponding author Abstract: This paper analyses the competitive advantages of Saudi Arabia in the global petrochemical industry. Porter’s model is used for this purpose. Saudi Arabia, a leading producer of oil, is also the largest worldwide producer of a number of petrochemical products. Competitiveness in the global market demands an examination of comparative advantages and is the reason why Saudi Arabia is yet to succeed in the global market. This paper is an attempt to analyse the industry and to provide strategic alternatives. Keywords: petrochemical; Porter; Saudi Arabia; strategy. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Al-Ghamdi, S.M. and Sadiq Sohail, M. (2006) ‘Sustaining competitive advantage in the global petrochemical industry: a Saudi Arabian perspective’, Journal for International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, Vol. 3, No. 1/2, pp.4–17. Biographical...
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...William Welch ECS3013 – International Economic Development Professor Bullman Introduction Haiti covers a total of 27, 750 sq. km in the Caribbean between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean. Bordering the Dominican Republic to the west, Haiti is also one-third of the island of Hispaniola. The mountains in Haiti cause the terrain to be mainly rough and the climate to be semiarid in the East where the trade winds are eliminated. Western Haiti features a more tropical climate. Prominent natural resources of Haiti are copper, calcium carbonate, gold, and marble. The population of Haiti is consisted of 9,801,664 individuals with 95% of individuals being ethnically black, and 5% being mulatto and/or white. French and Creole are the two official languages of Haiti. Regarding religion, the majority of Haitians are Roman Catholic (eighty percent), with the remainder of the population being Protestant, Baptist, Pentecostal, Adventist, Other, or None. A fascinating detail is roughly half of Haiti’s population practices voodoo. The economy of Haiti can be described as a misadventure. Haiti is a free market economy, enjoying advantages of low labor costs and tariff-free access for many of their exports from the United States. Haiti is known for their textile, sugar refining, flour milling, and cement industries. In addition, corn, coffee, sugarcanes, mangoes, and wood are many of the products from agriculture that are present in Haiti’s economy. On the other hand, corruption...
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...The main issue drawn from the case, “Siemens AG: Global Development Strategy,” focuses on choosing the appropriate organizational design. To organize a business for innovation, it must first be determined whether an innovation is autonomous or systemic. It must also be determined whether the capabilities needed to produce the innovation can be obtained easily or must be created. Siemens focus was on an international development strategy, rather than a domestic one. This strategy resulted from three main factors. The first was the likelihood of labor shortages in the event all product development was centralized in Munich. Secondly, exceedingly customized solutions are often required for telecommunications customers and must be completed as quickly as possible. Lastly, in theory time zone differences could be used to conduct a continuous development strategy, although this idea fails in practice due to the remarkably high level of coordination required between overseas counterparts. As discussed in the article, “Organizing for Innovation: When is Virtual Virtuous?” global development network carries many prospective benefits, such as the potential to gather the top researchers from around the world, increase in the scope of research with increased resources and knowledge, save money by building in cheaper countries, and improve research quality and standards through internal competition and collaboration. Likewise, there are also many potential risks, such as large inconsistencies...
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