Unit 1

History and Architecture
Copyright © 2008 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Short History of the Computer
2

Objective
• Describe some of the earliest forms of computers.

3

The Abacus

4

Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine

5

The Hollerith Machine

6

First Electronic Digital Computer
7

ENIAC
8

Colossus
9

• Describe some of the earliest forms of computers.

10

The Emergence of the Personal Computer
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Objective
• Discuss the transition of influence in the development of the personal computer.

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Prior to the Personal Computer
• Computers were very large. • Computers were very expensive. • Computers were quite rare.

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History of the PC
• Before the IBM PC – 1975 to 1981 • The IBM PC – 1981 • The IBM XT – 1983 • The IBM AT – 1984 • The IBM PS/2 – 1987 • Waning of IBM as the pace setter – 1987 to present
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The First PC
• Generally considered the MITS Altair • Introduced in January 1975 • Based on the 8080 Intel Processor • Sold for $395 in kit form

15

Before the IBM PC, personal computers used:
• A variety of microprocessors • Many different architectures • A variety of operating systems
16

The IBM PC
• Introduced on August 12, 1981 • Used the Intel 8088 microprocessor • Operated at 4.77 MHz • No hard drive • One or two single-sided floppy drives • Used MS-DOS 1.0 • Introduced the 8-bit ISA bus
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The IBM PC brought standardization
• Intel Microprocessors • Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) • Architecture

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The IBM XT
• Introduced in 1983 • Included a 10 MB hard drive • Used MS-DOS 2.0 • 16-bit ISA Bus
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The IBM AT
• Introduced in 1984 • Based on Intel’s 80286 microprocessor • Operated at 6 MHz • 20 MB hard drive • Used MS-DOS 3.0
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The IBM PS/2
• Introduced in 1988 • IBM abandoned its own standard • Microchannel replaces the ISA bus • Introduced the VGA graphics standard • New OS called OS/2 is DOS compatible, allows multitasking.
21

From 1981 to 1987
• IBM dominated the personal computer business • IBM set the standards for:
– Microprocessor used – Bus structure – Architecture – Video – Disk Drives – etc.
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From 1987 to Present
• IBM’s influence gradually waned • Software standards set, largely, by Microsoft
– MS-DOS – Windows 3.xx – Windows 95, 98, Me – Windows NT, 2000, XP, Vista • Hardware standards set, largely, by Intel – Microprocessor, Chipset, Motherboard
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Apple Computer
• Apple I • Apple II • LISA • Macintosh

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• Discuss the transition of influence in the development of the personal computer.

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The Language of Computers
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Objectives
• Describe how communication has evolved throughout history. • Understand the terms binary, hexadecimal, bit, and byte. • Use binary numbers to count to ten. • Use hexadecimal numbers to count to 16.
27

The History of Communication
• Spoken and written words. • Lanterns, smoke signals, flags, or mirrors. • Wires

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The Telegraph
• Samuel F.B. Morse • 1838 A•– B – ••• C–•–• D – ••
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Analog vs. Digital
• Analog Signals vary over a continuous range • Digital signals vary between two fixed levels
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Analog vs. Digital
Analog Signals are continuously variable

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Analog vs. Digital
Analog Signals are continuously variable

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Analog vs. Digital
Digital Signals have two levels; on or off

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Analog vs. Digital
Digital Signals have two levels; on or off

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Parallel vs. Serial
110111001001001101101001101000101011010101101

1101110010010011011010011101001011101010101101000101011010101101 1101110010010011011010011101001011101010101101000101011010101101 1101110010010011011010011101001011101010101101000101011010101101 1101110010010011011010011101001011101010101101000101011010101101 1101110010010011011010011101001011101010101101000101011010101101

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Decimal Numbers
• 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 • called a “base 10” system

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Counting by 2s
• Either 0 or 1 • Requires more digits than decimal for a given value • Bit: single digit • Byte: eight bits together • Word: multiple bytes together
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Binary
Position 8 Decimal value of a “1” in this 128 position 7 Power of 2 2

7 64 2
6

6 32 2
5

5 16 2
4

4 8 2
3

3 4 2
2

2 2 2
1

1 1 2
0

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Counting by 16 Hexadecimal
• 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F • Called a “base 16” numbering system • Requires fewer digits than decimal for a given value • Primarily used to make binary easier to understand

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Decimal Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 50,096

Binary Number 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 10000 10001 1100001110110000

Hex Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 10 11 C3B0
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bits

11000010101010110010111101011001
2 A B 2 F 5 9

nibbles C

bytes

C2AB

2F59

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Identifying Numbers
• 330H is Hex • 3F8 is Hex • 256 is Decimal • 1010 is Binary
menu 42

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
0 8 16 24 NUL BS DLE CAN 1 9 17 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 97 105 113 121 SOH HT DC1 EM ! ) 1 9 A I Q Y a i q y 2 10 18 26 34 42 50 58 66 74 82 90 98 106 114 122 STX NL DC2 SUB " * 2 : B J R Z b j r z 3 11 19 27 35 43 51 59 67 75 83 91 99 107 115 123 ETX VT DC3 ESC # + 3 ; C K S [ c k s { 4 12 20 28 36 44 52 60 68 76 84 92 100 108 116 124 EOT NP DC4 FS $ , 4 < D L T \ d l t 5 13 21 29 37 45 53 61 69 77 85 93 101 109 117 125 ENQ CR NAK GS % 5 = E M U ] e m u } 6 14 22 30 38 46 54 62 70 78 86 94 102 110 118 126 ACK SO SYN RS & . 6 > F N V ^ f n v ~ 7 15 23 31 39 47 55 63 71 79 BEL SI ETB US ' / 7 ? G O

32 SP 40 ( 48 0 56 8 64 @ 72 H 80 88 96 104 112 120 P X ` h p x

87 W 95 _ 103 g 111 o 119 w 127 DEL
43

• Describe how communication has evolved throughout history. • Understand the terms binary, hexadecimal, bit, and byte. • Use binary numbers to count to ten. • Use hexadecimal numbers to count to 16.

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Computer Components
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Objective
• Identify which components provide processing, input, and output functions for a computer.

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The Ultimate Processing Components

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ATX Motherboard

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Processing Components

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Input Devices
Keyboards Mice Trackballs J-mice Biometric Scanner Scanner Microphone CD-ROM Touchpads

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Output Devices
• Monitors • Printers
– Inkjet, Laser, Dot-matrix, Plotters

• Speakers
Menu 51

Input/Output Devices
• Floppy Drive • Hard Drive • Modem • Network Interface Card • CD-R/W • Other Storage Media
Menu 52

Support Hardware
• Power Supply • UPS • Surge Arrestor • Switch Box
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• Identify which components provide processing, input, and output functions for a computer.

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The Computer Bus
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Objectives
• Describe the difference between parallel and serial data transfers. • Describe the purpose of a computer bus.
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CPU
Parallel Port

Memory
Keyboard Controller

Video Adapter

The Data Bus

System Controller
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CPU Memory
Keyboard Controller

Video Adapter
System Controller
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CPU

Memory
Video Adapter
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60

Internal and Expansion Buses
• Every PC uses several different types of internal and expansion bus networks. • Every bus can be considered to be “internal” because it is an internal part of the motherboard.
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• Describe the difference between parallel and serial data transfers. • Describe the purpose of a computer bus.

62

The PC as a System
63

Objectives
• Describe the components in a block diagram of a PC. • Discuss the signal flow between blocks. • Explain component integration and describe its advantages.
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CPUs, Chipsets, and Internal Peripherals
CPU Front-Side Bus Display Port System Memory Channel A DDR/DDR2 Display Port GMCH Channel B DDR/DDR2 AGP/PCIe x16 Graphics Card

Chipset

USB Ports

Clock Generator Fan Speed Control Power Management High Definition Audio Codec Super I/O

SATA Ports

IDE Port

ICH

PCIe Bus

PCI Bus

BIOS

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The Graphics and Memory Controller Hub
Front-Side Bus Display Port System Memory Channel A DDR/DDR2 Display Port GMCH Channel B DDR/DDR2 AGP/PCIe x16 Graphics Card

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The I/O Controller Hub
USB Ports Clock Generator Fan Speed Control Power Management High Definition Audio Codec Super I/O

SATA Ports

IDE Port

ICH

PCIe Bus

PCI Bus

BIOS
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The ICH (continued)
USB Ports Clock Generator Fan Speed Control Power Management High Definition Audio Codec Super I/O

SATA Ports

IDE Port

ICH

PCIe Bus

PCI Bus

BIOS
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Component Integration
• The PC chipset provides many functions that were once provided by several individual circuits.

69

• Describe the components in a block diagram of a PC. • Discuss the signal flow between blocks. • Explain component integration and describe its advantages.
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Cases and Motherboards
71

Objectives
• Define the term proprietary. • Define the term form factor.

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Proprietary Cases

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Proprietary Cases

74

Proprietary Cases

75

Standard Case

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Motherboard Form Factors
• AT • Baby or Mini AT • ATX • microATX, FlexATX, ITX, miniITX, BTX, NLX. • Proprietary Designs
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Proprietary Motherboard

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ATX Motherboard

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Older motherboards are designed for the original Pentium Processor

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Others are designed for the Pentium II Processor

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Today’s are designed for Multi-Core Processors

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Motherboard Form Factors •ATX-Type •MicroATX-Type

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9.6”

ATX Standard
12”

Menu

84

Motherboard Compatibility
• When upgrading or replacing a motherboard, you need to consider the:
– – – – – Physical size of the board. Location of the mounting screws Size and speed of the processor Number and type of expansion slots Type and amount of memory

85

• Define the term proprietary. • Define the term form factor.

86

Power Supplies and Connectors
87

Objectives
• Identify the input and output voltages of the power supply. • Demonstrate the proper method to measure the DC output voltages of the power supply. • Explain how power is distributed throughout the computer. • Demonstrate the proper method to remove and replace the power supply in the computer.

88

The Power Supply

89

The Power Supply
AC Receptacle

FAN

On/Off Switch
90

Power Supply Input Voltage
• 100 to 125 VAC @ 60 Hz • 200 to 250VAC @ 50 Hz

91

Types of Power Supplies
• ATX-Type • AT-Type

92

ATX Power Distribution
93

Power Supply Output Voltages ATX-Type
• +5 Volts • +12 Volts • –12 Volts • –5 Volts • +3.3 Volts
94

ATX Motherboard Power Connector

95

20-Pin Power Connector

96

24-Pin Power Connector

97

2 × 2ATX Connector

2 × 10 ATX Connector

98

Additional +12-Volt Processor Core Power
99

Magnified Edge View of Motherboard

100

101

102

AT Power Distribution
103

Power Supply Output Voltages AT-Type
• +5 Volts • +12 Volts • –12 Volts • –5 Volts
104

Power Connector

105

Motherboard Power Connectors
Black Wires

P8

P9
106

The Power Good Signal
• +5 Volt signal generated by the power supply. • It indicates that the power supply has passed its self test and that its output voltages have stabilized. • Usually occurs within first 0.5 seconds. • Prevents the system from running under bad or unstable power conditions.
107

Large Molex Connector

108

Berg Connector

109

SATA Power Connector

110

Grasp the connector by the shell… Never by the leads.
111

Replacing the Power Supply

112

Disconnect the AC Power Cord.

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On-Off Switch

114

115

Power to Motherboard

116

The Power Supply is held in place by four screws.
117

Power Supply

118

Reinstall the power supply.

119

• Identify the input and output voltages of the power supply. • Demonstrate the proper method to measure the DC output voltages of the power supply. • Explain how power is distributed throughout the computer. • Demonstrate the proper method to remove and replace the power supply in the computer.

120

Disassembling and Reassembling a Computer
121

Objectives
• Demonstrate the steps you need to take when you disassemble a computer. • List the tools necessary to service computers, and how there are used. • Describe the types of software necessary to troubleshoot a malfunctioning PC.
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Why Disassemble the Computer?
• To upgrade. • To repair. • To add to it.

123

The three most important things to remember when disassembling a computer are:
• Document

• Document

•Document!
124

Document
• Where cards are located. • How cables are routed. • Orientation of cables and connectors. • Hardware used to secure each component. • Anything else that might cause confusion when reassembling.
125

Turn off power to the computer and everything connected to it.

126

Disconnect the monitor and set it aside.

127

Disconnect the keyboard and set it aside.

128

Disconnect the mouse and set it aside.

129

Remove these screws...

Left Side

130

... not these.

131

132

The Motherboard

133

Power Supply Input Voltage
• 100 to 125 VAC @ 60 Hz • 200 to 250VAC @ 50 Hz Switch Selectable
134

Some connectors are held in place by a latch.

Latch
135

Grasp the connector by the shell… …never by the leads.
136

The Power Supply is held in place by four screws.

137

The Hard Drive may be located here ...

138

… Or here.

139

140

The Floppy Drive

141

142

Screw

Keep these tips in mind
• Document everything. • Shut off power. • Protect against ESD. • Grasp connectors by shells-not leads. • Never use force. • Release latches on connectors. • Rock expansion boards end to end.

Toolkit
• As a minimum, a computer technician should have the following hand tools:
– Screwdrivers – Tweezers – Long-nosed pliers – Tube for small parts.
145

Toolkit (continued)
– Compressed air – ESD tools – Multimeter – Flashlight – Nut driver set – Curved hemostats
146

Software
• Software is a key component of any tool kit. Some to consider are:
– A bootable floppy disk. – Operating system disk. – Diagnostics utilities.
147

• Demonstrate the steps you need to take when you disassemble a computer. • List the tools necessary to service computers, and how there are used. • Describe the types of software necessary to troubleshoot a malfunctioning PC.
148

Static Electricity and the Computer

149

Objectives
• Describe how static electricity charges are generated, and how to reduce their inadvertent generation. • Describe how electrostatic discharge (ESD) can damage computer circuits. • Describe several techniques to prevent ESD damage when you work inside a computer. • Describe several quidelines to work safely around electrical devices.

150

What is Static Electricity
• Static electricity is generated when two dissimilar materials are rubbed together. • Static charges become greater when the humidity is low. • ESD does not have to be seen to cause damage.
151

Your greatest enemy when working in the computer is

Electrostatic Discharge or ESD.

152

Your best defense against ESD is an anti-static

wrist strap.

153

An internal resistor provides shock protection.

154

Switch off power at the computer and at the workbench...

155

...but leave the

computer plugged in.

156

Use anti-static mats on the workbench and floor.

157

Hold Circuit Boards by their edges

158

Store Circuit Boards in Anti-static Bags.

 159

Electricity and Safety
• Look for UL or CSA labels • Be careful around fans • Watch for sharp edges • Double-check the power before you remove or replace anything
160

General Safety Tips
• If in doubt, don’t. • Always use grounded outlets and power cords. • Switch off all equipment before you remove covers. • Always replace blown fuses with the correct rating and type.
» Continued…
161

Safety Tips (continued)
• Do not work alone. • Remove all jewelry. • Power supplies and monitors use and store potentially-lethal voltages.
162

The Power Supply
• Don’t fix it • Don’t open it • It isn’t worth it! • Only use UL or CSA approved supplies
163

Respect... not fear.

164

• Describe how static electricity charges are generated, and how to reduce their inadvertent generation. • Describe how electrostatic discharge (ESD) can damage computer circuits. • Describe several techniques to prevent ESD damage when you work inside a computer. • Describe several quidelines to work safely around electrical devices.

165