...International franchising is often regarded as a low-risk foreign market entry strategy. Does this view fully reflect the attraction of international franchising as a market entry mode? International trade is booming and the world is shrinking rapidly due to faster communication, transportation, and financial flows. Today’s business environment is undergoing fundermental transformation as a result of globalization (Kotler & Armstrong, 2001). According to Hodgetts and Luthans (2003), “globalization is the production and distribution of products and services of a homogenous type and quality on a worldwide basis”. According to Root(1994, P.2) the new global economy has created business environment that require companies to look past the traditional thinking of the domestic market, and start looking at business from an international perspective. The main challenge of global companies is to develop managers that are capable of working across cultures and who are competent in international business (Brake, et al. 1995, p. 2). According to Elashmawi (2000), companies that want to react effectively to changes in its global marketplace, has to have a flexible and adoptable corporate culture. Want (2003) explain corporate culture as the collective belief system that people within a company has about their ability to compete in the marketplace. According to Hoffman and Preble (2004), franchising is a well working theory that helps companies adapt to different cultures and business...
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...Elements of Critical Thinking and Decision Making The saturation of markets is the cause for many based franchisers to seek further growth in international markets; this can be an opportunity for franchisers to venture outside their domestic markets. Because small and medium franchisers may lack in resources and capabilities, strategic alliances with foreign partners are the most viable way of establishing themselves in different markets, which is what happened to Silver Streak Restaurant Corporation (USA) in Mexico. Since the 90’s, even with the crisis of 1994 with an important devaluation of the peso, Mexico became an interesting market because of their industrial property law, a development of trademark protection legislation, changes in the law which made it possible for small players to have the same protection as larger chains, the establishment of franchising as a viable business enterprise and legal guidelines for the provision of information prior the signing of contracts, and must important the NAFTA which put Mexico in the eyes of potential franchisors. NAFTA entered into force on January 1, 1994, and gradually eliminated most of the tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade among its members, more than tripling cross-border movement of goods and services. Of the three NAFTA countries, Mexico changed the most after signing: Whereas NAFTA merely superseded and expanded the then-in-force Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement, it gave Mexico a new partnership with...
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...Abstract This article provides an overview of the recent literature on franchising, with special attention to management control issues. Based on an analysis of franchising articles published in twenty-five high-impact journals over the period 1996–2008, the literature is divided into the following three broad streams: franchise initiation and subsequent propensity to franchise, franchise performance and control of franchising relationships. Several research gaps and avenues for future research are identified, especially towards a systematic study of management control issues in the context of franchising relationships. Key words: franchising, literature review, management control JEL-codes: D23 – L22 – L26 – M21 – M40 2 I. INTRODUCTION This article provides an overview of the recent management literature on franchising, with special attention to its management controli aspects. Franchising plays a prominent role in business life today. This form of entrepreneurship is increasingly being adopted in a variety of sectors, especially by retailing and service companies such as McDonald’s, Holiday Inn, Body Shop and Benetton. According to the Deontological European Code of Honour (2004), franchising is a system for the sale of commodities, services and/or the application of technology. It is based on a close and continuing cooperation between juridical independent and financially autonomous companies, namely the franchisor and his individual franchisees. Hereby, the franchisor...
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...253–268 Franchising Research Frontiers for the Twenty-First Century Rajiv P. Dant a,∗ , Marko Grünhagen b,1 , Josef Windsperger c,2 a Michael F. Price College of Business, The University of Oklahoma, 307 West Brooks, Norman, OK 73019-4001, USA b Eastern Illinois University, School of Business, 4002 Lumpkin Hall, Charleston, IL 61920, USA c Center of Business Studies, University of Vienna, Brünner Strasse 72, A-1210 Vienna, Austria Abstract About four decades ago, during the formative years of the franchising industry, visionary authors like Oxenfeldt and Kelly (1968) and Ozanne and Hunt (1971) proposed a rich slate of research agenda which still continues to guide some of the contemporary scholarship in the franchising domain. This article (1) explicates some of the unique features of the franchising context that presumably inspired these pioneering authors, (2) discusses four established elements of ontology unique to franchising and isolates the remaining research gaps therein, (3) specifies a new slate of more contemporary research agenda for future scholarship, and (4) concludes with a brief discussion of the ten articles featured in this Special Issue of the Journal of Retailing dedicated to the theme of Franchising and Retailing. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Inc on behalf of New York University. Keywords: Franchising Research Agenda; Research Frontiers; Mixed Motives Context; Asymmetrical Power Setting; Twenty-First Century Introduction Modern franchising in USA...
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...A study on the franchising opportunities and the barriers to it in Pakistan A Proposal Submitted by: Faizan mujtaba malik TP027822 BA (hons).International Business Management In Partial fulfilment of requirements of the programme Bachelors of Arts in International Business Management Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation 06-11-2013 Abstract Recently countries over the world have been in a very fast economic development race with the most modern and appropriate strategies and technologies. However, franchising has been of the most successful and useful strategies that helped in the development and improvement of countries. On the other hand Pakistan is one of the developing countries that suffer from the lack of such strategies and technologies that would play the role in the economic development of the country. This report provides an overview of franchising strategy with its advantages and drawbacks. Moreover the report is about the market in Pakistan and provides a much clear image of the environmental factors and current situation in the country. The aim of research is to study the opportunities of franchising in Pakistan as well as the challenges that organizations face in the market of Pakistan specially in franchising. The research focuses on the environmental factors, political and social and cultural factors and its impact on the franchising market in Pakistan. The report also focuses on how technology and infrastructure can...
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...International Marketing Management Using Business Format Franchising as a Market Entry Method McDonald’s Student Name: Nursulu Student ID: Lecturer: Dr. Lester Massingham/ Dr. Tom Abstract This report is based on the advantages and disadvantages of business format franchising and the fundamentals of market entry methods. Using McDonalds which happens to be one of the largest food service companies in the world, the author of this paper will look into the concepts of various market entry strategies in comparison to business format franchising. This report will also look into various elements that will essentially be needed to be addressed. It will critically discuss the various aspects involved in franchising as a market entry strategy and focus on how business format franchising can assessed as an expansion strategy in contrast to other modes of entry. Contents A Brief Journey into the History of McDonalds 3 1.0 An Introduction to Franchising (Facts about Franchising) 4 2.0 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Business Format Franchising 5 2.1 Marketing Franchises Vs Marketing Standalone Enterprises 7 2.2 Brand Image Transformation – Maintained Brand Equity of Franchises 8 2.2 Franchise Marketing Mix Vs Other Entry Modes 9 3.0 Market Entry Methods 10 3.1 Direct Export & Indirect Exportation 10 3.2 Licensing 11 3.3 Contracting 11 3.4 Manufacturing Abroad 11 3.5 Joint Venture 11 4.0 Conclusions & Recommendations 12 Bibliography 13 List of Figures ...
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...LANKA MBA FOR EXECUTIVES INTERNATIONAL MARKETING MANAGEMENT Student Name : N.Kushmi.E.R Gunawardane Student ID No : 0020NLNL1113 Module Lecturer : Dr.Lester Massingham Module Tutor : Ms. Nilusha Gallage Date Submitted : 19th June 2014 Total Word Count : 3500 Executive Summary This report plan is written proposal for “Ministry of Crab” (MOC) restaurant to launch overseas. Situated at Dutch hospital, a prominent tourist location in Colombo city, MOC is currently a popular restaurant in Sri Lankan food industry. Author has analysed all the strategies that are available to go international evaluating their pros and cons. Franchising is introduced as the best option to go international for MOC in this report and facts are justified with relevant examples. Next author has looked at the market attractiveness proposing the two places which MOC should approach first in developed and developing countries. Geographical and historical facts are researched and analysed to find why MOC should approach these countries first. Next author has focused on country comparative analysis and discussed barriers to entry common to international trade. Non tariff barriers are identified related to two chosen countries that is United Kingdom and Bangladesh. In the final question author has discussed the product life cycle and international product life cycle with examples. Concluding...
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...International Business & Economics Research Journal – August 2009 Volume 8, Number 8 The Franchising Decision: The Perspective Of The Franchisee In The Hospitality Industry Ramon Diaz-Bernardo, Instituto de Empresa Business School, Spain ABSTRACT Franchising is a major trend in the hotel industry. Despite the fact that almost two-thirds of branded hotels in the U.S. are franchised, there is a lack of empirical research on franchising in the hospitality industry. In this article, I reviewed one of the most relevant lines of research in franchising literature, usually referred as creating franchising systems, and we have concentrated on analyzing the reasons and motivations to use franchising from franchisee perspective within the hospitality industry. The paper identifies the main reasons for choosing franchising for franchisees, explores what are the most valued characteristics of franchising, and gives some guidelines on how to make the franchising offer more appealing to potential franchisees in the hotel industry. Keywords: Franchising, Hotels, Franchisor, Franchisee INTRODUCTION A franchise system is a collaboration agreement between two independent business partners, the franchisor and the franchisee, whereby the franchisor allows the franchisee the right to use his brand name, products and services, and specific know-how in exchange for direct or indirect payments to the franchisor by the franchisee. In other words, the franchise system consists of multiple...
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...MASON** Abstract. There is a tension in business format franchising between, on the one hand, standardisation and uniformity and, on the other hand, geographical variations in market conditions and resource availability. Previous research has demonstrated in the case of independent small firms that local geographical conditions influence business strategy. This paper examines whether variations in the local geographical environment, notably in terms of demand and supply side conditions, affect format implementation and whether franchisors permit franchisees to make local adaptations of the format in response to local environmental conditions. The study is based on interviews with 40 UK-based franchisors, all of whom were at the later stages of roll-out or in the consolidation stage of network development. Local variations in the business environment do create a conflict with the need to maintain the uniformity of the franchise format. Adaptation was restricted to peripheral format components. No changes were made to the core format components. Most franchisors recognise that their franchisees are an important source of new innovation. However, implementation of franchisee ideas across the system is found in only a minority of cases. Key words: franchising, geography, adaptation, standardisation Please direct correspondence about this paper to Colin Mason 1. Introduction Business format franchising operates on the principle of ‘cloning’ a standardised tried...
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...Franchising Industry in China 1. An Overview of Franchise Development in China Franchising first emerged in China in the late 1980s. In 1987, KFC’s first Chinese outlet was opened in Beijing, the capital city of China. Franchising industry in China experienced a period of disordered development in the early days. In the poor legal environment, some franchisers conducted substandard business or even defrauded franchisees of money. In some cases, franchisees delayed payments to the franchisers or infringed on their intellectual property rights. In 1997, the Ministry of Internal Trade established the first Chinese franchise law, the Regulation on Commercial Franchise Business, which included guidelines on such issues as trademarks, copyrights, and intellectual property protection. A lack of specific provisions in the 1997 version governing foreign direct franchising allowed relatively few major international companies to have significant franchise businesses in China. Although many of these international brands such as 7-Eleven, McDonald’s, KFC and Pierre Cardin, normally do business through franchising, in China foreign franchising was still a grey area before the new rule was published. Because franchising typically does not involve investing in equities, the Chinese Government used to put less focus on such business. But the government came to find that franchises are a good business model for China to help solve its job problems and its scattered private capital. China’s capital...
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...Part 2 A. Introduction Franchise is a method of marketing and distributing based on a two parties relationship; that is the franchisor (the owner and granter of right) and the franchisee (recipient of right) relationship. The right granted is for the purpose of running the business by using the trademark or trade name based on a specific system, at specified location or area within a specified period of time (Malaysian Franchise Association). Types of Franchise There are two main types of franchising; which are product distribution franchise and business format franchise (Beshel. B,2010). The product distribution franchises just simply sell the franchisor’s products and are supplier-dealer relationships. Under this type of franchising, the franchisor licenses its trademark and logo to the franchisees but the entire system for running their business is not provided by franchisor. There are some popular industries which lying under products distribution franchises; they are drink distributors, automobile dealers and gas stations. Pepsi, Shell, Toyota are some examples in this category. Product distribution franchise issues tend to be found in the vertical restraint literature. They typically focus on issues of exclusive dealing, inventory controls and the problem of double marginalization. Double marginalization (Kevin. J.W. 2007) refers to the problem of both a wholesaler and retailer using a price markup formula. The wholesaler sells his good to a retailer at the wholesaler’s...
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...Subway case study | Subway and the challenges of franchising in China | | ADVANTAGES AND BEST ENTRY STRATEGY OF SUBWAY | | | SUBWAY AND THE CHALLENGES OF FRANCHISHING IN CHINA Question: - What are the advantages of franchising in China from Jim Bryant’s perspective? From Subways perspective, is franchising the best entry strategy for China and why? Answer: - “Subway is a very big firm and to spread its business with franchises. To enter in China it was the best way. It is the best way of licensing and entry in a new country. In this company has given a trademark fro their promotion and training.” (International Business Environment and operations 11th Edition, 2009). 1. Entry with franchisee system:- Before subway enter in the China market the franchises system was not so much famous. But because of this system any company only open one store and after that they can go for many stores. So, because of this system it is difficult to attract more customers. But China wanted to know about this system because they also want to expend some of their companies they allow to subway enter to the China by this way. The subways choose to enter in China by this way and they were able to open their many branches in the China market. It is not only save their time, but also have some good effect in the the favour of Subway. Now more and more people know about Subway. They also know how to promote their product. 2. Low cost: - The other advantage was that the...
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...Introduction to International Business Course project: Barriers for franchise business in Kazakhstan Prepared by Shynar Galiyeva 2013 Introduction Kazakhstan is the ninth largest country in the world, sharing its borders with Russia, China, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan. Astana is the capital and Almaty is the largest city and considered to be a financial center of the country. The population of Kazakhstan is about, 16 million, which is low considering the large size of the territory. Nowadays Kazakhstan is known as a country committed to the principles of democracy and market-based economy. After the collapse of Soviet Union and over 20 years of transition period, Kazakhstan has developed into one of the leading economies within the Commonwealth of Independent Countries (CIS). This was achieved mostly because Kazakhstan is very rich for natural resources. Up to the present time, around, 160 oil and gas deposits have been discovered on the territory of the country. Business in Kazakhstan is often focused on the oil and gas sector, which has been responsible for the country’s strong economic expansion over the last decades. However, these are not the only strong sectors of Kazakhstani economy, it possesses almost a quarter of the world’s uranium reserves, holds leading ranks in reserves of barite, chromite, phosphate, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore and gold. Although, Kazakhstan’s economic growth is profoundly dependent on the oil and mining sectors...
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...Research topic: Factors impact on the development of franchising in Vietnam. I. Introduction: 1. Problem statement: Nowadays, franchising is very popular all over the world. In Vietnam, it is not a strange type of business. Observers note that Vietnam currently has major advantages for franchise development. First, the economy has been growing steadily at 7-8 percent in recent years. Second, a young population of 83 million people is seeing living standards rise as disposable income increases. Franchising begins in Vietnam in 2000 with Trung Nguyen coffee as a pioneer, then gradually becomes popular since 2003 until now. Viet Nam now has over 70 separate franchising operations, marketing both local and overseas brands. Some famous franchisors in Vietnam after Trung Nguyen Coffee are Pho 24, which has outlets in Singapore, China and Japan; Kinh Do Bakery, owned by the large bakery; and Bon Mua (Four Seasons) Food and Drink restaurants, owned by leading Vietnamese retailer Hapro. Franchising brings benefits for both franchisee and franchisor. For franchisors, it is a good opportunity to spread their brand name in Vietnam market and overseas markets, increase turnover, save management expenses, protect and broadcast their brand name. For franchisees, they can reduce risks in business because everything is established by franchisor, franchisees will be received training, development and impart management skills, how to decorate the system as per the franchisor’s...
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...1. 2. Franchising is the practice of the right to use a firm's business model and brand for a prescribed period of time. The word "franchise" is of Anglo-French derivation—from franc, meaning free and is used both as a noun and as a (transitive) verb. For the franchiser, the franchise is an alternative to building "chain stores" to distribute goods that avoids the investments and liability of a chain. The franchisor's success depends on the success of the franchisees. The franchisee is said to have a greater incentive than a direct employee because he or she has a direct stake in the business. A franchise makes it possible for people who have never been in business before to run one successfully,” says Professor Lorelle Frazer, director of the Asia-Pacific Centre for Franchising Excellence at Griffith University. A major benefit of being part of a franchise is support. “When we compared independent and franchised businesses during the economic downturn we found that support made a difference to business survival,” says Frazer. “Group peer learning in properly facilitated education environments is one of the most powerful tools for franchise growth and profitability,” says Tony Arena, managing director of BCI Business Brokers. However the benefits of a franchise come at a price; some people choose an independent business for the simple reason that it can cost less to start up. But start an independent business and you’re effectively taking a gamble that there...
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