Free Essay

International Finance Formulas Summary

In:

Submitted By jackal
Words 494
Pages 2
Kursnotierung Direkt: Heimwährung / Fremdwährung Indirekt: Fremdwährung / Heimwährung Bidpreis: Ankaufs-/Geldkurs Askpreis: Verkaufspreis/Briefkurs Bid-/Ask Spread (%) = Crossrates Bid → Bid, Ask Ask → Ask Bid
!"#!!"# !"#

fairen Kurs). Erfolge werden mit einem Konto verrechnet. Initial Margin: Preis den Vertrag einzugehen Maintenance Margin: Untergrenze, wenn Guthaben darunter à Margin Call Währungsoption Bezugsverhältnis (Ratio) Ratio Optionen für 1 Einheit zum @Ausübungspreis (Strike) Briefkurs/Kaufpreis (Callprämie) Black und Scholes ! = !"#$%&'%(#, ! = !"#ü!"#$%&'()% ! = !"#$%&", ! − ! = !"#$%&'()"*$ ! = !"#$%&'(#). ! = !"#"$%|!"#$%& ! = ! ∗ ! !! − ! ∗ !!! !!! ∗ !(!! ) !! = (!"
! !

Paritätsbeziehungen !! − !! ! + !!
!"#$ !"##$%$&'"()

!"#$%&!""#$%

!! − !! ! + !!
!"#$%&'(")*'##

International Fisher Effect Rendite im In- = Rendite im Ausland !! ! + !! ! = !! ! + !! ! Zinsparität !! − !! ! − !! = 1 + !! !! Währungsrisiken Accounting Exposure: Erfolg bei Umwandlung von Bilanz in Heimwährung Transaction Exposure: Einfluss der WK auf zukünftige vertragliche Verpflichtungen Operating Exposure: Einfluss der WK auf zukünftige Zahlungsstöme (operative Cashflows) Economic Exposure: Operating Exposure Transaction +

IRP !!,! − !! !!
!"#$%&'#ä!"#$

IFE
! !".

PPP !! − !! !!
!"#$%"&'()%*")ä!"#$%!&

Terminverträge Fwd. Bid < Fwd. Ask à Prämie (addieren) Fwd. Bid > Fwd. Ask à Discount (subtrahieren) Swap Rate ( Annualisierte Prämie/Discount) !"#$%#& − !"#$%&$' 360 ∗ !"#$%&$' #!"#$ Heimmarkt !!,! = !! × 1 + !!
!

Kaufkraftparität !! − !! !! − !! = !! 1 + !! Absolut gleiche Mittel à gleiche Güter Relativ ausgeglichene Preisniveaus !! 1 + !! ! 1 + !! ! = → !! = !! × ! !! 1 + !! 1 + !! ! Kumulierte Inflation: !!! − 1 !!! Realer Wechselkurs (WK in t zu Preisen von Zeitpunkt 0): !!,! ! + !! ! !!,! !∗ = !! × = !! × !!,! ! + !! ! !!,! ! ≔ !"#$%&$'#() = !! = Fisher Effekt (Reale Rendite) 1 + !"#$%&'( !"#$%&" = 1 + !"#$" !"#$%&" ∗ 1 + !"#$"%!%! !"#$%&'(" !−! (!"#$" !"#$%&") !+! ! + !! ! + !! = ! + !! ! + !! ! + !! ! ! + !! ! = ! + !! ! ! + !! ! ℎ!ℎ! !"#$%&'(")*%&+ → ℎ!ℎ! !"#$!%&' !"#$%&" !∗ =

+ !+

!! !

∗ (! − !))/(! ∗

! − ! ) !! = !! − ! ∗ ! − ! ! = ! ∗ !!!!∗ !!! ∗ ! !! − ! ∗ !!! !!! ∗ !(!! ) ! !! !! = (!" + !! − !! + ∗ (! ! ! − !))/(! ∗ ! − ! ) !! = !! − ! ∗ ! − ! ! = ! ∗ !!!!
!!!

Short Position Schreiber der Option Long Position Käufer der Option Fairer Terminpreis !! = !"#$%&$' !!|! = !"#$%&" ! − ! = !"#$%&'( !" !"ℎ!"# ! + !! !!! !!,! = !! × ! + !! !!! Bewertung des Terminvertrages ! = !!,! − ! ∗ ! + !! !! = !!,! − ! ! + !! !!
!"#$%"&$ !"# !"#$"% !!

∗ ! −!! − ! ∗ !!!!∗ !!! ∗ !(−!! )

!"##$%$&' !"#$%&&%' ! !"# !"#"$%&'#("% !"#$

In Fremdwährung: ! = !! ! + !! !! − ! ! + !!

Swap Zwei Unternehmen nehmen füreinander Geld im Heimatland auf und zahlen sich gegenseitig die Zinsen (über Swap Bank). Am Ende der Laufzeit wird der vereinbarte Betrag ausgetauscht. Durch Friktion entsteht ein Vorteil!

Forward/Money Market Absicherung über Terminvertrag oder Anlage am Markt (Achtung Spreads). Currency Options Absicherung über Optionen falls Geschäft unsicher. Risk Shifting Rechnungen in Heimwährung à Abwälzung auf Kunden Pricing Decisions z.B. Rechnungsbeträge immer zum TK Exposure Netting Verpflichtungen deren Risiko negativ korreliert Risk Sharing Festlegung eines Basiskurses in Kursband und Teilung des Erfolgs ausserhalb.

Futures Standardisierte Terminverträge bei denen täglich der Terminkurs angepasst wird (auf

Multinational working capital Finanzierung im In- vs. Ausland Finanzierung in Lokalwährung Ausländ. Gesellschaft borgt Fremdwährung im Gegenwert von 1CHF) !! ∗ 1 + !"% ∗ 1 − ! + !"%
!"#$%&$'(# !"#$%&#ä!"#$%!&

Bewertungsansätze NCFs in Fremdwährung diskontieren
!

!"!!" = !! ×
!!!

!"!!,!" 1 + !!" !

Adjusted Present Value Ansatz Gesamter Projektwert = Selbstständiger Projektwert + Integrationserfolge + Finanzierungseffekte Politische Risiken Können auf 2 Arten berücksichtigt werden: 1. Reduzieren der NCFs anhand von Prozentsätzen (z.B. für eine Verstaatlichung oder ein Verbot), Rückgang NCF x %Verbot vom Cashflow abziehen. 2. Prämie zu den Kapitalkosten ... Tipps aus Reviews & Übungen ...

NCFs in Heimwährung diskontieren
!

!"!!" = !! ×
!!!

- Ausl. Gesellschaft borgt 1CHF !! ∗ 1 − ! + !"% ∗ !
!"#$%&$'(# !"#$#%#&&#'" !"#!$ !"#

!"!!,!" 1 + !!" !

Verlangte Rendite mit Risikoprämie für Investoren: !! = !! + !"!! ×!!,!

Arbitrage über: Transfer Pricing: Steuervorteile durch Veränderung der Transferpreise Leading & Lagging: Verkürzung oder Verlängerung der Zahlungsfristen. z.B. Lagging von 2 Monaten à zusätzliches Kapital von 2 Monatsraten die Zins abwerfen (die Muttergesellschaft aber Zins kosten) erzeugt Mehrwert (Kapitalversch.): !! − !! ∗ #!"#$ ∗ !"#$ = !"ℎ!"#!$ Währungsrisiko ausl. Anlagen Rendite in HW = Rendite FW + Währungserfolg !!" = 1 + !!" × 1 + %!" − 1 !!" = !!" + %!" + !!" ×%!" Risiko
! ! !!" = !!" + !! + 2 × !!",! × !!" × !!

!! = !"#ℎ!"#. !"#"$%&!'"' !"#$%&" !" !äℎ!"#$ ! !"#! = !"#$%#&'&$()#ä!"# !"# !"#$%&'$(&#)&

!!,! = !"#"$% !"#$%!! !"#$%&'ℎ!" !"# !"#$%&'($)*'$+*#,* Kapitalkosten !" !" !! = !!" × + !!" × !" + !" !" + !" !"#$% !!" = !! Bewertung mit kA ist Projektwert ohne Nebeneffekte der Finanzierung 1. Selbständiger Projektwert NCFs wie Lohnreduktionen, Ausschuss, Wartung, Abschreibungen, Steuern und Investition etc. 2. Integrierter Projektwert Erfolge durch Integration des Projektes. Z.B. Einführung Beratungsgebühr für Steuerersparnisse 3. Gesamter Projektwert + Nebeneffekte der Finanzierung wie z.B. Steuerersparnisse auf Zinszahlungen

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Sample Essay

...Sample Essay on FINANCE: How to calculate the return on an investment (ROI) Research Paper Example of Research Paper, Sample essay Without calculating the return on an investment (ROI) is not possible to realize any marketing activity and be sure not to loose capital investments. It is essential for making one’s marketing activity more effective and uniquely productive. ROI can be expressed for different time periods: one year, one month, one week, one day. This makes it a necessary objective analyst of the marketing activity even for a long period. It also includes possible fees and expenses of the future financial project. When a person realizes an investment there is always a potential to increase the capital in several ways. There are a lot of formulas made to calculate ROI. Some of them are more detailed, some are less. It is obvious that the formula required depends on the type of investment and that ROI does not yield to formalization and cannot be entirely universal. Nevertheless, a general formula can be given: The Return on an Investment (ROI) Calculation ROI= Profit/ Total investment Total investment - total investment, including all the possible fees and expenses connected with the investment. For example, if you bought $8700 worth of stock and your fees were $1300, then your total investment is $10,000 ($8700 + $1300). Profit - profit or loss associated with the investment. For example if the $10,000 investment in stocks is worth $50,000 one year later, then...

Words: 1230 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Corporate Finance

...Corporate Finance, 9/e Stephen A. Ross, Massachussetts Institute of Technology Randolph W. Westerfield, University of Southern California Jeffrey F. Jaffe, University of Pennsylvania ISBN: 0073382337 Copyright year: 2010 Table of Contents PART I: Overview 1 Introduction to Corporate Finance 1 1.1 | What Is Corporate Finance? | 1 | | The Balance Sheet Model of the Firm | 1 | | The Financial Manager | 3 | 1.2 | The Corporate Firm | 4 | | The Sole Proprietorship | 4 | | The Partnership | 4 | | The Corporation | 5 | | A Corporation by Another Name . . . | 7 | 1.3 | The Importance of Cash Flows | 7 | 1.4 | The Goal of Financial Management | 10 | | Possible Goals | 11 | | The Goal of Financial Management | 11 | | A More General Goal | 12 | 1.5 | The Agency Problem and Control of the Corporation | 13 | | Agency Relationships | 13 | | Management Goals | 14 | | Do Managers Act in the Stockholders' Interests? | 14 | | Stakeholders | 15 | 1.6 | Regulation | 16 | | The Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 | 16 | | Sarbanes-Oxley | 17 | | Summary and Conclusions | 18 | | Concept Questions | 18 | | S&P Problems | 19 | 2 Financial Statements and Cash Flow 20 2.1 | The Balance Sheet | 20 | | Liquidity | 21 | | Debt versus Equity | 22 | | Value versus Cost | 22 | 2.2 | The Income Statement | 23 | | Generally Accepted Accounting Principles | 24 | | Noncash Items | 25...

Words: 4966 - Pages: 20

Premium Essay

Final Presentation

...Case Summary International Portfolio Theory and Diversification Group 5 Kristin Hanselmann, Anna Ivaniuk, Lalita Pongpitakwises, Christian Seemann Fachhochschule Mainz - MA.IB International Finance March 2013 K. Hanselmann, A. Ivaniuk, L. Pongpitakwises, C. Seemann International Portfolio Theory and Diversification 1/35 Introduction Diversification / Risk Internationalizing Portfolio National Markets / Performance Mini Case Summary Introduction Christian Seemann International Portfolio Theory and Diversification 2/35 Introduction Diversification / Risk Internationalizing Portfolio National Markets / Performance Mini Case Summary Agenda Introduction International Diversification and Risk Internationalizing the Domestic Portfolio National Markets and Asset Performance Mini Case Summary 1 2 3 4 5 6 Christian Seemann International Portfolio Theory and Diversification 3/35 Introduction Diversification / Risk Internationalizing Portfolio National Markets / Performance Mini Case Summary Introduction Multinational Business Finance Part 5 - Foreign Investment Decisions Chapter 17 Pages 432 – 451 Christian Seemann International Portfolio Theory and Diversification 4/35 Introduction Diversification / Risk Internationalizing Portfolio National Markets / Performance Mini Case Summary International Diversification and Risk Kristin Hanselmann International Portfolio...

Words: 1928 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Polc

...Bus (Hons) in Accounting B Bus (Hons) in International Business B Bus (Hons) in Human Resource Management B Arts (Hons) in Sports, Health & Fitness Management B Bus (Hons) in Hospitality Management B Bus (Hons) in Public Management B Bus (Hons) in Tourism Management B Bus (Hons) in Islamic Banking & Finance Semester : 1 Commence Date : Week 5 Deadline Date : Week 12 Unit Controller / Examiner : Mohammad A. Labaran Contact Number : 60126086513 ext 8408 E-mail : a.labaran@limkokwing.edu.my Coursework Overview The business world is no longer relying on manual papers and simple calculators to do their daily business transaction. The world is moving towards an advanced era where computers, electronic media and the Internet are going to take over the economy for another few decades. Computer applications are becoming more and more sophisticated in codes yet they can produce results that decision makers can accept to bring benefit and profit to their organizations. This group project contributes 30% out of 60% of the coursework assessment. LUCT Art Shop hired a computer literate sales analyst recently. The president wants this computer literate sales analyst to generate sales summaries for LUCT Art Shop and then present the summaries to the branch manager. You as the computer literate...

Words: 963 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Financial Analysis of Nestle Lanka Plc

...Executive Summary Strategic financial management is one of the most critical and important activities for the professional business manager. It is a fact that the consequences of all important management decisions, financial and otherwise, are immediately and/or eventually will be reflected in the financial performance of the business enterprise. Financial management is concerned with the efficient acquisition and deployment of both short and long-term financial resources, to ensure the objectives of the enterprise are achieved. Decisions must be taken in three key areas: * Investment - both long-term investment in non-current assets and short-term investment in working capital; * Finance - from what sources should funds be raised? * Dividends - how should cash funds be allocated to shareholders and how will the value of the business are affected by this? Efficient financial management requires the existence of some objective or goal, because judgment as to whether or not a financial decision is efficient must be made in light of some standard. Although various objectives are possible, we assume in this book that the goal of the firm is to maximize the wealth of the firm’s present owners. Shares of common stock give evidence of ownership in a corporation. Shareholder wealth is represented by the market price per share of the firm’s common stock, which, in turn, is a reflection of the firm’s investment, financing, and asset management decisions. The idea is...

Words: 7992 - Pages: 32

Premium Essay

Dirt Bikes Running Case (Chapter 2)

...Software skills: Spreadsheet charts and formulas Business skills: Financial statement analysis As part of your analysis of the company for management, you have been asked to analyze data on Dirt Bikes’s financial performance. Review Dirt Bikes’s selected financial data in the Introduction to Dirt Bikes, which can be found at the Laudon Web site. There you will find Dirt Bikes’s income statement and summary balance sheet data from 2005 to 2007, annual sales of Dirt Bikes models between 2003 and 2007, and total domestic versus international sales between 2003 and 2007. Use your spreadsheet software to create graphs of Dirt Bikes’s sales history from 2003 to 2007 and its domestic versus international sales from 2003 to 2007. Select the type of graph that is most appropriate for presenting the data you are analyzing. Use the instructions at the Laudon Web site and your spreadsheet software to calculate the gross and net margins in Dirt Bikes’s income statements from 2005 to 2007. You can also create graphs showing trends in selected pieces of Dirt Bikes’s income statement and balance sheet data if you wish. (You may want to rearrange the historical ordering of the data if you decide to do this.) Prepare an addition to your management report that answers these questions: • What are Dirt Bikes’s best- and worst-performing products? What is the proportion of domestic to international sales? Have international sales grown relative to domestic sales? ...

Words: 330 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Equity Report - Devry

...Executive Summary Analyst Name: Tommie Anthony Henderson Company: DeVry Education Group Inc. (DV) Price on report date: $35.73 on March 20, 2015 Forecast Horizon: 1 year Recommendations: BUY Target forecasted price: $42.19 Highlights: * DeVry provides services educational development worldwide. * DeVry Educational Group operates three segments: Medical and Healthcare; International and Professional Educational; and Business, Technology and Management. * DeVry saw strong growth during the worldwide recession. * Company has strategically reduced its operating cost in segments that have seen either small improvement or losses in enrollment. * Company has strategically transitioned to support its Medical and Healthcare segments which has seen strong growth potential. * Risk factors include enrollment and public relations as the company has endured numerous class action lawsuits resulting from student dissatisfaction with curriculum content. Summary of Analysis: * Market Capitalization: $2.2 Billion on March 20, 2015 * Cash: 369.98M * Free Cash: $187.53M based on 4th Quarter of 2014 reported data * Last 12 months revenue: $1.92B * Operating Cash Flow: 266.89M * Dividends: N/A Qualitative Analysis Company Profile: What services and products do they sell and/or manufacture? DeVry Education Group is a corporation based in Downers Grove, Illinois. It was founded in 1931and it presently operates a number of...

Words: 4182 - Pages: 17

Premium Essay

Qantas vs. Virgin

...Table of Content Executive summary 2 1. Analysis of macroeconomic and industry conditions affecting Virgin and Qantas in airline company industry. 2 2. Using Capital Asset Pricing Model to analysis two companies. 3 2.1 Risk-free interest rate 3 2.2 Market expected return 3 2.3 Beta 3 2.4 Expected return for two companies’ stocks using CAPM model 3 3. Comparative Equity Valuation – Qantas versus Virgin 4 4. Key financial ratios 5 4.1 Profitability Analysis 5 4.1.1Return on Asset (ROA) 5 4.2 Market price 5 4.2.1 Price-to-Earnings Ratio 5 4.3 Liquidity Analysis 6 4.3.1Current Ratio 6 4.4Debt and Long-term Solvency 6 4.4.1 Interest Coverage 6 4.4.2Leverage 6 4.5 overall analyses 6 5. An evaluation of firms’ strategic choices with the goal of creating shareholder value 7 6. Recommendation 7 Reference 8 Appendix 9 Executive summary Virgin and Qantas airline are two really important airlines in the aviation sector in Australia that listed on the Australian Securities Exchange. During our report, firstly, we analysis the Global and Australian macroeconomic environment, also including industry conditions affecting Virgin and Qantas in airline company industry. Secondly, a capital asset pricing model analysis is given for two companies’ stocks. Next part is the comparison of the Virgin and Qantas airline by the equity valuation. Then, there are some key financial ratios analysis of this two airline from the profitability analysis,market price,liquidity analysis...

Words: 4033 - Pages: 17

Premium Essay

Fin 571 Week 3

...Interpreting Financial Results FIN/571 – Foundations of Corporate finance February 4, 2016 Abstract This summary examines Marathon Oil Corporation’s financial statements from the past three years. Financial ratios such as liquidity ratios, leverage ratios, and solvency ratios are discussed and interpreted against the company’s historical data and compared to industry benchmarks. The financial ratios will be used to determine the company’s current financial position how they rank compared to other industry companies. Interpreting Financial Results A financial ratio is an effective instrument that is used in conducting company analysis. These ratios are also useful in important business decision making (Hoskin, Fizzell & Cherry, 2014). There are a number of financial ratios that can be used to conduct analysis. The aspect of the financial comparisons that are under question, determines which financial ratios are best to use. Marathon Oil Corporation is an independent international company and was originally called Ohio Oil Corporation. The organization was originally established in 1887 (Marathon Oil, 2015). As of today, Marathon Oil continues to pull in profits despite the tremendous drop in oil prices. Marathon Oil functions as an energy company and operates in three segments. The company supplies products and services to both large and small organizations. Marathon Oil’s financial data, for years 2014, 2013, and 2012 shown below, provides a clear...

Words: 990 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Fdsadf

...Business Department of Finance FIN 70500 – Multinational Financial Management Module 1, Fall, 2006 |Instructor: |Jerry G. Langley |Phone: |Office - (574) 631-6078 | | Office: |262 MCOB | |Home - (574) 234-1191 (before10PM) | |E-mail: |Jerry.Langley.3@nd.edu | | | | Office hours: I’m in my office most of the week, so stop by or call and set up a time to see me. | COURSE OBJECTIVES This course covers various aspects of the international side of finance, including organizational issues that impact the financial decision-making process. After an overview of the international financial environment companies operate in, we will learn how they organize themselves to do business internationally, the impact of volatile exchange rates and how they can be measured and managed to minimize effects on economic and reported results. In addition to looking at the theoretical underpinnings of international finance, we will also cover the practical side of financing decisions – how corporations actually use these tools to manage the potential impacts on their business that come from operating around the world. We’ll also see how making international financing decisions...

Words: 1406 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Pass-Through Effect of Rmb Exchange Rate on China’s Inflation

...Pass-Through Effect of RMB Exchange Rate on China’s Inflation Contents Chapter 2 Literature review 3 2.1 Introduction 3 2.2 Exchange rate pass-through effect 3 2.2.1 Narrowly defined exchange rate pass-through effect 3 2.2.2 Broadly defined exchange rate pass-through effect 4 2.2.3 Complete and incomplete exchange rate pass-through 5 2.3 Relevant theories of exchange rate pass-through 7 2.3.1 Theory of complete exchange rate pass-through 7 2.3.2 Theory of incomplete pass-through 9 2.4 Empirical research on exchange rate pass-through 13 2.5 Summary and reflection 16 Reference 19 Chapter 2 Literature review 2.1 Introduction This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical researches on exchange rate pass-through effect. Specifically, this chapter firstly introduces the definition of exchange rate pass-through effect, incomplete and complete exchange rate pass-through. Then, this chapter analyses the theory of exchange rate pass-through effect, with focus on the reasons for the common incomplete exchange rate pass-through effect. After theoretical analysis, this chapter reviews and analyses the empirical research on exchange rate pass-through effect. A major part in this section is the review of the perspective and method for analysing exchange rate pass-through effect. Empirical researches generally referred to McCarthy (2000)’s research method, used VAR model, and selected specific area and time window data to empirically analyse exchange rate pass-through...

Words: 6617 - Pages: 27

Premium Essay

Elasticity and Related Problems

...|A Report on | |Elasticity and Related Problems | |A Report on | |Elasticity and Related Problems | Course Title: Microeconomics Course Code: F – 106 Submitted To: Lubna Rahman Lecturer Department of Finance University of Dhaka Submitted By: |Serial No. | | | |Name | | | |ID No. | | | | | | | |01. | | | |Md. Tanvir Ahmed Chy ...

Words: 2733 - Pages: 11

Premium Essay

Strategic Financial Issues

................................................................. ...…......13 MARKET BASED Price/ Earnings (P/E)................................................................................................................... 14 Earnings Yield............................................................................................................................. 14 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 14 References……………………………………………………………………………………….15 Appendix ......................................................................................................................................16 Executive Summary Analyzing and interpreting annual financial reports by using financial ratios to help...

Words: 2958 - Pages: 12

Free Essay

Business Critic Paper

...On Our Way to Inclusive Growth By Cesar B. Bautista Philippine Daily Inquirer 3:53 am | Monday, March 4th, 2013  http://philippinedailyinquirer.newspaperdirect.com/epaper/viewer.aspx The Philippines has achieved considerable progress in tackling corruption and upgrading competitiveness, which makes it earn the respect of world economists, thanks to the high confidence enjoyed by President Aquino. From the “Sick Man of Asia” in the past, the country is now considered as the possible “Tiger Economy” before long. The President has stated that in the second half of his term, the government will focus on providing opportunities for the creation of quality employment and livelihood, since these are the country’s pathway out of poverty. Building on the substantial improvements so far reached by the Cabinet economic cluster, the various business organizations have reiterated the need for sectoral economic planning of products and services, which have the potentials to be globally competitive and where the country can benefit from the global economies of scale that will meet the challenging targets of generating 14.6 million employment and livelihood until 2016. The Philippines will become a global player in a broad field of products and services, which will benefit its resources (both human and natural), financially, technologically, socially and culturally. It will provide the seed of economic renaissance, which was proposed by the combined local and joint foreign business chambers...

Words: 2603 - Pages: 11

Premium Essay

General Motors

...History of the Company In 1900 New York held an Auto Show where there was a surprise turnout and it showed just how much interest the United States citizens had with automobiles. This enticed many different companies into entering the automobile history to try and meet the growing demand. On September 16, 1908, William “Billy” Durant founded General Motors Company (GM) who at one time was a leading manufacturer of horse-drawn vehicles in Flint, Michigan. Initially, GM consisted of only the Buick Motor Company but took only a number of years to acquire more than twenty different companies. Some of these companies include Oldsmobile, Cadillac, and Pontiac. Opel, a brand that was recognized worldwide, became General Motor’s first international acquisition (http://www.gm.com). The major recession that came about in 2008 dried up private sources of capital and had the United Sates Treasury give GM a bridge loan to aide in the restructuring of its operations. Furthermore, it is evident that sales of motor vehicles have increased since the rescue of the auto industry each year since 2009 (http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/). The economy is finally recovering and we will soon see if GM is in a place to again thrive. In the 80’s and 90’s GM encountered its largest single production expansion outside of North America in Spain. Furthermore, since GM had joint ventures in both China and India, they were able to provide a variety of automobiles and reach a broad customer...

Words: 5244 - Pages: 21