...6.0 INTERNATIONAL TRADE FINANCE Learning Objectives: At the end of the subject coverage learners should be able to: • Explain the ways in which international trade is undertaken, settled and financed; • Identify the types of customers engaged in international trade and their needs; • Explain the features and benefits of services provided by banks and other financial institutions in facilitating international trade; • Explain international payment systems and regulations that are in place and the procedures adopted. CONTENTS 1. Introduction to International Trade Finance • The meaning of international trade. • Major parties in international trade. • Reasons for international trade. • Advantages of international trade. • International trade barriers. • The role of banks and financial institutions in international trade. 2. The Foreign Exchange Market • The meaning of foreign exchange market. • Participants in the foreign exchange market. • Functions of foreign exchange market. • The mechanism of foreign exchange transfer. • Relationship between foreign exchange market and money market. • Systems and procedures for inter bank foreign exchange trading. 3. Exchange Rates • Definition of exchange rate. ...
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...Principles of Econometrics Tips for a Term Paper Topic Your work MUST BE ORIGINAL, but the issue/model/methodology need not! Money/Macro/International Economics Common Approaches 1. Apply a model or law (e.g., Phillips curve, Okun’s law, etc.) to more recent data. 2. Extend what is known for the U.S. to other countries (emerging, developing or Eastern European). Examples: 1. Outsourcing: Do firms that outsource tend to do better? Or why they outsource? 2. Trade deficit: What causes the huge US trade deficit? 3. Twin deficits: Is there a link between the trade deficit and the government budget deficit? 4. Foreign exchange: What has caused the recent drop of the US dollar? 5. Oil shocks: Have oil shocks led to recessions in the US or elsewhere? 6. Growth: Why some countries are rich while others poor? 7. Election: What determines an election outcome? 8. Big Mac Index Finance/Management/Accounting Common Approaches 1. What affects stock performance of different firms or over time? 2. Firm performance? Some Issues 1. Any link between the economy and the stock market? 2. How does monetary policy affect the financial markets? 3. Any link between stocks and bonds? Microeconomic/Socioeconomic/Marketing Issues General Approach: Apply any theory, model or concept to firms, people or markets. Some Issues 1. What affects the demand (or price) for a product? 2. Does money buy happiness? 3. Any link between market price (or profit) and quality...
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...Examination Paper of Finance Management 1 IIBM Institute of Business Management IIBM Institute of Business Management Examination Paper MM.100 International Finance Section A: Objective Type & Short Questions (30 Marks) This section consists of Multiple choice & Short Note type questions. Answer all the questions. Part One carries 1 mark each & Part Two carries 5 marks each. Part One: Multiple choices: 1. Foreign exchange market in India is relatively very ________. a. Big b. Small c. Medium d. None of the above 2. Balance of payment is a systematic record of all _______ during a given period of time. a. Political transactions b. Social transactions c. Economic transactions d. None of the above 3. Merchandise trade balance, services balance & balance on unilateral transfer are the part of ________ account. a. Current account b. Capital account c. Official account d. None of the above 4. Interest rate swaps can be explained as an agreement between _________ parties. a. One b. Two c. Three d. None of the above 5. Capital account convertibility in India evolved in August a. 1996 b. 1995 c. 1994 d. None of the above 6. Interest rate parity is an economic concept, expressed as a basic algebraic identity that relates. a. Capital rate & interest rate b. Interest rate & exchange rate Examination Paper of Finance Management 2 IIBM Institute of Business Management c. Currency rate & exchange rate d. None of the above 7. The two kind of...
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...FITTskills: International Trade Finance Sixth Edition Course Objectives • Define and discuss the “Four Pillars” of trade finance— payment facilitation, risk management, financing and the provision of information related to a transaction • Describe the impact of technology on trade finance • Describe the major products and services related to trade finance, including the role and requirement of each party to a transaction • Discuss the importance of export credit agencies and international financial institutions in international trade • Describe the importance of adequate planning relative to the financial aspects of international trade 10/20/2015 TF 1-2 An Introduction to Trade Finance The bottom line of global business Dollars and cents of import and export • Some complexity in arranging payment cross-border, while assuring delivery of goods as agreed • Evolution: partly technology, partly changing global practices • Effective financing solutions key to competitiveness and profitability • Due diligence • Gradual shift from paper-based to Internet-based efinance • Financing timelines: Short term—up to 2 years Medium term—2 to 7 years Long term—7+ years, extending 15-20 years TF Ch 1-4 The four pillars of trade finance 1. Payment 2. Risk Mitigation 3. Financing 4. Information TF Ch 1-5 A business of relationships • Domestic vs...
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...C H A P T E R 19 International Trade Finance Financial statements are like fine perfume: to be sniffed but not swallowed. —Abraham Brilloff. LEARNING OBJECTIVES ◆ Learn how international trade alters both the supply chain and general value chain of the domestic firm, thereby beginning the globalization process in the trade phase. ◆ Consider what the key elements of an import or export transaction are in business. ◆ Discover how the three key documents in import/export, the letter of credit, the draft, and the bill of lading, combine to both finance the transaction and to manage its risks. ◆ Identify what the documentation sequence is for a typical international trade transaction. ◆ Learn how the various stages and their costs impact the ability of an exporter to enter a foreign market and potentially compete in both credit terms and pricing. ◆ See what organizations and resources are available for exporters to aid in managing trade risk and financing. ◆ Examine the various trade financing alternatives. The purpose of this chapter is to explain how international trade, exports and imports, is financed. The contents are of direct practical relevance to both domestic firms that just import and export and to multinational firms that trade with related and unrelated entities. The chapter begins by explaining the types of trade relationships that exist. Next, we explain the trade dilemma: exporters want to be paid before they export and importers do not want to pay until...
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...Export Credit Insurance: A literature review Name: Jordi van Dijk, ANR number: 361473 Course: Finance for Premasters 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.3 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE 1.4 RELATION CREDIT INSURERS AND OPEN ACCOUNT TRANSACTIONS 3 3 3 3 4 2 BUSINESS ON OPEN ACCOUNT: WHAT ARE THE REASONS? 2.1 TRADE CREDIT INSTEAD OF BANK LOANS 2.2 TRADE CREDIT AS A SECURITY 2.3 TRADE CREDIT AS A SUBSTITUTE OF BANK LOANS 4 4 4 5 3 THE RISE OF EXPORT CREDIT INSURANCE 3.1 UNITED KINGDOM INITIATOR OF EXPORT CREDIT INSURANCE 3.2 HISTORY OF EXPORT CREDIT INSURANCE IN THE U.S. 3.3 THE RISE OF PRIVATE CREDIT INSURERS 5 5 6 7 4 CREDIT INSURANCE AND OTHER CREDIT RISK MITIGATION TECHNIQUES 4.1 AVAILABLE COVERAGE’S IN THE CREDIT INSURANCE MARKET OF THE NETHERLANDS 4.1.1 Commercial risk 4.1.2 Political risk 4.1.3 Fabrications risk 4.2 INTRODUCTION OTHER TECHNIQUES TO MITIGATE CREDIT RISKS 4.2.1 Letters of ...
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...SYLLABUS COURSE TITLE: MGT/448 Global Business Strategies LSB04BSM09 REQUIRED TEXT/MATERIAL: Books 1. The World Is Flat A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century (Friedman) 2. International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace, 5/e (Hill) 3. The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization (Friedman) 4. Managing Cultural Differences (Harris, Moran) 5. Global E-Commerce Strategies for Small Business, (Da Costa, Laffont, Tirole) Scholarly Articles 1. International Business: Environments and Operations, (Daniels, Radebaugh, Sullivan) Journal of Political Economy 2. International Real Business Cycles, (Backus, Kehoe and Kyland) Journal of Political Economy 3. Going global: Using information technology to advance the competitiveness of the virtual, (Boudreau, Loch, Robey, Straub) Academy of Management Executive 4. Working with Americans, (Thompson) The FLAME of Claremont Graduate University Websites: 1. Economist.com (The Economist Magazine) 2. FT.com (Financial Times Newspaper) 3. cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook (CIA world Fact Book) 4. loc.gov/rr/international/portals.html (Library of Congress Country Info) 5. windowontheworldinc.com/countryprofile/index.html (Tips for Global Business Etiquette 6. transparency.org (Transparency International) 7. scholar.google.com (Google for academic search) INSTRUCTOR: Taj Ahmad Eldridge, MBA, Ph.D Int’l Political Economics & World Politics candidate WELCOME: Buenas noches...
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...proprietor business, independent business owners who employ a handful of workers. The central bank of Bangladesh defines any business having a “Net-Worth” of up-to Tk. 10 Million or number of employees between 10 to 50 persons as small and business having a “Net-Worth” between Tk. 10 to 100 Million, or employees between 50 to 100 persons as Medium enterprises (Ahmed at al, 2011) 1. The Government of Bangladesh has categorized SME into two broad classes: Manufacturing enterprise and Non Manufacturing activities. The International Consultancy Group (ICG) of the UK, in collaboration with the Micro Industries Development Assistance and Services (MIDAS), conducted in 2003 the National Private Sector Survey of Enterprises in Bangladesh with funding from the Department of International Development (DFID) of the UK Government, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA).The survey found that the industrial structure of...
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...that allows the company to project revenues and costs at various levels of output. This paper will therefore give an analysis of the alternatives available to the company to help the owner make an appropriate business decision. The paper will also suggest a recommendation using a pro forma cash flow budget to help justify the decision. Likewise, the paper will establish the company’s opportunities and risks associated with global growth. Analysis of Alternatives Ongko Furniture has three alternatives available to the company. The best alternative selected must consider the incremental benefits and risk-trade off determinants. Ongko’s first option, although expensive, involves investing in a high-tech solution that would increase production and reduce labor costs. The second option involves a forward vertical integration in the form of distribution and this would put the company in a new global market. The third option involves exploring the market that demands a flame retardant finish on furniture. However, this means keeping the current operations and suffering losses from the competition and changes already affecting the company (University of Phoenix, 2010). Recommendation and Justification Today, small companies seek international dimensions through exporting, outsourcing, importing, manufacturing, or forming a strategic alliance. Recent studies established that international trade increased from 7,000 in 1975 to almost 40,000 and continues to grow (Bianchi, 2007). With...
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...and doctorate from the London School of Economics. He is a professor of international finance prior to taking up his present position he was a midland bank member in monetary economics. He had associated with Loughborough University (1982-1984) then got his position as Lecturer and afterward Senior Lecturer then join University of Aberdeen (1984-1989) then University of Dundee (1989-1992) and most recently Professor of International Finance at the University of Strathclyde (1992-2004). REPEC (Research Papers in Economics), the body which provides a ranking of all economists in the world, shows that Ronald MacDonald, Adam Smith Professor of Political Economy, is ranked in the top 5% (at number 29) in the world in the field of International Finance. His main areas of research are applied macroeconomics, financial economics and international finance. He has published over 100 refereed journal articles on topics as diverse as the determination of government expenditure and fiscal deficits, the determination of bond yields and stock prices, and the economics of exchange rates. Most of his recent publications have been in the latter area and have involved modeling exchange rate movements in terms of macroeconomic fundamentals, such as money supplies and interest rates, and producing measures of equilibrium exchange rates. He has acted as a consultant to various international organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund and the European Commission, a variety of central banks...
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...Pakistan's Textile and Clothing Sector: Its Future in the European Union Karin Astrid Siegmann Working Paper Series # 110 November 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher. A publication of the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI). The opinions expressed in the papers are solely those of the authors, and publishing them does not in any way constitute an endorsement of the opinion by the SDPI. Sustainable Development Policy Institute is an independent, non-profit research institute on sustainable development. © 2009 by the Sustainable Development Policy Institute First Edition November 2009 Mailing Address: PO Box 2342, Islamabad, Pakistan. Telephone ++ (92-51) 278134, 278136, 277146, 270674-76 Fax ++(92-51) 278135, URL: www.sdpi.org Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................1 1. EU-Pakistan Trade in Textiles and Clothing: A Love – Hate Relationship? ...........1 2. Character matters: structural features of T&C trade..............................................1 3. Anatomy of textiles and clothing trade between Pakistan and the EU ...................4 4. Future scenarios for a contested relationship...
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...Faculty of International Relations Student number: 25520120254069 January, 2013 Correspondence Yagoub Ali Elryah, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Tel: 15860796370, E-mail: yagoubelryah@hotmail.com 1- Background: In the era of economic integration, most of the developing and developed countries not only open their borders for trade of goods and services, ideas, technology, information, etc. but also open capital accounts that have virtually made the world a global village1. During the 1980s and 1990s, a large amount of capital moved internationally from private investors in the whole world. It took place primarily through sale of bonds and equities and international investment by multinational corporations. Thus, globalization of finance and efficient allocation of capital stimulated growth in developing countries significantly. It is the nature of capital to move from places where it is plentiful to where it is scarce, provided there is no barrier to cross the border. Return on new investment is higher where capital is scarce. This is an incentive for people to save more (leading to enhanced capital formation) in developing countries as these countries are in general capital poor. For the same reason, foreign individuals and companies seek to invest their surplus capital in developing countries. Thus, this channel in turn, can help the recipient countries to accelerate their growth rate and subsequently improve their living standard (Lieehetta, 2006). In this paper we analyze...
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...the international trade. The financial crisis began in the United States in 2007 in the housing market resulting in foreclosures. The crisis continued to grow and eventually turned into a global financial crisis as well as an economic crisis. As a result, some major banks, insurance companies and investment houses faced bankruptcy while others needed financial aid to continue operating. Many businesses involved in the international trade have been struggling in their financial management during the credit crunch because a business is supposed to remain successfully even during crisis times. The managers in businesses involved in the international trade have had to make decisions to help their organizations stay afloat during the financial crisis. Economists are of the opinion that a financial crisis results from feeble economic fundamentals for instance, fiscal deficit, reduced foreign reserve and increased foreign debt among others. The financial crisis eased in 2009 but its effects were felt globally. The effects on the international trade occur because of the trade links among countries at the global market through a contagious effect (Glick & Rose, 1999). The contagious effect means that when a financial crisis occurs in a country it creates a crisis in another country even if that other country has sound economic fundamentals. The financial crisis affects international trade greatly and this paper will focus on the effects of a financial crisis on the international trade...
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...the working of institutions engaged in financing export and import of goods and services with a view to promoting the country’s international trade…” “… shall act on business principles with due regard to public interest” (Export-Import Bank of India Act, 1981) 3 Evolving Vision Product Centric Approach Export Credits 1982-85 Export Capability Creation 1986-94 “To develop commercially viable relationships with a target set of externally oriented companies by offering them a comprehensive range of products and services, aimed at enhancing their internationalisation efforts” Comprehensive Range of Customer Centric Products And Services Approach – All Stages of the Export Business Cycle – Exim Bank TODAY Leadership and Expertise in India’s Export Finance 4 Organisation BOARD OF DIRECTORS (16)* Chairman and Managing Director 5 Directors: Government of India 3 Directors: Scheduled Banks 4 Directors : Professionals/Experts 1 Director nominated by RBI 1 Director nominated by IDBI 1 Director nominated by ECGC OFFICES Domestic Offices: 9 Ahmedabad Bangalore Chennai Guwahati Hyderabad Kolkata New Delhi Mumbai Pune Overseas Offices:6 London Dakar Durban Dubai Singapore Washington D.C. Appointed by Govt. of India * As per Exim Bank Act 5 Operational Philosophy International Trade Financing Promoting Facilitating Through Variety of Financing...
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...Journal of Business, Economics & Finance (2012), Vol.1 (2) Manni and Ibne Afzal, 2012 EFFECT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A CASE OF BANGLADESH ECONOMY Umme Humayara Manni1, Munshi Naser Ibne Afzal1 1 Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Faculty of Business, Economics and Policy Studies, Brunei. ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to assess the impact of trade liberalization on Bangladesh economy between the periods 1980 to 2010. This research analyzes the achievements of the economy in terms of important variables such as growth, inflation, export and import after trade liberalization. The paper uses simple Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique as methodology for empirical findings. The analysis clearly indicates that GDP growth increased consequent to liberalization. Trade liberalization does not seem to have affected inflation in the economy. The quantitative analysis also suggests that greater openness has had a favourable effect on economic development. Both real export and imports have increased with greater openness. Liberalization policy certainly improves export of the country which eventually leads higher economic growth after 1990s. The findings of this study can be an interesting example for trade liberalization policy study in developing countries. KEYWORDS Trade liberalization, economic growth, developing countries, Bangladesh economy, OLS technique, openness, export, import, inflation 1. INTRODUCTION Like many...
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