...International Economics Paper ECO/372 2016 International Economics International economics plays a big role in the way the world conducts business. This paper will first describe what the president, congress and the Federal Reserve do to stimulate and contract the economy. Next, this paper also will identify what motivates policymakers to stimulate or contract the economy. Then this paper will explain what the Federal Reserve says about policy goals and the strength of the economy. Lastly, the strength of other economies outside the United States as on Apple Inc. and what changes are recommend in Apple Inc.’s competitive strategies or supply chain will be discussed. Stimulating and Contracting the Economy When the economy is steady it helps businesses flourish and stay prosperous. When it is time to stimulate the economy it is ordered by the President and Congress. The President will propose a budget for the upcoming fiscal year; these proposals are presented to congress for approval. There are many ways a stimulus can occur; creating tax breaks and job creation are a few. The American Jobs Creation Act was created in 2004, within this act bipartisan support, infrastructure investments, tax breaks for small businesses and unemployment help were included (Boushey, 2011). Another option to stimulate the economy is to decrease interest rates. When you start talking interest rates, this is where the Federal Reserve steps in. The Federal Reserve has control...
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...20.3 Revocation of Acceptance Roy E. Farrar Produce Company (Farrar) was a packer and shipper of tomatoes in Rio Arribon County, New Mexico. Farrar contacted Wilson, an agent and salesman for International Paper Company (International), and ordered 21,500 tomato boxes for $0.64 per box. The boxes were to each hold between 20 and 30 pounds of tomatoes for shipping. When the boxes arrived at Farrar’s plant, 3,624 of them were immediately used to pack tomatoes. When the boxes were stacked, they began to collapse and crush the tomatoes contained within them. The produce company was forced to repackage the tomatoes and store the unused tomato boxes. Farrar contacted International and informed it that it no longer wanted the boxes because they could not perform as promised. International claimed that Farrar had accepted the packages and must pay for them. Who wins? International Paper Co. v. Farrar, 102 N.M. 739, 700 P.2d 642, Web 1985 N.M. Lexis 2000 (Supreme Court of New Mexico) Farrar contracted Wilson for an order of 21,500 boxes capable of holding twenty to thirty pounds each used to ship Farrars’ tomatoes. Farrar used 3,624 boxes upon arrival to pack tomatoes which according to Farrar failed crushed the packed tomatoes. Farrar reacted by attempted to cancel the contract. International(Wilson) thinks that Farrar already accepted the boxes and should be held to pay for them. For revocation of acceptance we must confirm that the goods are nonconforming or the nonconformity substantially...
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...Case Study – International Paper Company I. Company Profile and Analyses of Industry International Paper Company (IP) is one of the world’s largest manufacturers of paper and paper products. Their products include a wide variety of paper products, consumer packaging materials, industrial packaging materials, and pulp products. In addition, IP collects and recycles recovered paper. History IP began in 1898 as a merger of 17 pulp and paper mills from Massachusetts to New York. IP led the newsprint industry until 1913, when trade regulations revised to promote Canadian imports and later, in 1921, labor conflicts within IP contributed to a decline in IP’s market share. However, IP rallied by creating a Canadian subsidiary, expanding into the South by acquiring and building new mills, consolidating its northern operations, and diversifying its product line from primarily newsprint, to book and bond products, and later, corrugated containers. This diversification aided IP in surviving the Great Depression, and continued through the 1930’s. IP continued to reap profits and expand the company through the 50’s and 60’s, into North American and overseas, eventually expanding into places such as French West Indies, Mexico, and France. The 1970’s found IP divesting itself of several plants and mills, and in 1976, J. Stanford Smith, facilitated a major company reorganization revised the geographic area divisions into business units dedicated to a specific function or product. Over the...
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...yields by 2004. The company had three main product segments which include pulp products like bleached and unbleached Kraft pulp; forestry products like pulpwood; and wood products like lumber and remanufactured wood products. In 2004, the company wanted to invest more to get more development. The company was facing alternatives: one was forward integration moving into paper manufacturing; the other one was horizontal expansion investing US $1 billion to construct a new state-of-the-art chemical pulp plant. 2. Situation According to the case, we can see that the competition in the pulp industry is strong. First, the competition of existing competitors in market pulp was strong. From the case we can get that most of the large companies were involved in backward integration to produce the pulp for their paper themselves. Most major companies had their own forests, pulp mill, paper manufacturing facilities and even their own distributions. These vertically integrated pulp and paper companies produced 142 million tons of pulp out of the 183 million tons produced worldwide. There were some smaller local paper firms that still purchased the pulp from suppliers like Arauco based on their needs. For Arauco, it can only...
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...Assignment Two: Final Paper Heather Smith Jour 3400 April 28, 2010 The largest paper company in the world sits right here in Memphis, Tennessee, International Paper Company. They manufacture in North America, Europe, Latin America, Asia and North Africa. International Paper was established in 1898 and has grown to house 113,000 employees. The company achieves their success from the goals they stand for: “Good corporate governance is the foundation upon which we build and achieve our goals. We create an awareness of the importance of diversity, ethical behavior and personal integrity, which are our foundation. We support hundreds of community-based educational, civic and cultural activities. We deliver the most current International Paper news to the media. We work in synergy with customers to deliver solutions that positively impact supplier diversity efforts” (http://www.internationalpaper.com). International Paper’s hard work ethic and motivation holds a great deal of their success as well. The company has a perspective called the “IP Way” which infers “International Paper is committed to continuous improvement in everything it does, and the key is the people who make up the company” (History of International Paper, 2006). The public they target is the workforce and workplace. The company puts a lot of focus and emphasis on diversity. They strive to promote the importance of diversity in the workplace...
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...report is based on two technical papers( The Bretton Woods international monetary system: An historical overview by Michael D. Bordo 148 pages & The post-war rise of world trade: Does the Bretton Woods System deserve credit? By Andrew G. Terborgh 74 pages)on Bretton Wood System as well as the post war international trade system since the U.S has become the most powerful economy after World War II, that US dollar was at that time the dominant currency internationally speaking. The first paper is titled of “The Bretton Woods International Monetary System: An historical overview” by professor Michael D. Bordo who is an economic professor and Director of the center for Monetary and Financial History at Rutger University. His paper has a brief overview of Bretton Woods experience. From its emergence and how it evolved that influence the monetary convertibility and gold dollar standard, until its collapse due to the U.S depression in 1970s. I considered this article to be a very technical one that gives many details on Bretton Wood System in history, but the very interesting part could also be that the author has given the ideas that why Bretton Woods was very stable but lived so short. Meanwhile, the second paper I chose to read is “The Post-War Rise of World Trade: Does the Bretton Wood System Deserve Credit?” . This one is more of an analyzing paper written by Andrew G. Terborgh, economic professor in London School of Economics. That I found his paper is more critical, that he has...
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...International Finance: A Course Overview Mihir A. Desai* Harvard University and NBER ABSTRACT This paper describes the International Finance course at Harvard Business School for instructors considering adopting the associated material. The paper begins by arguing that the forces of globalization have fundamentally changed the scope and activities of firms thereby altering the practice of finance within these firms. As a consequence of an increasing reliance on tightly-integrated foreign operations, a parallel world of finance has been opened within every multinational firm and this world has, heretofore, been overlooked. The course materials are designed to address the many aspects of financial decision making within global firms prompted by these changes that are not addressed in traditional materials. The paper provides an overview of the structure of the course and its seven modules with particular emphasis on the three modules that constitute the core of the course. The paper also describes an analytical framework that has been developed through the creation of the course materials to guide critical financial decisions on financing, investment, risk management and incentive management within a multinational firm. This framework emphasizes the need to reconcile conflicting forces in order for multinational firms to gain competitive advantage from their internal capital markets. The paper concludes with a discussion of the course's pedagogical approach and detailed descriptions...
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...then M.A. (Econ) and doctorate from the London School of Economics. He is a professor of international finance prior to taking up his present position he was a midland bank member in monetary economics. He had associated with Loughborough University (1982-1984) then got his position as Lecturer and afterward Senior Lecturer then join University of Aberdeen (1984-1989) then University of Dundee (1989-1992) and most recently Professor of International Finance at the University of Strathclyde (1992-2004). REPEC (Research Papers in Economics), the body which provides a ranking of all economists in the world, shows that Ronald MacDonald, Adam Smith Professor of Political Economy, is ranked in the top 5% (at number 29) in the world in the field of International Finance. His main areas of research are applied macroeconomics, financial economics and international finance. He has published over 100 refereed journal articles on topics as diverse as the determination of government expenditure and fiscal deficits, the determination of bond yields and stock prices, and the economics of exchange rates. Most of his recent publications have been in the latter area and have involved modeling exchange rate movements in terms of macroeconomic fundamentals, such as money supplies and interest rates, and producing measures of equilibrium exchange rates. He has acted as a consultant to various international organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund and the European Commission, a variety...
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...countries through provision capital and market connections. However, the activities of multinationals could also be threats to these countries. This paper reviews the potential costs of multinational hotel companies involvement like decreased economic benefits, foreign domination and negative environmental and cultural consequences. Furthermore, it illustrates some possible solutions for developing countries to reduce the adverse effects which could balance the advantages and disadvantages of multinational involvement and create a brighter future. 1. Introduction A multinational hotel companies, as a type of multinational enterprises, which is identified as an enterprise that owns or controls value-adding activities in the accommodation sector in two or more countries. It is widely accepted that most of developing countries are seeking opportunities to introduce multinational hotel companies because developing countries could obtain several benefits from the presence of multinational hotel companies, such as provision of capital, transfer of technical and managerial expertise, provision market connections,etc. It is true that multinational hotel companies can contribute to the growth of economy in host countries. However, the activities of multinational hotel companies may not be all that beneficial. In this context, this paper tries to discuss the potential costs that may arise from the activities of multinational hotel companies in developing countries. To understand these...
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...Journal of Finance and Economics, 2014, Vol. 2, No. 3, 58-59 Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/jfe/2/3 © Science and Education Publishing DOI:10.12691/jfe-2-3 Rethinking Multinational Enterprises’ Capital Budgeting in the Globalized New Millennium Fabio Pizzutilo* Department of Business and law studies, University of Bari *Corresponding author: fabio.pizzutilo@uniba.it A strict interpretation of the Ricardian assumptions on international trade leads to a conclusion in favour of the impossibility of a firm investing abroad. Even extending the Ricardian model by including capital among the factors of production, it has to be supposed that, from a purely economic and financial perspective, the choice between directly investing abroad and not doing so is totally indifferent. It is the existence of imperfections in the real and/or financial markets that give rise to the convenience for a firm to exploit its competitive advantages through foreign direct investment (FDI). In a broad sense, a multinational enterprise (MNE) can be intended as a company that holds controlled firms, producing branches, divisions, establishments, subsidiaries, etc., in a foreign country. The reasons that can persuade a firm to become multinational are manifold. First of all, it can be the sole action in order to conduct a specific business. Think about the activity of the extraction of raw materials: it cannot be conducted anywhere other than the mine’s location. Many firms are seeking greater...
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...fluctuating over the past 20 years. From 1991 it rose to a record high of about 6% of GDP in 2006 and it began to fall a year later to finally reach a level of 3% of GDP in 20091. Capital inflows finance the current account deficit. Economists are wondering if such large inflows are sustainable. According to economic theory, a current account deficit is not necessarily harmful as it stimulates a period of inward investment that can actually boost a country’s employment and investments. The current account deficit is still considered too large even at 3% and there is fear that it is caused by the recession. However economists believe that the US current account deficit may actually contribute to its development and attract foreign investors. The current account deficit is actually a good arsenal for the development of a country. For example, Japan invested a lot in the UK and this caused the emergence of new jobs in addition to the increased investment. The following paragraphs will enlighten more about how the current account of the US can affect its economy. 1 Feenstra, Robert C., and Alan M. Taylor. "National and International Account." International Macroeconomics. New York: Worth, 2012. 172-77. Print. A current account deficit (CAD) occurs when a country has an excess of one or more of the four factors (goods, services, income and unilateral transfers) making up the account. When a current transaction enters the account, it is recorded as a credit and...
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...Examination Paper of Finance Management 1 IIBM Institute of Business Management IIBM Institute of Business Management Examination Paper MM.100 International Finance Section A: Objective Type & Short Questions (30 Marks) This section consists of Multiple choice & Short Note type questions. Answer all the questions. Part One carries 1 mark each & Part Two carries 5 marks each. Part One: Multiple choices: 1. Foreign exchange market in India is relatively very ________. a. Big b. Small c. Medium d. None of the above 2. Balance of payment is a systematic record of all _______ during a given period of time. a. Political transactions b. Social transactions c. Economic transactions d. None of the above 3. Merchandise trade balance, services balance & balance on unilateral transfer are the part of ________ account. a. Current account b. Capital account c. Official account d. None of the above 4. Interest rate swaps can be explained as an agreement between _________ parties. a. One b. Two c. Three d. None of the above 5. Capital account convertibility in India evolved in August a. 1996 b. 1995 c. 1994 d. None of the above 6. Interest rate parity is an economic concept, expressed as a basic algebraic identity that relates. a. Capital rate & interest rate b. Interest rate & exchange rate Examination Paper of Finance Management 2 IIBM Institute of Business Management c. Currency rate & exchange rate d. None of the above 7. The two kind of...
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...Nottingham University Business School MBA (Finance) Programme N1DM28 International Finance Discussion and analysis of the movement in the value of US dollar against the Japanese Yen from 2002 to 2011 Kala Premarani Perumal Student ID: UNIMKL 010085 COPY 1 Executive Summary This paper is undertaken to discuss and analyse the exchange rate movements in the value of US dollar (USD) against the Japanese Yen (JPY) from 2002 to 2011. We could evaluate based on the exchange rates, that as an overall the JPY has appreciated against USD during this phase. The JPY had appreciated by 57% over these years (average 2002: ¥125.31/$ to average 2011: ¥79.72/$). The paper identifies the significant influence of the movement and concludes how the future trend would be. The details incorporated in this paper was obtained from business magazines, electronic sources, conference papers and journals relating to the foreign exchange, economy and international trade between these countries. Table of Contents Executive Summary ii 1. Introduction 1 2. Period 1-January 2002 – January 2005 a) Economic Climate 2 b) Current Account Balance 3 c) BOJ Intervention 5 3. Period 2-February 2005 – June 2007 a) Monetary Setting - Interest Rate in United States of America 6 b) Carry Trade...
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...MOI UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF BANKING AND FINANCE MBF 815: TERM PAPER TOPIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND CAPITAL FLIGHT IN KENYA (1970-2008) BY WILSON ODHIAMBO MU/MBF/015/12 GRACE NJOROGE MU/MBF/012/12 ALICE MAINA MU/MBF/041/12 LECTURER DR. NYAMONGO This research paper is submitted in partial fulfilment of the award of masters degree of Banking and Finance, Moi University OUTLINE 1. ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………..3 2. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………4 i) BACKGROUND OF STUDY…………………………………………………..4 3. PROBLEM STATEMENT..………………………………………………..…………...5 4. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY…...…………………………………………….………..…..6 5. HYPOTHESIS TESTED……………………………………………………………….6 6. LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………………………7 7. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………..…………………………………………..8 8. EMPERICAL RESULTS……………………………………………………………....9 9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS….………………..………………...12 10. BIBLOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………….…….13 11. APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………….……..14 ABSTRACT In this paper we investigate the role of Foreign Direct Investment on Capital Flight. We use data from the World Bank on African Development indicators; Kenya 1970:2008. We use econometric technique in our analysis. Our literature survey reveal that key factors that explain capital flight are; net foreign direct investment, current account deficit, change in official reserve, and external debt. We expect our...
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...International Monetary Fund | A paper for the course Contemporary Global System | Rexis Jun M. Maamo | Introduction The international monetary system (IMS) had undergone several evolutions ever since international trade relations between states rose to prominence. Realizing the importance of trade relations and interdependence, the international community had established a number of international monetary systems throughout the history, in order to provide formal (rules and decision-making processes) and informal (principles and norms) institutions that acts as venues and sites to offer convenient transactions between states, and to address and prevent the reoccurrence of global financial issues and crises that are concurrently relative to the existing international monetary system. So far, there are about four international monetary systems that have been established and adopted consecutively: the Classical Gold Standard, the Gold Exchange Standard, the Bretton Woods System, and the Floating Exchange Rate System. The current monetary system espoused by the international community is the Floating Exchange Rate system which is accompanied by its formal institution, the IMF or the International Monetary Fund. The International Monetary Fund aims to promote global monetary and exchange stability, facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade, and assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments for current transactions (Investopedia...
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