...GLOBALIZATION Firm Internationalization and Capital Structure in Developing Countries: The Role of Financial Development Halit Gonenc and Daniel J. de Haan As the trend in globalization continues, developing market economies are moving to the forefront of the world market, diminishing the dominance of developed countries. Their rapid expansion is often underpinned by strong domestic firm performance. The resources and funds required to fuel the sustained future growth of these firms as they compete with global powerhouses from developed markets therefore become important factors. In recent decades the process of globalization has made it increasingly common for developing country firms to internationalize and gain access to developed country capital markets. Developping countries are playing a significant role in the developpment of their home-country economies because of a higher use of external financement, which could give these firms the opportunity of operating in countries with more developped financial markets and a better access to external funds. In addition, developed financial markets can reduce the problem of asymmetric information. To evaluate the role that both the level of financial market development and firm-level characteristics have in the relationship between internationalization and debt financing, they employ three-variable interactions. The purpose was to find out how the relationship between the level of foreign sales and financial development...
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...The internationalisation process of the firm - a case study Tomas Sylverberg - - Avdelning, Institution Division, Department Datum Date 2004-01-20 Ekonomiska institutionen 581 83 LINKÖPING Språk Language Svenska/Swedish X Engelska/English Rapporttyp Report category Licentiatavhandling Examensarbete ISBN ISRN Internationella ekonomprogrammet 2004/26 C-uppsats X D-uppsats Serietitel och serienummer Title of series, numbering ISSN Övrig rapport ____ URL för elektronisk version http://www.ep.liu.se/exjobb/eki/2004/iep/026/ Titel Title Företagets internationaliseringsprocess - en fallstudie The internationalisation process of the firm - a case study Författare Author Tomas Sylverberg Sammanfattning Abstract Background: The Uppsala model is the most accepted paradigm regarding the internationalisation process of the firm. This thesis tries to complement the Uppsala model with Porter's theories regarding internationalisation. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to study to what extent the Uppsala model is applicable to a small manufacturing firm, and to see if the theory, combined with the Porterian framework, can provide a more solid framework for the description of the internationalisation process of the firm. Method: The master thesis is based on one personal interview with the CEO of the study object, Bukowski design. Results: The internationalisation process of the firm can to some extent be explained using the Uppsala...
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...J Manag Gov DOI 10.1007/s10997-010-9154-1 Internationalization, innovation and entrepreneurship: business models for new technology-based firms Alberto Onetti • Antonella Zucchella • Marian V. Jones • Patricia P. McDougall-Covin Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. 2010 Abstract New technology-based firms, particularly those that develop their business around a new technological platform, are likely to be impacted by globalization, in terms of both pace of innovation and pressure of competition. For these firms, strategic decisions and growth processes are characterized by a deep interrelationship amongst the processes of internationalization, innovation and entrepreneurship; processes which have tended to be examined independently in distinct bodies of literature. In practice strategic decisions concern each of these processes and address issues such as organizational boundaries, location of the operational activities, what activities to focus on and selection of value partners. The business model by which firms operate needs also to accommodate the spatial dimensions indicated by globalization; and the emergence of global technology markets. Little is known to date about the extent to which business models accommodate or are adapted to internationalization, innovation and entrepreneurship. This paper presents a review of the business model literature from which a generic business model framework is derived, identifying and introducing the main elements...
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...TURKU SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS 11 Comparison of internationalization process of Finnish firms Similarities and differences Submitted by: Sarada P Sahu Student Number - 601502 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Internationalization process of the Raisio group 3 Internationalization process for Jaakko Poyry Group 5 Internationalization process for Kone elevators 7 Comparison in the internationalization process of firms 8 Similarities 8 I. External environmental conditions: 8 II. Leadership and top management: 8 Differences 9 I. Strategy for Internationalization 9 II. Outlook of the company 11 III. Organizational and business structure: 12 Conclusion 13 Introduction The study of the Internationalization process for Finnish firms has been quite interesting in terms of the variety of the methods used by the companies to do so and in the nature of the learning that can be gained from the same. While studying about processes and the tactics being used by the companies’ one also has to pay importance to the external environment in terms of the economy, government and social and cultural factors that play a very important part in the decision making during the internationalization process. The major factors that have led to the internationalization process in Finnish firms can be classified into five major categories as mentioned. The first factor is the competence development in individuals and exploitation of the critical events that occur in the world...
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...The Factors that Influence Successful Internationalization of Firms in Emerging Markets: A Case Study of MTN International Abstract Internationalization is essential in the modern world that is filled with many uncertainties. Companies internationalize because of many factors that include profit motives, costs minimization, diversification of the markets, search for new opportunities, saturated domestic market etc. the internationalization process of a firm involves many processes that are interlinked and the firm that wants to internationalize should always take these factors into considerations. The factors include the knowledge on the market, the availability of resources, the strategies to be used and the market environment. Before a company takes on an international assignment it should plan first. Planning will help the organization not to make mistakes in its initiative. Despite the many motives of companies to internationalize and the advantages involved, there are obstacles that the company must overcome for successful internationalization this paper analyzes the internationalization process in emerging markets, the process, motives, obstacles and benefits to a firm. A case study of MTN international will be used. The study is important to every person interested in international business and companies.More… CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Chapter overview This chapter will give a highlight of the whole study about internationalization of companies. Included in the chapter...
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...Academic Research Conference (ITARC ), 7 – 8th November, 2012, London.UK. Network-based theories and internationalization of firms: applications to empirical studies Mojtaba Hosseini and Hosseini Dadfar Linkoping University, Sweden Key Words Network based theories, Internationalization, Revised Uppsala Model, ARA-Model, and Network Embeddedness. Abstract By using a topology of the most frequently used network-based theories on the firms’ internationalization; this paper is going to present some recommendations to correctly apply those theories in future internationalization studies. We have identified eight network-based theories that are broadly used in internationalization studies. These theories are Relationship Approach, Social Network Analysis and Network Mapping in American schools, and Industrial Marketing and Purchasing Group (IMP) Interaction Approach, ARA-Model, Network Embeddedness, Revised Uppsala Model and Network-based Internationalization Theory, which are developed by European universities. This paper, will explain these theories, their applications to internationalization and then making some recommendations for the future empirical studies. Figures and tables are used to clarify and summarize the theories and their empirical applications. Introduction Researchers have been using of different basic theories to explain the internationalization of companies. For example, transaction cost approach (TCA) (Anderson 1986; Lee, Koh, and Heo 2011), resource-based...
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...AddThis Social Bookmarking Widget Custom Writing Service Pricing Free Inquiry Order now F.A.Q. Revision Policy Money Back "No plagiarism" guarantee Testimonials Live Chat Popular choice Our Pricing Place Free inquiry Order Now Want To Be a Writer? EssayShark New Custom Writing Service Categories All About Custom Writing Service Annotated Bibliographies Citation Styles Company News dissertations Essay Topics and Ideas Essay Types Essay Writing Guide Essay Writing Help Essay Writing Tips Example Essays Example of Research Papers General Writing Help Lab Reports Main category Plagiarism Research Paper Help Sample Book Reviews Sample Essays Sample Research Papers Term Paper Help Recent Posts Research Paper on Poor Organizational Communication Article Review Essay College Admission Essay Example University Application Essay Research Paper on Crowd Management Plan Archives October 2011 September 2011 August 2011 July 2011 June 2011 May 2011 April 2011 March 2011 February 2011 January 2011 December 2010 November 2010 October 2010 September 2010 August 2010 July 2010 June 2010 May 2010 April 2010 March 2010 February 2010 January 2010 December 2009 November 2009 October 2009 September 2009 August 2009 ...
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...Introduction: Firms from big and developed countries internationalize by using many advantages and resources to compete and to survive in the economy industrial, they face many difficulties such us political issues, economy changes, environmental, technology and lack of resources and many obstacles they go through with it while the process of internationalization. However, firms in developing countries such as China, going global for them is very easy process because they seek advantages such as compete and gaining profit and to built up a strong economy region, on the other hand they face challenges when embarking on overseas investment. Internationalization of Firms: Internationalization of firms is a process in which the firms in developing countries gradually raise their international participation in the world-wild economy. Firms internationalize for two factors a) - Economy= increase country revenue. b) - Business= to gain profit. (The internationalization process of the firm- Jan Johnson 1973 university of Uppsala) The Internationalization Model: Market Commitment: It’s all about two factors, the amount of resources and the average of commitment to use these resources in the market. Market Knowledge: A firm before going international should have a basic knowledge of market s opportunities, market environment, and performance of activities, resources, culture, language and technology...
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...Markets: Case Study Of Huawei, A Chinese Technology Enterprise Donglin Wu* and Fang Zhao** This case study analyses and discusses the internationalization process of Huawei, a leading telecommunication equipment manufacturer in China. Our research aims to explore the special features of the internationalization of Chinese hi-tech firms through a case study and to identify the factors that affect Chinese hi-tech firms’ international entry mode decision. In this paper, several foreign market entry modes were discussed. Issues of why and how to take into account the factors of industrial characteristics, environmental factors, firm factors, and moderators for internationalization and how to employ different entry modes in different host markets are discussed and illustrated based on this case study. It is found that industrial characteristics and home country’s technological reputation affect to a great extent the internationalization path of the hi-tech firm studied. The research also shows that in terms of hi-tech enterprises’ internationalization, the factors such as international experience and firm size are not as important to traditional manufacturers as to hi-tech enterprises. Field of Research: Management 1. Introduction After two decades’ development, many Chinese technology enterprises stride their first step in internationalization. Among them, the Huawei Technologies P/L is a typical representative. Huawei is a private hi-technology company. It is a leading telecommunication...
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...The evolution of internationalization There have been a variety of different approaches to explain the internationalization of business activities. They normally concentrate on distinct aspects of the reasons for and results of, enterprises operating in more than one environment and have changed dramatically throughout the last decade. Whereas traditional theories have focused their attention on the internationalization of production and foreign direct investment (FDI) where the multinational enterprise (MNE) played a central role, recent theories have approached internationalization as a process in which firms increase their involvement in international operations adapting their strategies, resources and structure to new investments. The focus of recent theories has centered on small and medium-sized firms (SMEs). In the late 1960s, scholars started to study international business in a historical perspective. Historians established a very fruitful dialogue with applied and development economists who helped to explain quite convincingly why American and British firms went international and how they influenced their home and host economies (Jones, 1986, 2002; Wilkins, 1970, 1991). As pointed out by Geoffrey Jones (2005), internationalization is a rather cumulative process, two powerful explicative factors being technology and networking. A major factor in the history of internationalization is the family firm. So far, however, little attention has been paid to the advantages...
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...Internationalization of IKEA in the Japanese market and Chinese markets Abstract Date Level Authors June 4, 2008 Master Thesis EFO705, 10 points (15 credits) Wannapa Chaletanone (05-11-1982, Thailand) Wanee Cheancharadpong (03-09-1983, Thailand) Internationalization of IKEA in the Japanese and Chinese markets Leif Linnskog Why did IKEA internationalize into Japanese and Chinese markets? And what factors did influence IKEA’s success in Chinese market but failure in the Japanese market of the first round? The aim of thesis is to understand the internationalization of IKEA in Asia by comparing between Japanese and Chinese markets. This master thesis based on qualitative approach in order to investigate the internationalization of IKEA in Asian markets as a case study since it is beneficial in understanding the observation and explanation of behavior in the certain cases. IKEA is considered as retailer internationalization who expands into Japanese market as a result of deregulation and asset-based advantage while internationalize into Chinese market because of supporting environments such as political, social and economic conditions as well as transaction advantage. To success and failure, psychic distance and learning, strategic decision making process, degree of adaptation of retail offer, entry strategy, characteristics of organization and management characteristics are the influencing factors on internationalization of IKEA in the Japanese and Chinese markets. Internationalization...
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...Internationalization of SMEs Overview: 1. Introduction 2. Motivation for Internationalization of SMEs 3. Strategies for Internationalization of SMEs 4. Risks and Opportunities 5. Internationalization of SMEs – Best approach 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction In Europe companies with less than 10 employees are considered to be micro-firms, those with less than 50 employees are small-firms and those with less than 250 employees are considered as medium-firms. In the US however the size of small firms sums up to 100 employees and medium sized firms may have less than 500 employees. SMEs are key actors in the world economy because they are an important part of GDP and play a big role for employment. Since today’s world becomes more and more globalized it is important that firms can compete on an international level. Big enterprises often choose to internationalize their business but for them this process mostly isn’t as risky as for SMEs, because while big firms may lose parts of their firm budget if something goes wrong, SMEs have to fight for their existence and may disappear at all if they choose a wrong approach of internationalizing. Usually small start-up companies do not survive longer than the first 5 years therefore it is very important for SMEs to take the right steps in order to become successful. Motivations for Internationalization of SMEs There are different types of motivations for going international. These are...
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...of SEC. This thesis found that there are two dimensions derived from the Uppsala model. The first dimension is the sequential nature of the internationalization process in terms of psychic distance (from the market with close psychic distance to the market with remote psychic distance). The second dimension is a “market commitment” dimension, which means the form of market operation established from low-level commitment to high-level commitment. Two hypotheses derived from the two dimensions of the Uppsala model will be applied in SEC case. The first hypothesis is that the shorter the psychic distance between SEC’s home environment and target markets, the earlier will SEC establish foreign activities in those markets and vice versa. This hypothesis will be tested on a the macro-level with regards to the geographical distribution of Korean1 outward FDI and will be tested again during the internationalization process of SEC in two target markets-China and the US, to estimate how psychic distance functioned in SEC internationalization process. The second hypothesis will be tested by SEC’s actual operations in Europe. The conclusion will summarize the whole study, discuss research questions and provide some suggestions for future studies on the internationalization process of firms. Key Words: the Uppsala model, Samsung, Internationalization, Psychic...
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...The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership Jan Johanson1 and Jan-Erik Vahlne2 1 2 Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden Correspondence: J Johanson, Uppsala University, PO Box 513, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden. Tel: þ 46 859255215; E-mail: jan.johanson@fek.uu.se Abstract The Uppsala internationalization process model is revisited in the light of changes in business practices and theoretical advances that have been made since 1977. Now the business environment is viewed as a web of relationships, a network, rather than as a neoclassical market with many independent suppliers and customers. Outsidership, in relation to the relevant network, more than psychic distance, is the root of uncertainty. The change mechanisms in the revised model are essentially the same as those in the original version, although we add trust-building and knowledge creation, the latter to recognize the fact that new knowledge is developed in relationships. Journal of International Business Studies (2009), 40, 1411–1431. doi:10.1057/jibs.2009.24 Keywords: internationalization theories and foreign market entry; network relations theory; experiential knowledge; commitment; trust; opportunity Received: 10 July 2007 Revised: 15 October 2008 Accepted: 4 November 2008 Online publication date: 21 May 2009 INTRODUCTION Much has changed since our model of the internationalization process of...
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...PROCESS OF THE THE INTERNATIONALIZATION DEVELOPMENT FIRM-A MODELOF KNOWLEDGE FOREIGN AND INCREASING MARKET COMMITMENTS JAN JOHANSON* Center of International Business Studies University of Uppsala JAN-ERIK VAHLNE* Institute of International Business Stockholm School of Economics Abstract. On the basis of empirical research, a model of the internationalization the firm is developed. The model focuses on the gradual acquisition, integration knowledge about foreign markets and operations, and on the incrementally commitments to foreign markets. In particular, attention is concentrated on the involvement in the individual foreign country. process of and use of increasing increasing * Several studies of international business have indicated that internationalization of the firms is a process in which the firms gradually increase their international involvement. It seems reasonable to assume that, within the frame of economic and business factors, the characteristics of this process influence the pattern and pace of internationalization of firms. In this paper we develop a model of the internationalization process of the firm that focuses on the development of the individual firm, and particularly on its gradual acquisition, integration, and use of knowledge about foreign markets and operations, and on its successively increasing commitment to foreign markets. The basic assumptions of the model are that lack of such knowledge is an important obstacle to the development of international...
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