...By TWAGIRAMUNGU Michel From RWANDA "Relationship between international custom and international convention" Abstract The relationship between treaty and custom is a topic of great importance in practice and theory. An attempt at unraveling the intrigues involved in this relationship requires an understanding of the formal nature of the two sources of treaty and custom, and of the impact they exert upon each other in the search for applicable law in a concrete situation by government officials, judges and legislators. The separateness of these two sources is at times not clear, but shall always be maintained. Rules derived from both sources contribute to the body of international law, and they are rules of equal force. The rules thus derived from them may restrict each other in application and conflict in content, thus being conducive to strangeness in law, and may become asymmetrically opposed. This brief description reveals the relationship between treaties and international custom which can influence international practices. That influence can result in different significant consequences for international relations as a whole. This work is concerned with the relationship between treaty and custom at the international level. Introduction There is still no consensus among academics and other interested parties as to what international law is. However, Prof. J. G. Starke has stated that: “International law consists of a system of laws, the majority of which...
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...Relationship between Religion and International Trade Hilal AKINCI, Yeditepe University, İstanbul 2014 The main aim of this paper is to show whether or not religion has impacts on international trade and how it does happen. To do so, researches about the topic will be covered and some worldwide statistics are gathered together. Empirical Studies There are few empirical studies about impacts of religion on international trade or its relationship with international trade. In shared research of Emilia Justyna Powell, University Alabama, and Stephanie J. Rickard, London School of Economics, impacts of Islamic law on international trade is examined. Two models which are monadic and dyadic techniques are used in this study. The main purpose of them to demonstrate whether or not countries governed by Islamic law are effected regarding their international trade although they believe that “the importance of countries’ legal systems for trade has declined over time, possibly due to the increased role of international arbitration bodies and/or the standardization of international sales contracts (Powell & and Rickard, 2010). This research is important as being the first direct test of the effect of Islamic law on countries’ trade relations. The researched draws our attention to the situation that trade can be conceptualized as the aggregate flow of goods and services between countries but in fact that flows are a series of contracts between buyer and seller countries. Enforcement...
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...Abstract This report explains the connection between international trade and world output. International trade exchanges goods throughout the world through imports and exports which allows customers throughout the world to acquire goods and services that cannot be acquired in their own countries. If the nations of the world were to suddenly cut off all trade with one another, there would great suffrage for many countries. The Relationship between International Trade and World Output According to Businessdictionary.com, international trade is the exchange of goods or services along international borders. This kind of trade allows for greater competition and more competitive pricing in the market and the competition results in more affordable products for the consumer. The exchange of goods also affects the economy of the world as dictated by supply and demand, making goods and services obtainable which may not otherwise be available to consumers globally. World output is defined as the global quantity of economic production observed within a given time frame. An increase in world output would lead to an increase in international trade and if there is a decrease in world output, this leads to a decrease in international trade. An important pattern of international trade is the Heckscher-Ohlin which explains why countries trade goods and services with each other. One condition for trade between two countries is that the countries differ with respect to the availability...
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...Introduction * Background: * The International Integrated Reporting Council(IIRC) established a Consultation Draft(CD) of the first Integrated Reporting Framework. * * Purpose: * Provide the definition of IR& its main purpose. * Select two guiding principles of IR & analyze the relationship between guiding principles and the main purposes of IR. * 2. Definition & main purpose of IR * * 2.1 Definition: A concise communication about how an organization’s strategy, governance, performance, and prospects, in the context of its external environment, lead to the creation of value over the short, medium, and long term (Busco et al. 2013, p.35) * * 2.2 Main purposes * Provide the stakeholders with high-quality information → allocate capitals more effectively (International; Integrated Reporting Council 2013). * Enhance accountability & stewardship for the broad base of capitals (International; Integrated Reporting Council 2013). * Help to make decisions that concentrated on value creation in short, medium and long term ( International; Integrated Reporting Council 2013). * 3. Guiding principles * 3.1 Strategic focus and future orientation * 3.1.1 Main focuses: An integrated report should include strategies of the company & the relationship between the company’s ability to create value and these strategies (International; Integrated Reporting Council 2013). ...
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...ENSR International 1) What are the pros & cons of organizing around geographies? Service lines? Industries? Clients? The company ENSR is a multinational company with having its offices all around the world. As the clients of the company have dispersed geographically therefore; there is a high need for the company to expand more in geographical terms. Organizing around geographies would help the company to have different and vast exposure with respect to the clients however; it will also require company resources that include the money and time of the consultant. This is a major reason why ENSR always tries to make their business around geographies. Furthermore, organizing around service lines would help the company in efficiently utilizing the company’s resources with respect to desired level of expertise. Moreover, organizing around industries and clients will be helpful in securing clients more efficiently but with a greater level of expense. Moreover, the key accounts program will also help the company in securing relationships with potential and existing customers of ENSR. 2) How could the BDO solution look like in detail? Who would do what? How would the new organization chart look like? Which problems would be solved, which not? Business Development officers are the ones who are engaged in developing relationships with current and potential clients of the company. The business development officer solution was initially implemented in the 90s era as a part...
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... listening and empathy skills on the relationship of the customers with the employees. Companies love long-‐term relationships because they translate into returning and repeat customers. Research has shown that it is generally more profitable to service a return customer than to attract and serve a new one (Aggarwal et al, 2005). Furthermore, the effective management of employee-‐ customer relationships has been linked to strategic marketing advantage (Turnbull and Wilson, 1989) and long-‐term profitability (Reicheld, 1994). The employee-‐customer relationships are equally valued by customers (Berry and Parasurman, 1991) and motivate them to make purchases. Because of the importance of the customer-‐employee relationships it is important to examine the factors that influence the perceived quality of this relationship. This relationship quality has a direct affect on the...
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...was “Romantic Relationships and Substance Use in Early Adulthood: An Examination of the Influences of Relationship Type, Partner Substance Use, and Relationship Quality” by Charles B. Fleming, Helene R. White, and Richard F. Catalano. This article covered the effects that varying type of relationships have on substance use, and being as I went through these different stages right out of high school so I can relate and appreciate the data. This article was very easy to relate too and to understand how relationships can change you for worst or better, and the way that the data is delivered was straight forward and clear cut so I was able to interpret it clearly. The information that is given in this article was well researched and delivered, and being that this was a research paper it would give good starting points for where I should begin my own research. Although this paper was focused on a limited age range (early adulthood 18-20) it was extremely thorough in retrieving data and offers many areas where you could continue the research and look more into a specific relationship type. This paper covers the opposing affects that differing stages of relationships play on drug use, heavy drinking, and smoking, but this study only focuses on the transition between graduating high school and entering college and gives a small glimpse into what the roles play later in life. The most interesting piece of data that this article had was not only does being in a relationship gives the people...
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...The Simple Gift – Essay model A person’s relationship with others and the world around them influences their experience of belonging or not belonging. Discuss this view with detailed reference to The Simple Gift and TWO other related texts. Relationships and experiences contribute to an individual’s sense of belonging or not belonging. This view is clearly evident in The Simple Gift by Steven Herrick and the two related texts _______________ and __________________. The Simple Gift explores the characters of Billy, Caitlin and Old Bill. At the beginning each character feels a sense of not belonging, but this changes as their relationships with each other develop. Billy feels like he doesn’t belong in his world. He is neglected and abused by his father which is conveyed in the poem ‘Sport’. Billy expresses his father’s aggression through the line, ‘gave me one hard backhander across the face, So hard I fell down.’ He also shows his contempt for school in the poem ‘Wentworth High School’ when he begins to sign his name ‘Billy Luckett rhymes with…..’ The only place Billy does experience a sense of belonging is expressed in the poem ‘Westfield Creek’, which he describes as ‘my favourite classroom.’ The language used in this poem is much more positive. Billy’s relationship with Bendarat gives him a sense of belonging, that is carried through in his relationship with Caitlin and Old Bill. At first Billy doesn’t feel he belongs, he uses alliteration to express his preference...
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...Blueprint for Essay Introduction: *--Topic: Is our relationships with others important and do they need to be maintained? Can we learn from our experiences? Through these experiences, can we overcome life’s challenges? -- Lead: Social connections not only give us pleasure, they also influence our health. --Happier, have fewer health problems, and live longer --Building strong relationships with other human beings are essential for people to grow, learn and gain experience. --Learning to let go from bad relationships helps with experience and matures the person. --Three Day Road perfectly portrays a healthy relationship transform into a toxic one. -- Thesis statement: Author Joseph Boyden illustrates human growth through sustaining healthy relationships, beginning new ones, and cutting off the toxic. --Point 1: The preservation of a healthy relationship sets up an atmosphere for both parties to help and learn from each other. The two improve as a person all together. -Proof: - Niska and Xavier have a strong bond; she nourishes him with stories to keep him alive. (People help each other in relationships) -Niska is like a mother figure to Xavier -Elijah and Xavier were always the best of friends. Started to bond since residential school, and had a connection as strong as two brothers -Both help each other improve -Xavier teaches Elijah hunting skills in first scene of book. -“What do we do, Xavier?” (pg 2), Xavier reacts quickly by...
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...Bloomed or Doomed? Relationships can be rewarding, yet they can cause frustration and hardship as well. Though there are many types of relationships, each requires a dependency or interaction between counterparts. Many people have a different perspective of what ingredients are needed for a successful relationship or marriage. Some people think they can be compatible only with someone who is very similar to themselves, while others feel that opposites attract. Even though there are many variables to a successful relationship and marriage, there are some crucial elements that need to be constant. If those elements are ignored, the connection may be lost. Jhumpa Lahiri’s stories “A Temporary Matter” and “The Third and Final Continent” demonstrate the need for communication and adaptation between two individuals to have a successful marriage. Communication is mandatory in almost every aspect of life where more than one person is involved. It can mean the difference in any outcome if there is too little or more than enough. Communication can come in many forms such as verbal, non verbal, and physical. As every relationship begins with two strangers who come to know each other better through communication, a lack of communication can cause those who once knew each other to become strangers once more. In Lahiri’s story “A Temporary Matter,” Shukumar and his wife Shoba become very distant from each other after the tragedy of their stillborn child. They create as much space as possible...
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...Running head: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUSINESS AND SOCIETY Relationship between Business and Society In today’s economy businesses have a divine responsibility and commitment to its relationship between society, family, nation, religious groups and law. In short, business is the activity which provides a good or service with a social and moral contract to society. Chewning, Eby and Roels (1990) have stated, "Christian businesspeople are to be just that – servants of God who act as stewards in the ways that shows God’s will at work, play, worship and in the family” (p. 194). I opened with that quote from our readings because I truly believe that the relationship between society and business needs to be consistent with the moral ethics of the Bible. There has been an ever changing relationship between business and society over the past fifty years. Chewning, Eby and Roels (1990) have stated, "In recent years there has been a revolution in the way people understand the relationship between business and society” and goes on to state “In the future business will be judged not only for its economic contributions, but for its social, political and moral ones as well" (p. 195). This relationship between business and society is apparent and corporations are adding in values to their policies. After ENRON, many corporations fear being labeled as unethical. Chewning, Eby and Roels (1990) tell us, “A number of other important indicators are more important for the long term: employee...
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...INTRODUCTION “Without education, man is as though in a closed room and with education he finds himself in a room with all its windows open towards the outside world.” (Kassim Wais) Education serves as the means to bring about the desired changed in society, to develop a generation of virtuous individuals and thus contribute to the development of good human beings. It also serves as the means to develop oneself physically mentally and socially. Education to the youth manifests itself in terms of the need to cultivate the youth of society into mature individuals. It is important for them because youth is their growing stage it is also the time to develop the principle of life, make career decisions and begin to pursuit of one’s goal. It is important that the education to aims at youth developing social awareness in these adult-to-be (Manali Oak). Education is vital to the healthy growth and development of one’s personality. In making the ‘beings’ ‘human’ to produce ‘human being’ lies the importance of education to youths. But the transition of teenager’s attention from studying from the feeling of love has grown up. Right from the schools, teenagers find themselves getting attracted to the opposite sex in schools, neighborhood or even because of media which influences their feeling in many cases. Teenage affection has more chances of resulting just because of infatuation. It is highly probable that because of the hormonal changes in this phase of life, we are excited and keen...
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...Of the six “Weapons of Influence”, the first one I will discuss will be reciprocity. As this concept in Cialdini’s book, I began to think about the commonly used phrase “If you scratch my back, I’ll scratch your back”. Often this phrase means if you someone does something nice or out of the way for you, it is only right that you return the favor. It is common for people to consider the exchange of gifts when the term reciprocity comes about. On the contrary, it goes more into depth than just physical aspects or noticeable items. For instance, it is used in a great extent in politics and leadership. When I started my job as a waitress, I was inexperienced and fairly young. My manager at the time was just appointed manager and was learning as she moved forwards. She hired me and took a chance that any other manager would not have taken. She was very patient, attentive, and kind while training me and fixing my mistakes. She gave me time and constructive criticism that helped me develop as a waitress. Over the months, I became a hard-working and reliable waitress. Eventually, I was offered a different waitressing position at another restaurant that was better in location and offered better benefits. Ultimately, I had to choose between the two restaurants. The current restaurant that I was working at was having a difficult time keeping dependable waitresses and were constantly hiring and firing. So, I knew that I was maybe one of the last good, reliable waitresses that they had on...
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...To start off with, relationships. Oh boy, what could we say about this topic. Relationships are what most teenagers worry about. Does this boy like me, does this girl like me. How can I impress him/her? Students go around during school worrying more about if they look "hot" or if the boy/girl they are crushing on is noticing them. This effects student's school work. Students focus more on what's going on in their personal life with their relationship and cannot focus on their school work. If the guy or girl that they are crushing on or in a relationship with is in any of the same classes, it could cause distractions and lower your grades. You push off your school work, and worry about them. It's hard to have a relationship with someone sometimes especially when you see them at school all the time and something happens. Say you get into a fight or something, then you are extremely upset all day and start to cry. All day, all you think about is if you guys are going to be okay, and what is going to happen. I've done it. I know it's extremely hard to focus but you just have to try. Relationships are a big part of an average teenagers life, and they are usually pretty hard to keep strong. Another thing i've done, is just pushed off my homework and hung out with whoever I was dating and then started to get low grades. My mom was extremely upset and told me that if me having a boyfriend was going to effect my grades then there was going to be a lot of consequences. If you just mainly...
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...or hypothesis. The focus question that the researcher has chosen to examine with great effort for their Independent research topic is “For a female adolescent, does being in partnered relationship affect ones academic behaviour and performance. The researcher’s hypothesis of this topic will be that having a relationship with a significant other will have an effect on individual’s performance and academic behaviour negatively. Even though there has been some exception of high academic excellency during relationships, the relationship tends to sway the individual and prevent them on focusing more on their education. Having a partner during schooling years will disable the individual do things to their full potential This area of topic is great interest to the researcher, due to the submission she has in this field she decides to research. In more depth the research is surrounded by many adolescents that are currently in relationship and the researcher notices a pattern in their academic performance This issue of adolescence and academic performance, being a sensitive topic to some as some as swaying from education maybe a topic individual may not want to converse about. This area is appealing as we are at a stage and time in which more adolescents are beginning to form relationships with a significant...
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