...strategic, behavioural and economic considerations, choice of a specific project within a particular product-market posture calls for evaluation of its economic feasibility. For this purpose, capital budgeting exercise has to be done. A firm should deploy funds in a project if the marginal revenue obtained there from exceeds the marginal cost. For an MNC, capital budgeting involves economic analysis of the firm's direct investment opportunities. Whatever be the motive for Direct Foreign Investment (DFI), an MNC's very survival and sustainable competitive position depends on its ability to identify and choose the most profitable investment opportunity. Capital budgeting technique provides the mechanism to identify opportunities and evaluate their economic viability. This is why MNCs evaluate international projects by using capital budgeting techniques. Proper use of capital budgeting techniques can help the firm in identifying the international projects worthy of implementation from those that are not. 13.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF EVALUATING FOREIGN PROJECTS Once a firm has compiled a list of prospective investments, it uses capital budgeting techniques to select from among them that combination of projects that maximizes the firm's value to shareholders. The theoretical framework involved in evaluation of domestic projects is the same as for foreign projects and various considerations influencing choice of a project within the country are the, same as those for projects overseas. However,...
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...International Finance: A Course Overview Mihir A. Desai* Harvard University and NBER ABSTRACT This paper describes the International Finance course at Harvard Business School for instructors considering adopting the associated material. The paper begins by arguing that the forces of globalization have fundamentally changed the scope and activities of firms thereby altering the practice of finance within these firms. As a consequence of an increasing reliance on tightly-integrated foreign operations, a parallel world of finance has been opened within every multinational firm and this world has, heretofore, been overlooked. The course materials are designed to address the many aspects of financial decision making within global firms prompted by these changes that are not addressed in traditional materials. The paper provides an overview of the structure of the course and its seven modules with particular emphasis on the three modules that constitute the core of the course. The paper also describes an analytical framework that has been developed through the creation of the course materials to guide critical financial decisions on financing, investment, risk management and incentive management within a multinational firm. This framework emphasizes the need to reconcile conflicting forces in order for multinational firms to gain competitive advantage from their internal capital markets. The paper concludes with a discussion of the course's pedagogical approach and detailed descriptions...
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...challenges and issues based on the Ruritanian Project case study. The report is concerned with analyzing the investment environment of the host nation, maximizing the investment return and minimizing the risks which could have a negative impact on the financial performance of the Ruritanian project. Firstly, the national economy environment will be discussed based on the national GDP growth and inflation rate; secondly, there is a discussion on the foreign exchange risks of Rutitania Crown against international currency; third, the issue of joining the Euro zone will be analyzed in terms of benefits and drawbacks; next, the taxation effect in the investment decision making will be accessed and finally there will be a discussion on the political environment. THE NATIONAL ECONOMY AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROJECT 2.1 The Relationship between National Economy and the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) The economic growth of the host nation has always had a positive relationship with the foreign direct investment decision making. The positive effect of host country economic growth on investment decision making has been supported by various studies (Ericsson and Irandoust, 2000; Dhakal, Kamal and Upadhyaya, 2007; Barrell and Pain, 1996; Grosse and Trevino, 1996; Taylor and Sarno, 1999; Trevino et al., 2002). Traditionally the economic growth of the host nation induces FDI inflow when FDI is seeking consumer markets, or when the economic growth leads to greater economies of scale...
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...CPEC- STRATEGIC ADVANTAGES FOR PAKISTAN AND CHINA INTRODUCTION 1. Economic corridors have appeared as a significant tool of local cooperation and development in a globalized world. The name ‘Corridor’ suggests a passage that connects the two separate countries or regions. ADB defines ‘Economic Corridor’ as “they join economic lumps along a distinct landscape”. The impression is to increase economic expansion by connecting backward regions with more developed industrial hubs and to expand access to markets through the merger of trans-border production networks. 2. During the visit of Chinese Prime Minister to Pakistan from 22 to 23 May 2013, China proposed a ‘China-Pakistan Economic Corridor’ (CPEC or C-PEC) to connect Kashgar in China’s Xinjiang...
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...International Financial Management Part I: The International Financial Environment Multinational Financial Management: An Overview Chapter Objectives • To identify the main goal of the multinational corporation (MNC) and conflicts with that goal; • To describe the key theories that justify international business; and • To explain the common methods used to conduct international business. Goal of the MNC • The commonly accepted goal of an MNC is to maximize shareholder wealth. • We will focus on MNCs that are based in the United States and that wholly own their foreign subsidiaries. Conflicts against the MNC Goal • For corporations with shareholders who differ from their managers, a conflict of goals can exist - the agency problem. • Agency costs are normally larger for MNCs than for purely domestic firms. ¤ The sheer size of the MNC. ¤ The scattering of distant subsidiaries. ¤ The culture of foreign managers. ¤ Subsidiary value versus overall MNC value. Impact of Corporate Control • Various forms of corporate control can reduce agency costs. ¤ Stock compensation for board members and executives. ¤ The threat of a hostile takeover. ¤ Monitoring and intervention by large shareholders. Constraints Interfering with the MNC’s Goal • As MNC managers attempt to maximize their firm’s value, they may be confronted with various constraints. ¤ Environmental constraints. Ex. Building code, disposal of waste, pollution control. ¤ Regulatory constraints. Ex. Tax codes, currency convertibility...
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...DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS Course: International Business Module, 2004/2005 Course Lecturers: Sougand Golesorkhi (B10) Kwok Tong Soo (B47a) Tutors: Alina Petrescu Jasleen Sindhu Tatiana Boroditskaya Zoe Whang Tel: + 44 (0) 1524594418 (Soo) Email: s.golesorkhi@lancaster.ac.uk k.soo@lancaster.ac.uk Please note that the Departmental Office is open every weekday, 9-11am & 2-4pm. You should consult the Part 1 notice board at regular intervals throughout the term. This is located outside B34 in the Management School. Students should note that the principal method of communicating administrative matters will be via Lancaster e-mail accounts. Also note that there is a Part 1 Economics discussion space (for 101 and 102 students taking the International Business option) that students and staff can access via the following URL: http://domino.lancs.ac.uk/econ/intbus.nsf. If you have queries regarding your Economics studies you can attend one of the drop in sessions in which a member of staff is available to help you with any aspect of the course with which you are struggling. Details of the times and locations of the drop in sessions will be posted on the Part 1 notice board. Course Aims: The aims of the course are to: • introduce students to a variety of international business issues, including international trade, international investment, international labour flows, and the market for foreign exchange. • provide students with an...
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...University of Science &Technology Faculty of Business and Economics Department of Finance Course Syllabus (FIN 460) - International Finance – M.W. Fall 2014-2015 Course Description The subject matter of international finance is concerned with the monetary and macro-economic relations between countries. International finance is a constantly evolving subject that deals very much with real world issues such as balance of payments problems and policy, the causes of exchange-rate movements and the implications of macro-economic linkages between countries. Credit : 3 hours Prerequisites By course :Fin 350- Financial Markets & Institutions Eco 202- Macroeconomics Textbook : Fundamentals of Multinational Finance, 4th edition, 2012. Moffet/Stonehill/Eitman, Pearson, Prentice Hall. Supportive text : International Financial Management, Bekaert,Hodrick International Money and Finance: 7th edition by Michael Melvin Instructor : George El Kazzi, MMB Office Hours : M.W.F. from 6-7 pm E-mail : gkazzy@aust.edu.lb kazzifinance@yahoo.com Business Division e-mail: business.div@aust.edu.lb ________________________________________________________________________ Course Objectives To study the role that international trade and investment, currency movements, derivative ...
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...Journal of Finance and Economics, 2014, Vol. 2, No. 3, 58-59 Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/jfe/2/3 © Science and Education Publishing DOI:10.12691/jfe-2-3 Rethinking Multinational Enterprises’ Capital Budgeting in the Globalized New Millennium Fabio Pizzutilo* Department of Business and law studies, University of Bari *Corresponding author: fabio.pizzutilo@uniba.it A strict interpretation of the Ricardian assumptions on international trade leads to a conclusion in favour of the impossibility of a firm investing abroad. Even extending the Ricardian model by including capital among the factors of production, it has to be supposed that, from a purely economic and financial perspective, the choice between directly investing abroad and not doing so is totally indifferent. It is the existence of imperfections in the real and/or financial markets that give rise to the convenience for a firm to exploit its competitive advantages through foreign direct investment (FDI). In a broad sense, a multinational enterprise (MNE) can be intended as a company that holds controlled firms, producing branches, divisions, establishments, subsidiaries, etc., in a foreign country. The reasons that can persuade a firm to become multinational are manifold. First of all, it can be the sole action in order to conduct a specific business. Think about the activity of the extraction of raw materials: it cannot be conducted anywhere other than the mine’s location. Many firms are seeking greater...
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...ECON310-1404B-06: Global Managerial Economics Phase: 1 Individual Project The World Bank and International Monetary Fund The World Bank is one of the world’s largest sources of funding and knowledge to support governments of member countries in their efforts to invest in schools and health centers, provide water and electricity, fight disease and protect the environment. This support is provided through project or policy-based loans and grants as well as technical assistance such as advice and studies (www.worldbank.org, n.d.). The International Monetary Fund works to foster global growth and economic stability. It provides policy advice and financing to members in economic difficulties and also works with developing nations to help them achieve macroeconomic stability and reduce poverty (www.Imf.org,n.d.). The goal of both organizations is to increase the standard of living and the reductions of poverty globally. Imports and exports International finance defines the term in the expression (Exports – Imports) equals net exports, which may be either positive or negative. If net exports are positive, the nation's G.D.P. increases, if they are negative, the G.D.P. will decrease. Exportation of goods to your own country, and abroad are essential for a robust bullish economic gain or an added source of income to a company’s short and long term objectives. Multinational corporations According to Investopedia...
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...on borrowing to funds its operations or lends to others for the same reasons. The objective of this paper is to critically evaluate the current account imbalances of the Kyrgyz Republic, identify the economic contributors to the imbalances and recommend corrective measures through policy development and implementation. The current account deficit can largely be described as a significant percent of a depressed level of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Since the deficit emerged early after the country’s transition into an independent state from the Soviet Union, it is largely attributed to the alarming situation where the capital inflows in the country were larger at the beginning of the transition but have since leveled off. In addition, the high demands for imports and exposure of the country to external shocks are among the factors that have caused the country’s foreign exchange reserves and foreign direct investments to declines. These result in a balance of payment crisis that are further exacerbated by the financial sector that requires comprehensive reforms. There have been numerous economic, social and political changes since the country’s independence that have continued to exert pressure on the country’s ability to sustain its populations’ living standards. The economic environment in the country has faced various challenges that has sent the country continue depending on foreign aid and...
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...Effects of Corruption in Multinational Corporation’s [Student name] [Professor’s name] [Course title] [Date] Introduction Corruption can be defined as a spiritual or moral deviation from an ideal. Corruption come in different styles and that include bribery and funds embezzlement. Corruption has been the number one menace in many countries of the world. It impacts countries in many ways, impacting economy and development in a negative way. Corruption tends to raise the cost of government and may lower the rate of infrastructure growth. Most importantly, corruption has a negative impact on capitalism and foreign investment in that; it changes the environment which in turns affects decisions and actions. Corruption causes discriminatory treatment along tribal, ethnic, race and class. It also impacts in decision making process. Multinational corporations (MNCs) may be unable to compete in certain countries due to dishonesty by government officials, dependent upon a system of graft and bribery to approve and facilitate permits and various company operations. Corruption may be at the highest levels of government, where government decisions regarding military equipment, civilian aircraft, infrastructure or broad policy decisions about industrial subsidies are made, based upon favoritism rather than ethical weighing of facts. Corruption may involve elected officials and politicians as well as nonelected officials. Corruption may be voluntary and petty, for instance, paying...
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...| 学 院: | 金融管理学院 | 专 业: | 财务管理(中加合作) | 学 号: | 1112041 | 学生姓名: | 周佳诺 | 指导教师: | 张铁铸 | 2015 年 3 月 CONTENT ABSTRACT 1 摘要 2 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Background 3 1.2 Research method 3 1.3 Basic ideas and framework 3 2 The relevant theories of currency internationalization 5 2.1 Currency internationalization important related theory 5 2.1.1 The optimal currency area theory 5 2.1.2 Theory of international trade settlement currency 5 2.1.3 Financial deepening theory 6 2.2 RMB internationalization related definitions 7 2.2.1 The definition of RMB internationalization 7 2.2.2 The basic development policy of RMB internationalization and path 7 2.2.3 The overview of RMB internationalization process 9 3 The main historical experience of currency internationalization 12 3.1 Internationalization of the dollar 12 3.2 The internationalization of EURO 13 3.3 The yen internationalization 14 3.4 Summary of this chapter 15 4 The free trade area construction to promote the internationalization of the RMB 16 4.1 International comparison of free trade area 16 4.1.1 The EU 16 4.1.2 The china-Asian free trade area 16 4.2 The relationship between Free trade and the internationalization of RMB 18 4.2.1 The policies and their interpretation of Shanghai free trade area 18 4.2.2 Marketization of RMB exchange rate 20 4.2.3 The RMB interest rate marketization 21 4.2.4 RMB offshore market 22 4.3 The crisis and the risk of free trade zone...
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...Effect of FDI on Bilateral Trade Abstract Contemporary literature refers to trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as alternative strategies. The debate is mainly between two notions: (1) that FDI displaces trade, and (2) that FDI and trade complement each other. Literature on FDI talks about the effect of foreign investments on trade. Lipsey (2002) mentions that outward FDI may decrease or increase (or have no effect on) exports of home country. These effects depend largely on the competitiveness of the host country and the motives behind investment by the home country in the host country. This paper is aimed at studying the effect of FDI on bilateral trade as well as effect at the aggregate level especially in the developed-developing nation paradigm. Introduction Literature suggests that there are a number of motives on which FDI takes place across nations. Most of the firms in the developed countries will go for foreign investment once they fulfill their domestic market and they in order to grow will go to foreign market. In this case the main motive of a firm is to tap new markets. This entry of one firm in to a foreign market will create a bandwagon effect thorough which their competitors will also enter that market. Again, when the competition sets in the foreign market, companies will be forced to take cost reduction measures to achieve higher profits will look for other destinations which have lower cost of production and thus the motive will become efficiency...
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...Pls explain what is the difference between RFC(Resident Foreign Currency) account and EEFC (Exchange Earners Foreign Currency) account? EEFC Accounts:- Residents can retain upto 50% of foreign currency remittances received from abroad in a foreign currency account, viz., EEFC account, with an authorised dealer in India. Funds held in EEFC account can be utilised for current account transactions and also for approved capital account transactions as specified by the extant Rules/Regulations/ Notifications/ Directives issued by the Government/RBI from time to time. RFC Accounts :- Returning Indians, i.e., those Indians, who were non-residents earlier, and are returning now for permanent stay, are permitted to open, hold and maintain with an authorised dealer in India a Resident Foreign Currency (RFC) Account to keep their foreign currency assets. Assets held outside India at the time of return can be credited to such accounts. The foreign exchange (i) received or acquired as gift or inheritance from a person referred to sub-section (4) of section 6 of FEMA,1999 or (ii) referred to in clause (c) of section 9 of the Act or acquired as gift or inheritance there from may also be credited to this account. The funds in RFC account are free from all restrictions regarding utilisation of foreign currency balances including any restriction on investment outside India. The facility is also available to residents provided foreign exchange to be credited to such account is received...
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...Administration Faculty of Economics and Administration King Abdul Aziz University International Business Syllabus Instructor: Dr. Hisham J. Bardesi Office Hours: 11-12 (S, M, W) Contact Information: hbardesi@kau.edu. Course Prerequisites: See Program’s Study Plan Course Title: International Business (BUSE 608) Text Book: Hill, Charles W. International Business. McGraw-Hill. 9th Edition. Course Description: The basic content of the course includes (1) an overview of the means of conducting international business, with an emphasis on what makes international different from domestic; (2) the effects of the social systems within countries on the conduct of international business; (3) the major theories explaining international business transactions and the institutions influencing those activities; (4) the financial exchange systems and institutions that measure and facilitate international transactions; (5) the dynamic interface between countries and companies attempting to conduct foreign business activities; (6) corporate strategy alternatives for global operations; and (7) international activities that fall largely within functional disciplines. Course Objectives: Understand the different challenges business face when they operate in an international environment; 2. Examine the various cultural, political and legal issues that impact international business activity; 3. Examine the international institutions and practices that impact international business; 4. Understand...
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